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This review aims to analyse the use and effects of carotenoids in salmonid aquafeeds. Species of the family Salmonidae are of great interest for aquaculture due to their many properties, like fast growth and nutritional quality. Some species from this family are among the most farmed fish in the world. Thus, there are many studies on different farming technologies, fish biology, market dynamics and others. However, there are always new challenges in the aquaculture of salmonids, being a continuously improving activity. Consumers are becoming more considerate about what they choose to buy and consume. Thus, some aspects emerge as great influencers in the buying decisions of consumers, such as animal welfare, in addition to usual influencing factors, like product freshness and colour. A category of ingredients used in the salmonid aquaculture are carotenoids. They are pigments supplemented to diets for colouring the fish flesh, making it more appealing to consumers. However, some other benefits can also be observed, especially on the health of fishes. Be it synthetic or natural, carotenoids have become a largely used ingredient in salmonid aquafeeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digestive system of fish is different from one species to another, depending on the type of food ingested. Danube salmon Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) is a critically endangered species of the Salmonidae family with the threat of extinction looming large, therefore conservation efforts are urgently needed. This study presents a detailed microscopic analysis of the Zeissl membrane in Danube salmon, through histological means. The biological material analyzed consisted of six fish raised in a specialized breeding farm for restocking purposes. Samples were collected from the gastrointestinal tract and processed using histological paraffin embedding. The Zeissl membrane was present in all studied segments, but its structure and development varied. It comprised the stratum compactum (SC) and stratum granulosum (SG). The SC formed a continuous membrane with unequal thickness in most of the studied segments, except for the cardia area of the stomach, where it appeared discontinuously, and the duodenum, where it only appeared between the apertures of the pyloric caeca. Aside from its role in limiting gastrointestinal distension, it may have other implications for the morphophysiology of the Danube salmon digestive tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking represents one of the oldest thermic processing methods of fish, and it was originally used to preserve fish for later meals, delaying spoiling. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and microbiological safety and quality of two traditionally smoked trout species (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis). We analyzed the effect of trout processed by traditional smoking, characterizing the samples according to the relationships existing between classical microbial analysis, physicochemical parameters, and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The microbial activity of the smoked fish was very low. Although traditional smoking implies high temperatures and direct exposure to the smoke, Benzo[a]pyrene, Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and Indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene compounds had undetectable levels in the samples. The products obtained in this study did not exceed the maximum values imposed by EU legislation regarding the TVB-N values during the 30 days of the experiment. We conclude that traditionally smoked trout has many advantages in terms of quality and safety of the products. Thus, the obtained products are safe for consumption for at least 30 days after processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism, a manifestation specific to life, represents the set of physical and chemical processes through which living matter achieves continuous renewal to function and organize the specific activity. The physical-chemical composition of goat milk is conditioned by breed, individuality, area, and age. This study analyzes the physical-chemical composition of milk from a population of Carpathian goat breed, in the first seven postpartum days (first, third, and seventh day) according to age (primiparous and multiparous) to observe the physical-chemical changes from colostrum to milk. The physical-chemical parameters analyzed were: fat (g/100 g); protein (g/100 g); casein (g/100 g); lactose (g/100 g); solid non-fat - SNF (g/100 g); total dry matter (g/100 g); pH; freezing point (FP); urea mg/dl; somatic cells count - SCC/ml x 1000; total bacteria count - TBC/ml x 1000. Results highlight the intense changes that occur at the physico-chemical level of goat's milk to cover the nutritional requirements of the newborn goat and indicate the health status of the mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the effect of oregano essential oil added to the diet of broilers on body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and on the chemical composition of meat and liver. For this purpose, two groups of one-day old broiler chickens Ross 308, a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG) were raised for 42 days. In the experimental group, 1% of oregano essential oil was added to the standard diet, dissolved in vegetable oil and mixed with the administered diet. The live body weight (LBW) of the chickens at 42 days was higher in the control group (2099.69±29.56 g) compared to that of the experimental group (1972.23±42.20 g). The total feed consumption of the control group was 4393.62 g per bird, higher in comparison with the experimental group, which registered 4067.45 g per bird. The feed conversion indices of 2.14 (CG) and 2.11 (EG), favouring the experimental group. With regards to the chemical composition of meat and liver, a higher proportion of dry matter was recorded in the samples collected from breast and thighs musculature and liver of experimental group of chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheep milk has a high nutritional value and is an important source of fatty acids, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, etc., which contribute to the body's health. In addition to the use of raw milk, the main use of sheep's milk is the production of traditional cheeses obtained by small farmers or regional cheese producers. However, the quality of the obtained cheeses depends on the raw material, namely milk, which has to be free of pathogenic microorganisms. This study aims to highlight the importance of the quality of raw milk to obtain high-quality cheeses. Milk and telemea cheese samples were collected from Țurcană sheep breed farmed in Vințe farm, Cluj county, Romania. The physicochemical analyses were performed for both milk and cheese. The physicochemical analysis results for milk were: crude fat 8.98±0.18%, crude protein 5.08±0.16%, density 1.0345±0.01 g cm-3, acidity 17.2±0.97%. For the cheese, the results were: water 45.2±0.74%, dry matter (DM) 54.8±0.74%, crude fat 51.93±2.05% reported to DM, salt 5.63±0.31% and acidity 272.6±11.82%. The pleasant taste of cheese is due to the quality of the raw milk and the brine used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher burnout has been shown to be one of the most common negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify distinct psychological resources and burnout risk profiles of teachers and examine their association with Kolb's educator roles and their professional experience. Methods: The survey data were collected from 330 preschool and primary school (84 males, Mage = 38.3, SD = 9.14) teachers using a convenience sampling method. Results: The two-step cluster analysis revealed two distinct profiles. The first profile, "high psychological resources, no burnout risk," was characterized by absent symptoms of burnout and increased levels of well-being, self-control, and positive emotionality. The second profile, "moderate psychological resources, mild burnout," was associated with medium levels of well-being, self-control, and positive emotionality accompanied by mild burnout. Our findings highlighted that cluster one had a significantly higher score for the facilitator role and cluster two for the expert and coach roles. Additionally, teachers with less professional experience were more likely to belong to cluster one, considering their adequate skills in digital literacy. Conclusions: These findings provide new insights into the explanation of teacher burnout and the design of intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to highlight the influence of anticoagulants on erythrocyte morphometry in different vertebrate species. Anticoagulants are a category of substances that inhibit blood clotting through various mechanisms. Due to this property, they are used to collect blood samples for a wide range of laboratory tests. The literature mentions that the use of anticoagulants produces morphological changes of erythrocytes, thus influencing results. Blood samples were collected from three warm-blooded vertebrate species (horse, rabbit, and chicken) and one lower vertebrate species with nucleated erythrocytes (fish) in vacutainers with Heparin and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), in a normal concentration and a double concentration. At the time of harvesting, control smears were performed. In order to be able to compare the effects produced by anticoagulants on the morphology of erythrocytes, they were evaluated morphometrically at intervals of 3, 6, and 24 hrs. after harvest. The following features were evaluated using the Toup View software: length, width, surface and perimeter of erythrocytes for species with anucleated erythrocytes. The same characteristics were evaluated in the nucleus for species with nucleated erythrocytes. The data obtained were processed with statistical programs to highlight changes in erythrocyte morphology produced by anticoagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Biomarker indices (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, mineral, enzymatic, and antioxidant enzymes) are used for the evaluation of health in fish blood. No studies conducted to date have provided standard values of various biomarkers in the blood plasma of Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, we evaluated the physiological status and seasonal variation in metabolic profiles of this species. Significant seasonal changes were observed in all blood biomarkers, with the exception of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Using these data, the physiological status and seasonal variation in the metabolic profiles of H. hucho were evaluated. Generally, the goal of this study was to characterize the variation in the blood biomarkers of huchen between different seasons. Materials and methods. Fish were raised in captivity to obtain a breeding group to repopulate submontane rivers. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the caudal vein in a vacutainer with Li-Heparin to determine the seasonal values of hematological, biochemical parameters, and oxidative stress. Blood was collected from a random sample of 10 huchen in all four seasons. Results. We found significant seasonal variation in several parameters: packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), -globulins (GG), urea (UREA), creatinine (CRN), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), glucose (GLC), calcium (Ca2+), phosphorus (PO4 3-), iron (Fe3+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl aminotransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), a-Amylase (a-Amy), lipase (LIP), total bilirubin (TB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Conclusion. This is the first study to provide standard values of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and minerals and the enzyme profile in huchen in all seasons, which may be a benchmark for future investigation that would favor the bioconservation and increase the spread of huchen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality parameters determines the success or the failure of a fish culture operation, so any proper-prepared plan for aquaculture must describe the quality and quantity of water available for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical water parameters in Rainbow trout culture, in the summer season from three salmonid farms, due to the environmental changes that are nowadays happening and affect the fish culture operation. The water samples were collected from Bistria-Năsăud County, from three trout farms: Strâmba, oimul de Jos and Fiad, in the summer of 2018, between May and August. For the determination of water parameters (dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and resistivity, pH, temperature, salinity) was used the Hanna HI 9828/4- 01 Multi-Parameter and for the chemical parameters (total ammonia, nitrates, nitrites) samples were transferred to the USAMV laboratories. The samples collection was made in each farm from three different places: catchment, basins and evacuation water areas. The results of the study showed that the parameters observed from the three farms were different, with major differences in month of July and August. The environment of fish aquaculture is a complex system with critical parameters as are the temperature, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrite and ammonia. However, the temperature and the dissolved oxygen are the most important parameter, requiring continuous monitoring in aquaculture production systems, due to the fish aerobic metabolism which requires an elevated level of dissolved oxygen at optimum temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of modern goat breeding systems implies the addition of the classical methods used to improve the genetic potential with methods of appreciation of the hereditary base and their productive capacity. The purpose of this paper was to highlight the particularities of the evolution of the body weight from birth to the weaning of the kids goat Carpathian and kids goat breeds (Saanen male and Carpathian female), established according to three main factors: parturition type, the sex of the kid goat and the status physiology of the mother goats. The study was conducted in a farm in the Trascău mountains area, locality Rimetea, county of Alba, during January-June 2019, where we monitored daily: the body weight and sex of kids goat at birth, type of birth and the age of the parturients. The working method consisted of daily monitoring and weighing the kids goat studied with an electronic scale with an accuracy of: 5 g (0.5 g-10 kg); 10 g (10-50 kg). The obtained results have been statistically processed, being beneficial in making faster and more efficient decisions in the selection and improvement process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The profound renewals in the field of learning have had considerable effects on educational sciences, implicitly the status and role of teachers. The didactic activity of the modern teacher goes beyond making use of one's personal qualities, appreciated in terms of vocation, talent and mastery; it also implies the acquisition of a complex system of theoretical knowledge, the formation of abilities, competences and qualities, and taking on particular roles, in a rigorous and controlled manner, all of which highlight one's wide range of skills and professionalism. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the link between the Educator's Role Profile and the results obtained by fourth grade students in the state-standardized PIRLS test, in order to help teachers better understand their own approach to educating and identify ways of optimizing results. Methods: The study, conducted in Romania, included as participants 35 primary school teachers, evaluated with D. Kolb's self-assessment instrument in order to identify their Educator Role Profiles, and 375 of their students, who underwent a standardized form of testing called PIRLS. The study sought to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference between the students' performances and ultimately raised the hypothesis that these differences could be due to the impact of their mentors' style of teaching, according to their Educator Role Profiles. This work also outlines the Experiential educator role profile as the one which unifies all four roles of the teacher, helping the learner go through the entire learning cycle. Results: This study found that the most common Educator Role Profile in Romanian schools is the Evaluator role profile, followed by the Expert, the Facilitator and, finally, the Coach. Regarding the association between the teachers' role profiles and the results obtained by students in the PIRLS test, the study showed that the Facilitator role profile was associated with statistically significant greater mean scores in the students' overall performance, followed by the Coach, the Expert and lastly, the Evaluator. Conclusions: This paper concludes that the Experiential teaching role profiles ought to be considered important additions to the school reform model, in order to increase students' performance on standardized examinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anesthetics are widely used in fish farming. Their purpose is to reduce the mobility and stress of fishes due to manipulation. In the present study we tested the efficiency of clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllata) in different doses [4.70 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.094 mL/Lwater); 2.36 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.0472 mL/Lwater); 1.82 mL anesthetic/50 liter of water (0.0364 mL/Lwater)] in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) with different body mass. Anesthesia induction times were monitored. At each of these stages the respiratory rate was monitored by recording the opercular movements. The results show a direct correlation between the fish size and the induction times of anesthesia. Regardless of species, larger and heavier specimens require longer periods for anesthesia. Instead, recovery times in larger-body specimens were shorter. Different doses have influenced the duration of anesthesia induction and recovery times, the most effective dose being 4.70 mL/50 liter of water followed by 2.36 mL/50 liter of water. The dose of 1.82 mL/50 liter of water did not induce anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body temperatures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss were monitored from June through August 2018 in three trout farms from Bistrița-Năsăud County (Romania). The body temperature was measured from 3 different regions of the body: head, trunk (epaxial and hypaxial muscle region) and caudal peduncle. Body temperatures were compared to the basins water temperature. The lowest water temperature in the basins was recorded in May and June, in Șoimul de Jos farm, and the highest temperature in Fiad farm. In July, Strâmba farm, recorded the highest water temperature, and in August, Fiad farm. In all farms studied, the body temperature of the trout was higher than that of the basins water temperature regardless of the studied region. The highest differences between the basins water and body temperature in farms were found in the caudal peduncle and epaxial muscle regions, due to their role in locomotor mechanism. This is due to the high growth density, the feeding and the intensification of metabolism, with energy release, as well as a much higher level of stress than that encountered in the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the physico-chemical composition of the wine allows it to be authenticated and to detect the frauds that can be encountered in marketed wines. The physico-chemical analysis of wine is the basis for controlling and observing the technological flow of wine production. It is also necessary to evaluate the organoleptic characteristics of wine as there is a close link between the sensory characteristics and the chemical composition of the final product. The raw material and the harvest year significantly influence the final composition of the wine. The temperature and precipitations of the raw material harvest year significantly influence the chemical composition of the wine. Tartaric acid varies between 2.51 ± 0.05 and 2.82 ± 0.04 for red Merlot dry wines. The mean values for malic acid are between 1.01 ± 0.04 and 1.57 ± 0.03. The average citric acid values range from 0.19 ± 0.01 to 0.24 ± 0.01 for red Merlot dry wines. These values correspond to the average values reported by other authors in the literature. The purpose of this study was to characterize the content of tartaric, malic, citric and lactic acid in dry red Merlot wine, as well as sensory and physico-chemical properties according to the year of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffalo milk due to its high fat content from the energy point of view is more valuable compared to cow's milk. The percentage of fat varies depending on the stage of lactation, season, individual, health, animal age and diet. The study of the chemical composition and the antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk is required for both scientific and technological considerations, given the importance of this type of milk in the consumer's diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity and the physico-chemical composition of buffalo milk by lactation. Buffalo milk can have different qualities, so the quality of buffalo milk is also determined by its content in its components (protein, fat, lactose, vitamins, fatty acids, water content, antioxidant capacity). The physicochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity were influenced by lactation, presenting the highest values in lactations III and IV. During lactation I, parameters such as fat, protein and lactose showed a content of 7.88, 4.35 and 4.71%, respectively. Furthermore, in lactation IV, fat, protein and lactose had increased, showing the content of these parameters as follows 9.53, 4.68 and 4.77%. Antioxidant capacity of buffalo milk showed the highest numbers in lactation III (360.1) and IV, 358.9 µg/ml. From all of the analyzed parameters, only total dry substance content presented the most increased values 18.9% in lactation I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is used as an alternative source in the diet of young children and newborns due to the similar composition to breast milk. The donkey milk is considered to be a functional food by the chemical composition it presents, thus being beneficial in the nutrition of people suffering from food allergies. The chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the donkey milk are significantly influenced by lactation and also by the lactation period. Donkey milk has a low fat content compared to other species and high lactose content. These parameters are influenced by the variables such as: lactation, animal age, and feeding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of lactation on the antioxidant capacity and physicochemical compounds in the donkey milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the pollution from the environment, the heavy metals also contaminate the mushrooms. The pollution degree depends on several factors such as climate, area of origin, mushroom composition, humidity level, and radioactivity. Samples were collected from the following areas: Sălaj, Cluj, Braşov, Baia Mare, Satu Mare, Bistriţa-Năsăud. The content of fat, protein, humidity, heavy metal (Pb and Cd) and fungi radionuclides (Boletus edulis) and chanterelle mushrooms (Cantharellus cibarius) were evaluated. The content of Cs 137 in (Boletus edulis) built in the Baia Mare area and the lowest in the Brasov area. Cs 134 showed the lowest values in yellow sponges compared to dry boletus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameters studied were RBC, Ht, Hb, erythrocyte index MCV, MCH, MCHC, and oxidative stress through SOD and GPx. For each parameter, blood samples were collected at specimens weighing between 100-140g in the summer season, 250-280 g in the fall, 270-300g in the winter and 320-350g in the spring. At the specimens studied the highest values of GPx and SOD were recorded in the spring season due to the stress caused by massive precipitation. During the study, the water temperature ranged between 5.1° C in winter and 19.2° C in summer and O2 ranged between 8.30 mg/l in the summer and 10.20 mg / l in winter. For most parameters, the highest values were recorded in the spring season and the lowest in the summer season. The data obtained in each season on Oncorhynchus mykiss species do not indicate pathological conditions but more an adaptive fish response to environmental conditions and can serve as a database for future research on welfare of salmonids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological stress response of Brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) was studied under laboratory conditions. This species is well known for the resistance and adaptability t°environmental factors. In this sense, metabolic and hematologic profiles were determined for low (6°C), medium (18°C) and high (31°C) water temperatures. An increase in blood cell numbers (RBC, WBC) and hematocrit (Ht) was determined under high temperature conditions, as a response t°low dissolved oxygen. Platelet count (PLT) remained relatively constant regardless of the water temperature. The metabolic profiles showed significant and very significant differences for most of the analyzed indices. The differences were due t°variations in temperature that influenced appetite and ingestion of feed, respectivelly the respiratory function by vasoconstriction or hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donkey milk is considered a substitute for breast milk. Because of its nutritional and compositional properties it is very close to breast milk. Equine asinus can be considered suitable for feeding newborns, against cow's milk, which can cause intolerance. We determined the physico-chemical parameters of donkey milk with CombiFoss FT. The total germ count (TNG) was analyzed by BactoScan and the total number of somatic cells (TNS) by Fossomatic FC. Determination of heavy metals in milk was performed by mass spectrometry to identify Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. Heavy metals are present in the environment but also in food and can cause serious health problems to the consumer. For the consumer, the main source of cadmium exposure is the food they consume, water and smoking. Cd contamination of dairy milk may also be due to the use of Cd-based chemicals, fertilizers, feed and waste water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study on the interaction of children with special needs and horses, which attempts to demonstrate the effects of hipoterapy in helping children with disabilities. The research was conducted on a group of 20 children with disabilities who participated in this type of therapy for 8 months (January-August 2015) in Leorinţ Leisure Center and Riding Therapy, which owns 6 horses. This study carried out a pre- and post-evaluation and there were followed skills and cognitive function, motor skills, spatial-temporal orientation skills, sensoryperceptual organization, examining language and personality of children. In the first stage an initial assessment of children was made representing the starting point to see to what extent children are, what special needs they have and what gaps need to be recovered or what skills and qualities may be based in therapy. After 3 months of hippotherapy, in April 2015, there was made intermediar evaluation of beneficiaries to see if the intended results were achieved and where to optimise the therapy. The final evaluation was conducted in August 2015, after four months from the intermediar evaluation. After the hippotherapy was applied in children with various disabilities, we found that children move better, speak more easily, communicate and become more careful. Besides the outcomes of this hippotherapy, its results are measurable and easily to observe. Therefore, the satisfaction to participate in hippotherapy sessions and the contact with the horses offers a real joy to this children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health status of cows is evaluated and depending on haematological and biochemical profile of blood. Nutrition is the main technological factor that can produce profound changes in the metabolic profile in animals (Dhiman et al., 1991; Khaled et al., 1999; Ingvartsen, 2006). Blood parameters analyze can lead to identify if there are errors in nutrition of lactating cows (Payne et al., 1970). The aim of this study was the evaluation of metabolic and biochemical changes that occur during colostrum period and in terms of number of lactations in cows. The biological material was represented by a total of 60 heads of dairy cows from a family farm from Sãlaj County, Romania. The cows are all from Holstein breed and presented no clinical signs of any specific pathology. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each cow and analyzed. 10 individuals from each of the six lactations have been randomly selected. Haematological and biochemical parameters showed variations depending on factors analyzed here. In lactation 1 Hb was 7.55±3.05 (g/dl), while in lactation 6 the value was 12.5±2.10 (g/dl). RBC ranged as follows: in lactation 1 - 28.50±2.05 and in lactation 6 - 30.02±2.05. Lymphocytes varied within very wide limits under the influence of lactation: in lactation 1 - 2.8±1.56 and in lactation 6 - 7.55±1.80. The number of lactations and lactation rank have influenced blood biochemical and hematological parameters in dairy cows. Biochemical parameters are influenced by post-partum day, showing the lowest values in the early days of colostral period and the highest in the last few days of the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our trial was conducted with the aim of emphasizing the influence of environmental factors acting as potential stressors upon donkey milk nutritional traits, within specific climatic conditions of North-West Romania. Milk from fifty jennies from four private farms, in different stages of lactation, from first up to the fifth, weekly collected during a three months period, February-April 2016, was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated. In experimental areal, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, were daily recorded. The average temperature of the experimental period (4.95°C±0.19°C) is with 0.8°C bigger compared to the average temperature of the experimental areal in 2010, suggesting the increase of the heat stress upon donkey milk production traits. Donkey milk content in lactose and fat, together with milk pH, increase from first to fifth lactation, while water and protein content decrease. We may consider the lack of correlations between donkey milk pH and fat content, and also between fat and lactose. Positive significant moderate correlations are identified between donkey milk lactose and protein, and also between lactose, protein, and donkey milk pH. Between fat and donkey milk water content, negative significant moderate correlation is identified. Temperature, humidity, and wind velocity have strong influence upon donkey milk fat, protein and water content, and moderate on donkey milk pH, and lactose. This study emphasizes the necessity of adopting suitable managerial practices in donkey rearing facilities, where the farmer is interested in valuating donkey milk. This assertion is based on the increasing of the temperature in the experimental areal, compared to the same period of the previous years, taking into account the negative influence of the heat stress on donkey milk quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a period of 6 months beginnings with October 2016 until March 2017, were analysed meat products such as: Haiducesc smoked chest, Premium jambon, as well as semi-smoked assortments: Pork salami, Pintea salami and Pancetta salami obtained at SC. "Ferma Zootehnică" SRL Baia Mare. The results are reported at 100 g of product and were as follow: Haiducesc smoked chest: 31.87% water, 3.2 g salt, 2.51 mg nitrites; Premium jambon: 32.16% water, 3.38 g salt, 2.78 mg nitrites; Pork salami: 53.2% water, 2.13 g salt, 2.32 mg nitrites; Pintea salami: 51.8% water, 2.21 g salt, 2.95 mg nitrites; Pancetta salami: 46.08% water, 2.21 g salt, 2.04 mg nitrites. The obtained values fit in the allowed limits of the European norms STAS 6352/1-88 and 6353-85, therefore the products obtained are very good quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meat due to the chemical composition is a staple food in human nutrition. Physicochemical characteristics and taste of the meat is influenced by many factors: the state of fattening animal species, nutrition, slaughtering, handling, packaging and storage. The fat in pork is influenced by the state of fattening as follows: fatty meat presents a fat content of 31.56%, the average meat 15.75% and lean meat 4.76%. The content of the highest protein substances can be found in lean meat, 19.88%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat is an important food in the human diet. The chemical composition of meat is influenced by many factors. An important factor is represented by species. In this study was analyzed for protein content, water, minerals and fatty acids in pork and beef. Minerals ranged from 0.95 ± 0.02 (%) in pig meat and 1.12 ± 0.02 (%) in beef. The protein varied between: 19.20 ± 0.14 (%) in pork and 20.31 ± 0.25 (%) in beef. The highest average values are for the following fatty acids: C16: 0 (palmitic), C18: 0 (stearic acid) and C18: 1 (oleic acid) in both pork and beef. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrates and nitrites are mainly used in meat products for shelf life extension, to improve flavor and for color fixation. High content of nitrite and nitrate in food can raise concern regarding its undesirable effects on consumer health. In our study the lowest value for N03' content was found in pork sausages, with values ranging from 35.16 mg/kg to 39.82 mg/kg and the lowest value for NO2- content was evidenced in summer sausages, with values between 1.3 mg/kg and 1.42 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Băl?ată Românească is a native cattle breed. The lactation determine a significant changes on physico-chemical parameters of milk. These parameters is influenced by haematological profile. It is important to evaluate the hematological profile, as is an assessment of the health of animals. HEM presents the lowest values in lactation 2, 8.32 ± 2.01 (g/dL) and higher lactation 5 10.35±0.96 (g/dl). HCT varies thus: lowest averages are 26.71±1.28 L1 and L5 highest in 29.87±1.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romanian Buffalo Breed (RBB), established in 1987, originated from local river buffalo populations highly adapted to the low-input breeding condition. Cross-breeding with Asian breeds was recently used for genetic improvement in milk production. In the last 25 years the species has dramatically decreased. Over 90% of livestock has been sold and never replaced. The population is now mainly maintained in subsistence farms. This study aims to assess the genetic diversity within the remaining population and to verify links with improved breeds supposedly introgressed in RBB. To assess the genetic diversity of RBB and ascertain possible phylogenetic relations with other buffalo breeds, we sequenced the entire cytochrome B gene (MTCYB) in a sample population. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 52 unrelated individuals from various locations in Transylvania. A DNA fragment containing the entire MTCYB gene (1140bp) was amplified by PCR directly from whole blood (1μl). The amplicons were sequenced using two pairs of primers. The sequences were subsequently used for genetic diversity assessments. Analysis of the sequences led to the identification of five novel MTCYB haplotypes, uploaded in GenBank with the following accession numbers: JQ241279; JQ241280; JQ241281; JQ241282; JQ241283. In the sample population, the most frequently identified haplotypes were haplotype 2 (EF409940.1) and haplotype 3 (EF409941.1), previously reported in other buffalo populations, mainly from Asia, confirming the Asiatic origins of RBB. Sequence comparisons have revealed that RBB is mainly related with Indian breeds. Despite the numerical decline of RBB, through correct breeding schemes the breed maintained a good level of genetic diversity. Our analysis confirms RBB’s Asiatic origins. Presence of new haplotypes may also reflect that this population is isolated from a geographical and reproductive point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) breeding females have been studied from the standpoint of phenotypic characteristics and breeding indices for establishing future protocols of selection and improvement. The relative fecundation (RF) has been determined to a medium value of 335.88 ± 17.723 g and a variability coefficient of 52.77%. The high value of the variability coefficient is due to the fact that this is the first breeding generation of trout nursery and has not been submitted to any selection and improvement activities up to the present. From the breeding performance standpoint, the medium value of the number of eggs (TNE) obtained has been of 8127.44 ± 478.532, the medium egg weight (EW) has been of 0.06 ± 0.001g, the medium diameter of one egg (ED) = 4.16 ± 0.029 mm and the medium volume of one egg (EV) has been of 65.63 ± 1.223 mm3. The following breeding indices have also been calculated: gonadosomatic report (GR), Behning fertilizing coefficient (BFC) and the Williams absolute fecundity indices (WAFI). The outcome results have been the following: GR = 14.82 ± 0.587; BFC = 16.82 ± 0.563; WAFI = 5.77 ± 0.333. The values of the correlations point out the necessity of breeding selection work in order to improve the breeding performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior knowledge about correlation coefficients between major somatic characteristics can be used to guide breeding programmes in aquaculture. The purpose of our research was to characterize the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) breeders from a phenotypical standpoint and to test the existence of correlations that can be used in future research studies. Somatic and gravimetric measurements have been performed on 3-year old females and males, obtained and raised in a regional fishery. Significant difference (646.11 g; p<0.05) was obtained between the mean values of body weight (Bw) in females (2208.38±37.48 g) and in males (1562.27±74.113g). In terms of total length (Tl), significant differences were recorded also between mean values, in favour of females (53.01±0.271 cm) as compared to males (46.65±0.742 cm). The difference between average values of standard length (SI) was (6.86 cm) statistically distinctly significant (p<0.01), in favour of females (42.57±0.682 cm in males; 49.43±0.259 cm in females) and also for the commercial length (CI) in the same sense (d=5.92 cm). For the other conformation features studied (maximum height - MH, minimum height - Mh, body depth - Bd, head length - Hl and caudal peduncle length - CpL), the recorded differences between males and females were statistically insignificant (p>0.05). The outcome values reflect a higher interdependence between some studied characteristics in males, as compared to females, as indicated by Pearson’s correlation coefficients and open the direction in which the real selection can be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our study, we sampled 82 fish specimens as follows: 62 rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus), 8 roach (Rutilus rutilus) and 12 silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna). The sampling was done in Ţaga Mare Lake, Cluj County. The investigations took into account the incidence and infestation levels of fish with Posthodiplostomum cuticola metacercaria. The study results show an incidence of parasitosis of 80.60% for rudd, 75.00% for roach and 25.05% for silver bream. Regarding the intensity of infestation (low, medium and high), low levels of infestation are predominant (rudd – 72%; roach 83.30%; silver bream – 66.60%). The preferred body area for metacercaria (in descending order) are as follows: for rudd – 90.00% on the body, 86.00 on the fins and caudal peduncle, and 28.80% on the head; for roach - 50.00% on the body, 66.00% on the fins and caudal peduncle, and 33.00% on the head; for silver bream – 100.00% on the body, 33.00% on the fins and caudal peduncle, and 33.00% on the head. Histopathological sections were taken from musculocutaneous tissue extracted from the dorsal area of fish which was parasitized with cystic metacercariae. The central points of metacercaria is surrounded by a connective structure in the form of a capsule, in which melanocyte-like cells are predominant. Intracytoplasmically, they show a brown-blackish granular pigment which masks the cell nucleus. Perifocally, the inflammatory cell infiltrate is discreet with few mononuclear heterophile cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enteric fermentation process is of concern worldwide for its contribution to global warming. Methanogenesis process represents besides its contribution to greenhouse gases emissions an energy loss to the animal. In the last years, new strategy has been evaluated whether plant secondary metabolites can be used as natural additives to reduce ruminal methane emissions. The present study investigated the effects of trans-cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric acids and catechin hydrate, four plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) on methane production and fermentation in in vitro ruminal cultures. The four PSMs were added anaerobically in a 6 mM concentration to 100 ml serum bottles containing 500 mg grass hay as substrate, 10 ml rumen fluid collected from a fistulated sheep and 40 ml 141 DSM culture medium. The bottles were incubated at 39 °C. The results showed that caffeic (p = 0.058) and p-coumaric (p = 0.052) acids tended to decrease methane production in comparison to control but the decrease was not statistic significantly at α= 0.05. The other two PSMs had no significant effect on methane production. Addition of PSMs did not affected the total gas volume, the pH and VFAs profile (P>0.05) in relation to the control (no PSM added). Caffeic and p-coumaric acids in 6 mM concentration showed promising effects for decreasing ruminal methane emissions without affecting ruminal fermentation parameters, further experiments with other concentrations needs to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigation performed on a 31 hens effective (27 laying hens and 4 cocks) reared and maintained in traditional system during May-June 2014, concerning the anatomo-clinical, hystopathological, prophylactic and therapeutic picture in a cnemiodocopte scabie outbreak of legs, emphasizes an incidence of the parasitosis with different values function of production category, 14.8% in laying hens and 75.5% in cocks. The anatomo-clinical examination revealed poultry within different stages of disease evolution, from incipient forms, less expressive (3 cases-43.0%) to serious foms, with productive dermatoses high prurigenous in the tarso-metatarso-phalangeal area (4 cases- 57.0%). The hystopathological sections performed from pathological material, collected from the tarso-metatarsian area with serious cnemiodocopte scabie lesions in hen, emphasize at epidermis level lesions of acanthosis with hyperkeratosis, and spongiosis lesions in the cells of the spinous layer, and around parasites appears a limiting thick layer, keratinic. In deep dermis is presented an infiltrate preponderantly perivascular, with mononucleates and hetherophils (lesions of perivascularite). According to applied therapeutic protocol (Ivermectin, 0.5 ml s.c. inoculation in axilar area) it was reported a progressive improvement of the anatomoclinical picture, visible from the 7th post-therapeutic day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that the market demand for food is growing, aspect correlated with climatic changes more pronounced in the last decade, the growth technologies in fish farms it adapt, trying as much as possible to exclude environmental factors from the production equation. This is possible by maintaining constant physicochemical characteristics of water, artificially, using recirculating systems. Because some of the most important stages of the technological growth of trout are incubation, hatching and post-embryonic development, in this study we want to evaluate the obtained performance in two different growth systems: a classical system for incubation and post-embryonic development, respectively a recirculating system. Taken in the study two groups of 10.000 trout eggs each, with common origins, were studied and monitored: physico-chemical characteristics of the water in the two systems, losses during incubation, hatching rate, survival rate, duration of incubation and growth dynamics during post-embryonic stage. The results showed favorable and approximately constant values of the physico-chemical parameters in recirculating water system, while in the classical system were major variations. Also, the results for the other proposed objectives were favorable for the exploited group in recirculating system. This reflects the importance of recirculating systems using, at least in the early stages of the technological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investigations on the incidence and intensity of parasitism in some endoparasytes in sheep performed on 376 animals (260 sheep and 116 young adult sheep) Turcana breed, Gilau area, Cluj County, indicated an increased incidence in trihostrongilidys of 72.7% in young sheep and 65.0% in adult sheep. The incidence of monesya had different values depending on age group, 45.5% at young sheep and 10.0% in adult sheep. The data obtained regarding the prevalence of hepatobiliary trematodsys of sheep in the study, indicates similar values for the two categories, 27.2% young sheep and 30.0% for adult sheep. Instead the extensivity of lung strongilatosys showed notable differences between the two groups of animals, 18.1% at young sheep and 35.0% in adult sheep. The cop microscopic pollution degree with trihostrongily eggs in correlation with age group, indicated a dominance of low infestation (50% young sheep and 61.5% adult sheep). In exchange, the data obtained on parasitism intensity with cestode oncospheres expresses a dominance of medium infestation (60.0%) in young sheep and the low (10.0%) in adult sheep. The intensity level of Hepatobiliary trematodosys parasitism in the young sheep showed a dominance of small and medium infestations (37.5%) and in adult sheep is dominant only at low infestations (45.4%). The larvae strongilatosys parasitism intensity in the lung detected similar values in the two age groups (50.0% in young sheep and 17.2% in adult sheep). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colostrum has many beneficial effects on newborns due to its main compounds (proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids, amino acids) as well as protective antibodies that confer to the body. The buffaloes are the second important species for milk production in the world after cows. The importance of the species is also conferred by a longer longevity, high dry content of milk and a strong organic resistance when compared with cows. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of buffalo colostrum compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol and physicochemical parameters during the first seven days postpartum and under the impact of the season, summer on pasture and winter on dry diet (hay based). Results: Fat from colostrum differs depending on the postpartum day showing mean values of 11.31-7.56% (summer season) and 11.22-7.51% (winter season). These values gradually decreased starting with first day postpartum until day seven. Dry substance and protein presented a similar evolution to fat reaching the lowest values at the end of the colostral period. Lactose, ash and pH showed a gradually increase reaching the maximum on day seven postpartum. The highest titres of fatty acids from colostrum are: butyric acid (C4:0), myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and the lowest values showed up in myristoleic acid (C14:1), cis-10 -pentadecanoic acid (C15:1), pentadecylic acid (C15:0) and margaric acid (C17:0) for both seasons. Higher concentrations have been recorded for the summer season in general. Cholesterol concentration decreased from 12.93 and 12.68 mg/100 mL (summer and winter season) to 9.02 and 7.88 mg/100 mL in the end of the colostral period. Conclusions: Physicochemical compounds of buffalo colostrum were influenced by season and postpartum day of milking. Excepting lactose all other parameters gradually decreased during colostral period. Fatty acids and cholesterol showed the same evolution, presenting higher values for the summer season. Specific feeding in the summer season (on pasture) did lead in more concentrated colostrum in dry substance, fatty acids and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the premise that achieving higher production and economic performance in the salmonid farms is strongly influenced by the processes of artificial breeding, on this study we wanted to highlight the optimal age at which rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) females can be used for breeding. For this, where randomly selected from the each growth basins, 20-breeding females by the following age groups: 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 years. Were determined: body weight of each females, the total number of eggs / female, individual mass of eggs, the diameter of eggs, the volume of eggs, respectively the individual weight of the ovaries. Based on the obtained data, were calculated the following selection and breeding indices: gonado-somatic report (GSr), Behning fertility coefficient (Bfc), respectively Williams absolute individual fecundity index (Waif). In the gonado-somatic report (GSr) was found an increased value from 15.33 ±0.299 at 3 years age, up to a maximum of 17.194±0.366 (at the age of 6 years). For females of 8 and 10 years ages, its found an decreased value from this report (16.267±0.406, respectively 13.070±0.630). For the Williams absolute individual fecundity index (Waif), were obtained increasing values, proportional with age (4.278±0.279 at 3 years, 6.799±0.562 at 10 years). The same aspect has been reported in the case of Behning fertility coefficient (Bfc). Based on evolution of selection and breeding indices values, we recommended in the technological processes the use of rainbow trout females with age between 4 and 8 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted in dynamic, in 2005-2010 period, regarding the incidence of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in Mures County, on a cumulative total of 925 actual horses from households in the commune and the 2 villages belonging and serologically tested (Coggins test) showed a significant decline in positive serologically diagnosed cases, 20 positive cases in 2005 (10.9%) to 3 positive cases in 2010 (0.25%). Cumulative distribution of outbreaks of equine infectious anaemia in the commune and the 2 villages belonging showed variation, in the commune 16 cases (5.04%), in the I village 26 cases (7.10%) and in the II village 10 cases (3.87%). Assessing responsiveness to equine infectious anaemia correlated with sex, in the time reported showed a higher receptivity in males (5.7%) than females (5.5%). Also was found a higher responsiveness to infectious disease between age group 6-10 years (3.4%) compared with the age group between 11-15 years (2.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and laboratory investigations on the incidence and intensity of sarcoptic mange in a herd of 156 young cattle and histo-pathological picture of changes in the skin, highlights the following: anatomical-clinical examination performed revealed that 47.4% of young cattle have examined clinical anatomical changes visible (crusts, depilation, itching and scratching), with significant differences related to age and type of anatomy-clinical manifestation. The incidence of sarcoptic mange by microscopic examination, is ranging from 34.75 (category 0 - 6 months) 38.0% (category 6-12 months) with an average of 36.5%. The intensity of parasitism with Sarcoptes scabiei, var. bovis is correlated with the age. Thus the 0-6 months category predominate weak infestation (44.0%), while the 6-12 months category predominate large and medium infestation (40.6%). Histo-pathologically, the sections made in the skin and colored shows the presence of parasites in exfoliate epithelium with a low limfo granulocytes infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological material of buffaloes in this area shows favorable characteristics in the direction of milk production with a total length of lactation almost close to the normal one, but the interval between births is quite high. Pure milk fat content on total lactation is 6.98% and 6.96% for normal lactation, with variations from the first lactation of 7.27% to 6.86% in the ninth lactation. The time of the dry period shows variation between 80.84 and 142.84 days and calving interval between 375.91 and 435.48 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer preferences regarding the various species of fish or aquatic organisms are highly variable. The criteria by which they orient are represented by: the price, organoleptic characteristics, healing and nutritional properties of meat. Today it is known that a high consumption of fish meat has a beneficial role in human health. Moreover, statistics indicates a high level of life expectancy in countries with tradition in terms of fish consumption, e.g. North- European and Asian countries. Statistics shows a high consumption of ocean fish and different species of salmonid family. The culture and intensive fish farming represents an alternative to the requirements of the fish market. The salmonids farmers focus their efforts to obtain high yields of high quality, in conditions of maximum economic efficiency. In Romania, the predominant specie encountered in salmonis farms is rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully reared because of its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and disease, and efficient feed-conversion. For restocking mountain water with biological material, some trout farms operate successfully brown trout (Salmo trutta fario), a less effective specie for meat production, due to slow growth and development and low resistance to changing environmental factors. Profitability of fish production depends on the propagation processes, fish growth and developments, and supplying optimal environmental conditions for enhancement of the biological potential. The artificial reproduction of salmonids, involves several technological operations for achieving outstanding results on fisheries production. Of these operations, critical is the selection and improvement of breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations were done on 7 alive samples in agonic or death stage, taken from an extensive exploitation pond, in north-east Transylvanian zone, with an water surface of 0,2 ha and a total fish quantity of about 200 kg, second summer carp of an average weight of 300 g/individual. As a result of clinical, bacterioscopy and bacteriology and also necropsy laboratory exam it were put in evidence some aspects. So, clinical exam has revealed, by the presence of integument hemorrhagic ulcerous lesions, also the presence of some crustacaee ectoparasites, Argulus foliaceus species, which have made easier the disease spreading in whole effective. Necropsy exam puts in evidence, anatomyclinic, the presence of integument hemorrhagic lesions under a point or diffuse form, but also ulcers and muscle - cutaneous necrosis. As a following of bacterioscopy exam of smears done from pathologic material taken in cutaneous lesions and colored by Gram method it was ascertained the presence of a bacterial polymorph flora, of bacillus and cocobacillus type, Gram negative. Bacteriologic exam (cultural), realized on ordinary culture mediums (sauce, water) and selective mediums (agar with blood) isolates in pure culture germs from Aeromonas kind, basis on morphological and cultural characters, which are framed in Aeromonas genus patterns described by speciality literature. As a following of biochemical characters exam, with the help of multitest API20E system it was established that Aeromonas spp. strains isolated, belong to hydrophila group 1 species, species which is responsible of bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia performing in carp. By testing the sensitiveness to antibodies and chemiotherapy in strains which have been found as diagnosis (diffusiometric method of antibiogram), it was ascertained that group 1 Aeromonas hydrophila strains, isolated from disease pesthole, were in decreasing order sensitive to : Eurofloxocin, Florfenicol (Floron) and Oxitetracycline and resistant to Ampiciline, Amoxicilin, Eritromicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical and paraclinical investigations (morpho-pathologic, bacterioscopic, bacteriologic and sensitiveness test to antibodies) done on 20 fish (rainbow trout), dead or in agony state, taken from a furunculosis pesthole in Salmonidae and proceeded from an intensive exploitation unit of trout, in Cluj county, put in evidence the following aspects :To clinical exam, in breeding basins, it appears individuals (5 %) which have presented locomotor troubles, listless and untidy swimming in water surface, lateral swimming anorexia, and on tegument it is observed diffuse hemorrhagic zones, lost of fish scale and necrosis of fins. It appears also secondary infections with fungi of Saprolegnia genus under the form of a white- dirty, downy film. From the 20 trut corpses were isolated 2 bacterial strains, from anterior kidney and from raclage in fin basis, with congestive lesions. Bacteria isolated are developing only after an incubation at 20 - 25° C and does not grow up to 37° C, and to microscopic exam directly from sauce, the mobility is absent Classic biochemical tests put in evidence the following positive biochemic properties: cataloze, oxidaze, indolal and the presence of hemolytic activity. Biochemical properties testing on API20E gallery also puts in evidence properties as : positive gelatinousis and sucraze fermentation. Based on bacterial strains development isolated only to 20 - 25 °C and the above mentioned biochemic properties, respectively the absence of pigment, bacterial strains isolated are appointed in Aeromonas genus, Aeromonas salmonicida species, achromogenes subspecies. By sensitiveness test in different medicine substances, using antibiogram technique, bacterial strains isolated from pesthole are sensitive in a decreasing order to: nalidixic acid, oxitetracycline, florfenicol and eurofloxacin and resistant to ampicyline, amoxiclav and colistin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth dynamics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), superior to other salmonids species, led to the exploitation of this species in the most countries of the world. The individuals of this species, depend on many factors, like environment, nutrition and genetics. In this study, authors have followed over 540 days, the evolution of body mass and average daily gain at the specimens of rainbow trout from Fiad-Telcisor salmonids complex, Bistrita-Nasaud county, from the larval stage and up to the stage of trout for consumption with an average weight of 250 gr. These studies are necessary to prepare a strategy on fisheries production planning, depending on market demand of these products and eliminating additional costs due to over production. Fish and fish products always represented a staple food in human nutrition. The aquatic resources of continental and oceanic natural waters, have permanently assured the humanity's food needs, but today, on the conditions of the demographic boom, may be destroyed the ecosystems balance, on the strenght of irrational exploitation of their (Svennevig & co., 2000). For this reason, specialists' attention bound for aquaculture, field of the last years a real progress (Goldburg & Naylor, 2005). On this economic stage, a fierce commercial competition and significantly reduction of the market price, involving development and alignment a new concept of strategy, to decrease the production price. For this, aquaculture producers focus their efforts to obtain high yields at a high quality level and in conditions of maximum efficiency. A common situation on the fish market in Romania, is to sell products. Lack of strategy on the relationship between production capacity of fish farms and marketing opportunities of these products, lead to the accumulation of hardly marketable stocks which involving additional financial burden (Popescu, 2009). To avoid such situations, are requested market studies and research on the possibilities to obtain rhytmic and constant productions. They involve serious knowledge about factors which influence the physiology of fish growth (Cocan & co., 2009). In Romania, but also in many other countries around the world, salmonid species predominantly found in farms are rainbow trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is successfully exploited, due to its plasticity and resistance to changes in environmental conditions and diseases, and due to efficient conversion of feed (Cocan, 2008). There have been numerous studies on the factors that influence the growth of rainbow trout, including: growth density, environmental conditions, water quality, the rate of removal of water or operating system adopted (North & co., 2006; Roque d'Orbcastel & co., 2009; Sørensen & co., 2005; Matthews & co., 1997; Clark, 2003). Leatherland (1993), has conducted studies on interaction between plasma growth hormone, thyroid hormones and cortisol concentrations in rainbow trout, depending on the density of growth (150 kg/m³, respectively 60 kg/m³). The results demonstrated that to a high density, the growth rate drops significantly, due to high concentration of cortisol, but also due to restricted diet because of the high density. Because are poikilotherms, trouts shows changes of behavior and some physiological parameters according to season (Gallardo, 1997). Temperature is one of the abiotic factors with a major influence on the development of metabolic processes. Farming system adopted are also greatly influence on the growth dynamics of rainbow trout, each showing the advantages and disadvantages. Recirculating systems (RAS) providing optimal growth conditions, medial parameters being monitored continuously (Sirakov & Ivancheva, 2008), but inefficient water filtration systems can affect meat quality (Rønsholdt & McLean, 1999), or may give rise to health problems (Svobodova & co., 2005). Classical breeding systems are often at risk of contamination by polluted waters (Moogonei & co., 2010), and environmental conditions can not be controlled. In this study, authors have monitored the growth dynamics, body mass evolution and average daily growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), from Fiad-Telci or salmond complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety and hygienic quality of milk is conditioned by animal health and hygiene of operated shelters, milking hygiene, staff, storage and cooling of milk immediately after milking, transport to the collection centers, processing and recovery units, and compliance with cold chain distribution network and marketing of milk (Miresan Vioara et al., 2009). All these are important links in quality management and milk as raw material milk products from producer to consumer. The food markets of Campia Turzii and Turda are small producers who sell milk from villages surrounding these cities. Milk samples were taken from seven sources of supply to different markets traders, which were performed on the physical-chemical milk fat content, protein, but the somatic cell count and total bacterial count. The results obtained on these quality parameters show that milk from these producers is within quality standards, but with the necessity to improve hygiene conditions at harvest and storage of milk sold in food markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]