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The definition of mental disorders has been traditionally a matter of discussion, and it has relevant implications in research and healthcare. Our aim was to explore the conceptualization medical students have of depression and to determine differences across academic years. The Maudsley Attitudes Questionnaire was adapted through a double translation, double back-translation and a preliminary validation, obtaining a Spanish edition. All students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Zaragoza and doctors who graduated from this University in 2020 were invited to answer the online questionnaire, and we received 222 answers (response rate: 15.2%). The results were compared by years and levels of education using an ANOVA. The social realist, behavioral, biological, cognitive and psychodynamic models were the most endorsed. The psychodynamic and nihilist models were less embraced by students in later educational years. These students also reported greater confidence in their understanding of depression and of its biological, cognitive and behavioral models. In conclusion, the conceptualization of depression among medical students is complex and multidimensional, and appears to be similar across different years of education. In later years, we found less support for the psychodynamic model, increased confidence in psychiatry and greater ease in handling the concepts of its leading models.

The particulate and soluble matter present in aerosols from combustible cigarettes (CCs) and Heated Tobacco Products (HTPs) was collected in liquid water. These liquids, yellowish in the experiments with cigarettes and colourless after using HTPs, were analysed by Laser Diffraction (LD) and by Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDX) to study the amount, size, composition, and other features of the particulate matter (PM) present in the collected aerosols.The particulate matter concentration in HTPs samples is below the limit of quantification for LD, and only samples from cigarettes show a particulate matter concentration above such limit. TEM analysis has revealed that the liquid samples (from both, cigarettes and HTPs experiments) contain particulate matter, mainly composed of carbon (C) and oxygen (O), but also of traces of inorganic elements. The TEM electron beam results in the evaporation of the particulate matter derived from HTPs, but not of that derived from cigarettes, highlighting the different nature of the particulate matter in both systems, i.e. liquid particulate matter present in the HTPs aerosols and solid particulate matter in the cigarettes smoke. A protocol for the quantitative comparison of the particulate matter present in aerosols has been applied over sixteen TEM images for each sample, confirming important differences from the point of view of the amount of particulate matter and particle size ranges. Thus, the amount of particulate matter for HTPs aerosol samples is more than one order of magnitude lower than for cigarettes smoke.

The present manuscript focuses on important aspects regarding TiO2, which is typically used in many applications. On one hand, a thorough review of methods for synthesizing nanostructured TiO2 is presented. Using these methods, and different post-synthesis heat-treatment conditions, close to thirty TiO2 materials have been prepared, and their porous texture and crystalline and amorphous structure have been characterized. In this large number of samples, the porous texture characterization has revealed a high contribution of mesoporosity in a large number of the synthesized materials, being in many materials around 60–70 %. Moreover, different percentages of crystalline phases, anatase, brookite, rutile, and amorphous titania are developed depending on the TiO2 preparation conditions. These fractions have been determined from X-ray diffraction data using the “simple” characterization method reported by Cano-Casanova et al., inspired by Jensen et al., and Bellardita et al., also exploring its limitations. This analysis has allowed assessing a linear relationship between porosity, particularly between the surface area, and the amorphous phase content in titanium dioxide. A relationship had been previously suggested in the literature, but never correlated in such a way. In summary, the present study constitutes a tool to help other researchers select the most suitable method for synthesizing nanostructured TiO2 materials with target properties and, also, to characterize them, and have a very easy and straightforward estimation of TiO2 amorphous phase content after the determination of their surface areas.

Apparent ileal digestibility can be corrected to give the true ileal digestibility of the nitrogen and amino acids provided by the diet, by determining the flow of endogenous nitrogen and amino acids (from desquamated epithelial cells of gastrointestinal mucosa, mucins and digestive enzymes). This flow of nitrogen and amino acids has been studied in adult rabbits fitted with a T-cannula, but remains unknown for growing rabbits. The aim of this work was to propose a method to estimate endogenous nitrogen and amino acid losses in the ileum of growing rabbits slaughtered at 64 d of age from 20:00 h. For this purpose, two experiments were carried out. The first was performed with 10 weaned rabbits fed with a diet with casein as the only source of protein (whose ileal digestibility is 100%) and labelled with ytterbium. This experiment allowed us to identify the relationship between the ileal flow of endogenous nitrogen (IFEN) and the dry matter intake in the last 24 h before slaughter (DMI), which fits the equation: IFEN (mg/d)=5.99 DMI (g/d) +133; (R2=0.778, residual standard deviation=138, P

This study aims to revise and compare published data devoted to the identification, characterization, and quantification of suspended particulate matter (PM) in the smoke from combustible cigarettes or the aerosol from heat-not-burn products (HNBP), analyzing mainstream and indoor scenarios. It has been motivated by the difficulty of a proper comparison from the published data, mostly due to the very different experimental conditions used in each published study, often even not clearly indicated.Despite the difficulty in a straightforward comparison, important differences in the particulate matter present in the smoke from combustible cigarettes and the aerosols from HNBPs have been confirmed. In general, the concentration of particulate matter in the aerosol emitted by HNBPs is much lower than in the cigarette smoke. However, in the mainstream, ultrafine particulate matter has been isolated both for combustible cigarettes and HNBPs, and the Total Particulate Matter (TPM) collected is in the same range, around 50 mg/stick, slightly higher for HNBPs. The indoor concentration of PM usually ranges from 100-500 μg/m3 for combustible cigarettes, 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the present in background air (1.3-14.7 μg/m3), whereas for HNBPs it ranges from 1.4-15.5 μg/m3, which is similar to the background. Indoors, the number of particles generated from cigarette smoking is much larger than those from the use of HNBPs in a factor of 3-6.Nevertheless, the mean particle sizes and particulate composition are among the main differences between cigarette smoke and HNBP aerosols. The mean particle sizes are larger in the smoke from combustible cigarettes and contain black carbon particles (soot), whereas the particulate matter from HNBPs presents a smaller size, is predominantly liquid-based, and is much more volatile.

This work was motivated by the difficulties found in the analysis and quantification of levulinic acid (LA) and the reaction products resulting from the catalyzed transformation of LA into γ-valerolactone (GVL) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The starting study carried out with the Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 column and UV/Vis detector (or Diode Array Detector, DAD) was puzzling, mainly because two different signals appeared in the analysis of aqueous LA standards. The use of C8-UV/Vis-MS and the measurements with DAD in range wavelength mode (RWL) allowed to suggest the presence of pseudo-LA (sometimes regarded as unidentified impurities in the reactant) together with LA. The finding of an additional LA species was fundamental for the accurate quantification of LA, necessary to provide reliable results in the analysis of the catalytic LA transformation products. The study carried out also allowed the identification of 4-hydroxypentanoic acid (HPA), a labile intermediate compound. The analysis of the target solution (resulting from the explained catalytic system) was also performed with a REZEX ROA-Organic Acid H+ column and Refractive Index Detector (RID) in order to determine its applicability and to check if the results obtained with the two configurations were coherent. The REZEX-RID configuration led to a simpler analysis, as it did not involve the separation of the LA species, and allowed the detection of 1,4-pentanediol (not possible by UV/Vis analysis). The results obtained with REZEX-RID helped to support the need of considering the presence and quantification of an LA isomer in the standard solutions for the right quantification of LA using the C8-UV/vis (or DAD) configuration. The present study clarifies relevant practical aspects of the HPLC-UV/Vis (or DAD) analysis of LA present in aqueous solutions.

This experiment aimed to compare the growth performance, digestive efficiency and health status of three paternal lines for growing rabbits. The R line was selected by growth rate during the growing period for 37 generations; the RF line was founded by selecting a population of elite R animals (average daily gain>60 g/d); and the RFLP line was founded by backcrossing males from the RF line with females from the LP maternal line. A total of 387 weaned rabbits were used to evaluate growing performance from weaning until 63 d of age in individual cages, in three batches. Additionally, 33 animals were used to determine nutrient digestive efficiency in a digestibility trial. Body weight and feed intake were controlled at weaning (28 d), 46 and 63 d of age. Mortality and morbidity were also monitored daily. During the digestibility trial, feed intake and faeces excretion were controlled daily. Results showed no significant effects of genetic type on body weight, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio throughout the experiment. However, RF animals had a higher average daily gain from 28 to 46 d of age (+4.4%; P

Background: Eating habits established during the preschool stage may last a lifetime, underlining the importance of choosing and purchasing healthy foods for proper nutrition. Aim: To assess the associations between place of food purchase and dietary intake and quality in Spanish preschool children. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was carried out within the framework of the SEguimiento del Niño para un Desarrollo Óptimo (SENDO) project. Data were collected using (1) the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), from which dietary nutrient intake and diet quality (NOVA System classification and KIDMED index) were analysed, and (2) the baseline food habits questionnaire, which asked about the food purchase outlet. Data were analysed by logistic regression, considering the intra-group correlation between siblings and using the type of food purchase outlet as a grouping variable. Results: Children from families shopping in hypermarkets consumed fewer nutrients, less minimally processed foods, as well as less fruit and vegetables than children from families shopping in specialised shops. Conclusions: Food shopping in specialised outlets can improve the quality of children’s diets, promoting healthier habits such as greater adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and increasing the consumption of minimally processed foods. This has a positive impact on children’s long-term health.

Background: Young children with spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) have limited independent mobility and participation that may lead to cognitive development delays. Implementing early powered mobility in interventions may help them to learn self-initiated movement, play, and having fun to participate in natural settings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an early power mobility intervention for increasing participation, functional ability, and quality of life in young children with SMA1. Methods: AMEsobreRuedas is a randomized waiting list controlled clinical trial. A sample of 24 children (10 months-5 years old, with SMA1) will be randomly allocated to two groups. The experimental group will perform a family-centered intervention with powered mobility for 16 weeks in their natural environment: a 12-week-structured program three times a week; and a 4-week follow-up with free use of the powered mobility device. The control group (waiting list) will keep their routine and will receive the same intervention after the experimental group. Five assessments will be carried out at baseline and weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16. Primary outcomes are participation (YC-PEM); functional ability (PEDI-CAT); and quality of life (PedsQL-Neuromuscular module). Results: It is expected that this study will provide further knowledge about the positive impact of powered mobility for the analyzed variables. Moreover, family engagement in the intervention and establishment of functional goals may help to add valuable information about real needs in future research. Conclusions: Early powered mobility could increase the opportunities for children with SMA1 to learn to move independently and participate in their natural environment.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a treatment for severe obesity. However, many patients have insufficient total weight loss (TWL) after RYGB. Although multiple factors have been involved, their influence is incompletely known. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to estimate the success in weight loss after RYGP, based on clinical, anthropometric and biochemical data, in order to identify morbidly obese patients with poor weight responses. We retrospectively analyzed 118 patients, who underwent RYGB at the Hospital Clínico Universitario of Valencia (Spain) between 2013 and 2017. We applied a ML approach using local linear embedding (LLE) as a tool for the evaluation and classification of the main parameters in conjunction with evolutionary algorithms for the optimization and adjustment of the parameter model. The variables associated with one-year postoperative %TWL were obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, insulin treatment, preoperative weight, insulin resistance index, apolipoprotein A, uric acid, complement component 3, and vitamin B12. The model correctly classified 71.4% of subjects with TWL < 30% although 36.4% with TWL ≥ 30% were incorrectly classified as “unsuccessful procedures”. The ML-model processed moderate discriminatory precision in the validation set. Thus, in severe obesity, ML-models can be useful to assist in the selection of patients before bariatric surgery.

Victoria Ocampo contó, en la puesta en marcha de la revista Sur y posteriormente en la creación de la editorial Sur, con dos colaboradores fundamentales: Eduardo Mallea y Guillermo de Torre. Si bien el papel del primero, traductor de Waldo Frank, ha sido ampliamente reconocido, no ha ocurrido lo mismo con el segundo, cuyos consejos de diseño en la génesis de la revista y cuya gestión como secretario de redacción entre 1931 y 1938 fueron determinantes. Aquí se examina la relación entre los tres a la luz de la correspondencia inédita, con especial atención a la que mantuvieron desde 1926 Mallea y Torre, que muestra la complicidad entre los dos escritores y revela cómo el proyecto de la editorial Sur nació en 1931, a los pocos meses del lanzamiento de la revista.

Background Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a significant complication of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), contributing to heightened mortality and morbidity. Despite this, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) staging system for CS severity lacks validation in patients with TTS and CS. This study aimed to characterize a patient cohort with TTS using the SCAI staging system and assess its utility in cases of TTS complicated by CS. Methods and Results From a TTS national registry, 1591 consecutive patients were initially enrolled and stratified into 5 SCAI stages (A through E). Primary outcome was all‐cause in‐hospital mortality; secondary end points were TTS‐related in‐hospital complications and 1‐year all‐cause mortality. After exclusions, the final cohort comprised 1163 patients, mean age 71.0±11.8 years, and 87% were female. Patients were categorized across SCAI shock stages as follows: A 72.1%, B 12.2%, C 11.2%, D 2.7%, and E 1.8%. Significant variations in baseline demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentations, and in‐hospital courses were observed across SCAI shock stages. After multivariable adjustment, each higher SCAI shock stage showed a significant association with increased in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.77–29.31) compared with SCAI shock stage A. Higher SCAI shock stages were also associated with increased 1‐year mortality. Conclusions In a large multicenter patient cohort with TTS, the functional SCAI shock stage classification effectively stratified mortality risk, revealing a continuum of escalating shock severity with higher stages correlating with increased in‐hospital mortality. This study highlights the applicability and prognostic value of the SCAI staging system in TTS‐related CS.

Catheter ablation (CA) remains the cornerstone alternative to cardioversion for sinus rhythm (SR) restoration in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Unfortunately, despite the last methodological and technological advances, this procedure is not consistently effective in treating persistent AF. Beyond introducing new indices to characterize the fibrillatory waves (f-waves) recorded through the preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG), the aim of this study is to combine frequency- and time-domain features to improve CA outcome prediction and optimize patient selection for the procedure, given the absence of any study that jointly analyzes information from both domains. Precisely, the f-waves of 151 persistent AF patients undergoing their first CA procedure were extracted from standard V1 lead. Novel spectral and amplitude features were derived from these waves and combined through a machine learning algorithm to anticipate the intervention mid-term outcome. The power rate index (φ), which estimates the power of the harmonic content regarding the dominant frequency (DF), yielded the maximum individual discriminant ability of 64% to discern between individuals who experienced a recurrence of AF and those who sustained SR after a 9-month follow-up period. The predictive accuracy was improved up to 78.5% when this parameter φ was merged with the amplitude spectrum area in the DF bandwidth (AMSALF) and the normalized amplitude of the f-waves into a prediction model based on an ensemble classifier, built by random undersampling boosting of decision trees. This outcome suggests that the synthesis of both spectral and temporal features of the f-waves before CA might enrich the prognostic knowledge of this therapy for persistent AF patients.

Funerary architecture often presents a series of specificities that makes it necessary to combine different techniques for its adequate graphic restitution. These conditioning factors are usually present both in the exterior, such as nearby trees and metalwork elements, and in the interior, due to the arrangement of small objects and furniture as well as poor lighting in the rooms.This paper focuses on the methodology followed for the graphic restitution of the Pedreño y Deu family pantheon in the main cemetery of Cartagena (Spain). The pantheon, built in 1875, consists of a circular chapel on the ground floor and a crypt below ground level. At the start of the survey, the building, protected by municipal planning, was in a state of advanced deterioration.The techniques used for the survey of each part will be described, as well as the procedure followed to assemble them into a single model. In this work, we have been able to verify that hybridization in survey techniques is one of the best options to represent architectural heritage in case studies where there are situations of very different natures.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.15

Urban modelling processes are the basis for the management of Smart Cities. Automated workflows are typically used to model large portions of cities with homogeneous urban fabrics. These processes result in very simple three-dimensional models with large discrepancies with reality. However, the case of the historic centres of small cities is different due to the complexity of their urban fabric and the heterogeneity of their buildings.This paper proposes a semi-automatic supervised modelling workflow that allows the elaboration of complex urban fabric models following the CityGML standard and its levels of detail. The case study focuses on the historic centre of Cehegín (Spain).The advantage of this methodology is the use of downloadable data from public SDIs such as the Digital Cadastre (cadastral polygons) and the National Geographic Institute (LiDAR point clouds with an approximate density of 0.5 pts/m2). These data are geolocated and processed in GIS, and exported to Rhinoceros-Grasshopper3d where modelling algorithms are implemented for each level of detail, supported by statistical filters and automatic classifiers.This results in richer and more accurate models than those obtained with automatic modellers and can be used for different applications in the field of management and simulation.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.14

La sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 148/2021, de 14 de julio, introduce una drástica modificación en la configuración del poder para declarar el estado de alarma respecto de su conformación originaria por parte del legislador orgánico. Para examinarlo, los autores comienzan exponiendo los diferentes argumentos del Tribunal Constitucional en la sentencia citada, vinculando cada uno de ellos con cada uno de los requisitos de la norma que confiere poder para declarar el estado de alarma. El corazón de la argumentación del TC se encuentra en el requisito de competencia material. La sentencia citada es objeto por parte de los autores de un análisis crítico que versa básicamente sobre la diferencia entre limitar y suspender un derecho fundamental, lo que a su vez constituye la piedra angular de la argumentación del TC. A juicio de los autores, la declaración del estado de alarma por parte del Consejo de Ministros en fecha 14 de marzo fue una medida claramente constitucional, puesto que encaja perfectamente con lo que sería una reconstrucción adecuada de lo que supone una limitación de un derecho fundamental.

Abstract Advancing knowledge of the mineralogical composition of dust is key for understanding and predicting its climate and environmental impacts. The variability of dust mineralogy from one source to another and its evolution during atmospheric transport is not measured at large scale. In this study we use laboratory measurements to demonstrate that the extinction signature of suspended dust aerosols in the 740 − 1250 cm−1 atmospheric window can be used to derive dust mineralogy in terms of the main infrared − active minerals, namely quartz, clays, feldspars and calcite. Various spectral signatures in dust extinction enable to distinguish between multiple global sources with changing composition, whereas modifications of the dust extinction spectra with time inform on size − dependent particles mineralogy changes during transport. The present study confirms that spectral and hyperspectral infrared remote sensing observations offer great potential for elucidating the size − segregated mineralogy of airborne dust at regional and global scales.

Organic acids (OAs) are employed in animal feed to regulate gastrointestinal disorders and diarrhoea thanks to their ability to modulate the gastrointestinal environment and their antimicrobial capacity. However, there is not enough evidence regarding the most adequate OA and its effectiveness in rabbit farming. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen and evaluate the response of young rabbits to six OAs, administered via drinking water, at three different concentrations (pH levels). Organic acids (acetic, ACET; formic, FOR; propionic, PROP; lactic, LAC; citric, CIT; and butyric, BUT) were tested at three concentrations (pH 3, 4, and 5). A negative control (CON; non-acidified water) was also included. We used 240 weaned rabbits (28 days old) divided into 2 batches. In each batch, animals were randomly allocated to 1 of the 19 experimental treatments and were housed in group cages of 6 animals per cage, treatment, and batch. Among the 240 rabbits, an additional cage with 6 animals was included to determine the initial physiological state of the animals. All animals were fed with commercial pelleted feed throughout the whole experiment. The duration of the study was 7 days, until 35 days of age. At 31 and 35 days of age, in each batch, three animals per day and treatment were slaughtered. The pH of the digestive contents in the fundus, antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum, as well as the gastric pepsin enzyme activity, was measured. Water and feed consumption per cage and individual body weight (BW) were recorded daily. The type and dosage of OAs affected water intake. ACET 3, PROP 3, and BUT 3 reduced water intake compared to CON, negatively impacting feed intake and weight gain. FOR and CIT acids led to the highest BW and weight gain at 35 days, compared to PROP, LAC, and BUT (p < 0.05); showing ACET intermediate values. While OAs had limited effects on gastric and small intestine pH, acidified water at pH 4 and 5 lowered ileum and caecum pH (p < 0.05) compared to pH 3. Acidified water at pH 4 showed the highest (p < 0.05) pepsin activity compared to pH 3 and pH 5. Considering the limited sample size and short-term assessment period of our screening test, the OAs with the highest potential for use in post-weaning rabbits were FOR, ACET, and CIT at pH 4. The selected combinations did not exhibit any early adverse effects in young rabbits. These results should be further confirmed in a broader population of animals. It would also be advisable to extend the application of OAs over longer periods to evaluate their effects throughout the entire growing period of rabbits.

Introduction: Non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) is characterized by a reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF, Aim: To explore the features of echocardiography-derived HDFs in NIDCM and their association with clinical endpoints. Methods: Asymptomatic, non-hospitalized NIDCM patients free from coronary artery disease and moderate or severe valvular heart disease were included in this single-center observational retrospective longitudinal study. Those with atrial fibrillation and a follow-up Results: Ninety-seven patients were included, sixty-seven (69%) were males, mean age was 62 ± 14 years, and mean LVEF was 39.2 ± 8.6%. During a median follow-up of 4.2 (3.1–5.1) years, 19 (20%) patients experienced MACE. These patients had a higher HDFs-angle (71.0 (67.0–75.0) vs. 68.0 (63.0–71.0)°, p = 0.005), lower HDFs-ls (1.36 (1.01–1.85) vs. 1.66 ([1.28–2.04])%, p = 0.015), but similar HDFs-ab (5.02 (4.39–6.34) vs. 5.66 (4.53–6.78)%, p = 0.375) compared to those without MACE. in a Cox regression analysis, HDFs-angle (HR 1.16 (95%-CI 1.04–1.30), p = 0.007) was associated with MACE, while other conventional echocardiography parameters, including LVEF and LV longitudinal strain, were not. Conclusions: HDFs-angle is associated with clinical endpoints in NIDCM. A higher HDFs-angle may be a marker of impaired myocardial performance in patients with reduced LVEF.