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We use L1‐norm model regularization of |Br| component at the surface on magnetic monopoles bases and along‐track magnetic field differences alone (without vector observations) to derive high quality global magnetic field models at the surface of the Moon. The practical advantages to this strategy are the following: monopoles are more stable at closer spacing in comparison to dipoles, improving spatial resolution; L1‐norm model regularization leads to sparse models which may be appropriate for the Moon which has regions of localized magnetic field features; and along‐track differences reduce the need for ad‐hoc external field noise reduction strategies. We examine also the use of Lunar Prospector and SELENE/Kaguya magnetometer data, combined and separately, and find that the Lunar Prospector along‐track vector field differences lead to surface field models that require weaker regularization and, hence, result in higher spatial resolution. Significantly higher spatial resolution (wavelengths of roughly 25–30 km) and higher amplitude surface magnetic fields can be derived over localized regions of high amplitude anomalies (due to their higher signal‐to‐noise ratio). These high‐resolution field models are also compared with the results of Surface Vector Mapping approach of Tsunakawa et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004785). Finally, the monopoles‐ as well as dipoles‐based patterns of the Serenitatis high amplitude magnetic feature have characteristic textbook patterns of Br and Bθ component fields from a nearly vertically downwardly magnetized source region and it implies that the principal source of the anomaly was formed when the region was much closer to the north magnetic pole of the Moon. Plain Language Summary: The Moon has magnetic field variations (anomalies) caused by permanently magnetized rocks formed during the era of its early strong core field dynamo. High‐resolution maps of magnetic anomalies allow us to investigate the depths, shapes, and nature of the sources and conjecture the origin of these individual anomaly features. Magnetization direction of these permanently magnetized sources also tells us if the Moon's rotational axis has changed its position during the time period when the core magnetic field dynamo was active. The inferred magnetization direction of a large magnetic anomaly in the Serenitatis impact basin (nearside) suggests that the Moon may have changed its orientation significantly (more than 45°) since the formation of the basin. Using magnetometer data from Lunar Prospector (NASA) and Kaguya (Japan) satellites, we use methods of reconstructing the field at the lunar surface, which in turn will allow investigations on the origin of other similar features. Key Points: New high‐resolution surface vector magnetic field models of crustal sources are derived from Lunar Prospector satellite observationsAlong‐orbit gradients of vector field measurements alone (excluding vector fields) lead to significant reduction in the external fieldsThe effectiveness of equivalent monopoles vs. dipoles and least‐squares vs. sparse matrix inversion techniques is evaluated [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glauconitic minerals range from green smectite to 10Å glauconite, occur mainly in peloids (most of which were fecal pellets), and apparently were produced largely by neoformation replacing several kinds of substrate. Chamositic minerals, berthierine and chamosite, occur in Recent and ancient peloids, but mostly in ancient ooids, and they developed by alteration of a precursor Al-rich clay mineral. Ooid sheaths were built by rolling of cores on ue sea floor. Glauconitic greensands and chamositic oolitic ironstones are condensed sequences deposited as sandwaves during long periods of reduced influx of sediment. Some are associated with hardgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on magneto-optical resonances observed in sodium fluorescence from D 2 manifold with an intensity-modulated light. Fluorescence resonances are measured in the perpendicular (90°) and backward (180°) directions to the light propagation in laboratory experiments using a sodium cell containing neon buffer gas. Properties of these resonances are studied by varying the magnetic field at fixed-light modulation frequency, and vice-versa. Modulation with low-duty cycle shows higher-harmonic resonances of the modulation frequency and sub-harmonic resonances of the Larmor frequency. A dark resonance with maximum amplitude for laser wavelength closer to the crossover peak is observed. The origin of this dark resonance observed in Na D 2 line is discussed using a theoretical model. Present study is aimed towards improving the understanding of magneto-optical resonances for remote magnetometry applications with mesospheric sodium.

Recent sophisticated global data compilations and magnetic surveys have been used to investigate the nature of magnetization in the lower crust and upper mantle. Two approaches to constraining magnetizations are developed, providing minimum (0.01 SI) and maximum (0.04 SI) susceptibility estimates, given some assumed thickness (15+ km here). These values are higher than are found in many continental rocks. Are there rocks deeper in the crust or upper mantle that are more magnetic than expected, or are the model assumptions incomplete? What is the magnetic behavior of deep crustal and upper mantle rocks, when slightly cooler than the Curie or Néel temperatures of their magnetic minerals, after being exhumed from locations of high-grade metamorphism at greater depth? Different sets of equilibrium metamorphic minerals can be considered that would form under different conditions. Results on 1501 samples from the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) Norway, mainly from mafic and ultramafic bodies subducted to depths of 60-200 km and temperatures of 750 up to 950°C at the very highest pressures, show that rocks did not fully equilibrate to the dominant metamorphic-facies conditions. There is a large variation in petrophysical properties, oxide minerals, and mineral assemblages in WGR samples, though they cannot explain the broad high-amplitude (deep-seated) anomalies measured in this region. The presence of magnetite, and exsolved titanohematite and hemo-ilmenite in samples, shows those magnetic phases are preserved even at eclogite-facies conditions, in part because complete eclogite-facies equilibrium was rarely achieved.

The Point-Person Project, a child-health research initiative, enables rapid response to opportunities for participation in multicenter pediatric clinical trials., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

In children, levels of play, physical activity, and fitness are key indicators of health and disease and closely tied to optimal growth and development. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides clinicians with biomarkers of disease and effectiveness of therapy, and researchers with novel insights into fundamental biological mechanisms reflecting an integrated physiological response that is hidden when the child is at rest. Yet the growth of clinical trials utilizing CPET in pediatrics remains stunted despite the current emphasis on preventative medicine and the growing recognition that therapies used in children should be clinically tested in children. There exists a translational gap between basic discovery and clinical application in this essential component of child health. To address this gap, the NIH provided funding through the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program to convene a panel of experts. This report summarizes our major findings and outlines next steps necessary to enhance child health exercise medicine translational research. We present specific plans to bolster data interoperability, improve child health CPET reference values, stimulate formal training in exercise medicine for child health care professionals, and outline innovative approaches through which exercise medicine can become more accessible and advance therapeutics across the broad spectrum of child health., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

High-quality, cost-effective pediatric clinical trials require a robust research and regulatory infrastructure and a properly trained workforce.

Unlabelled: Training translational scientists is a priority of the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) consortium., Objectives: 1) Describe the landscape of CTSA Mentored Research Career Development Awards (CDA) and 2) evaluate participation and outcomes of child health investigators in these programs., Design: Survey of the CTSA Child Health Oversight Committee (CC-CHOC) and review of nonresponders' CTSA Websites., Results: Thirty-two of 53 CC-CHOC members (60%) responded and all nonresponder Websites were reviewed. Institutions supported 1,166 CDA positions from 2006 to 2011, with 134 awarded to child health investigators (11.5%). Respondents reported a mean of 29.8 KL2 positions (95% CI 17.5-42.2) during their award period, with a mean of 2.8 (95% CI 1.8-3.8) awarded to child health investigators. The proportion of child health awardees varied from 0% to 50% across institutions. We identified 45 subsequent National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards to the 134 child health investigators (34%)., Conclusions: The CTSA program contributes substantially to training the next generation of translational investigators. One-third of child health investigators obtained subsequent NIH awards in the short follow-up period demonstrating success of the CTSA CDA programs. Child health investigators are represented variably across the consortium. Pediatric institutions can partner with the CTSA program to further support training child health investigators., (© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Here we present a 27-year-old male patient--with a known prolonged history of anorexia nervosa (AN)--suffering from tuberculosis like infection. At the time he was admitted to clinical treatment, he had developed fever up to 40°C and survived on a body mass index of 11.8. In this case, Mycobacterium chimaera, generally recognized for low pathogenicity, was identified as the causative agent. Remission from lung infection was achieved after antibiotic treatment according to laboratory susceptibility testing while earlier antituberculosis therapies had failed. Because of a large cavity in the upper left lung, surgical excision was necessary to prevent recurrence of lung infection. Moreover, stabilization of the patient general health problem needs to be supported by a lasting psychotherapy., (Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

To develop approaches to prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries, appropriate models are needed that integrate the complex events that occur in the radiation-exposed organism. While the spectrum of agents in clinical use or preclinical development is limited, new research findings promise improvements in survival after whole-body irradiation and reductions in the risk of adverse effects of radiotherapy. Approaches include agents that act on the initial radiochemical events, agents that prevent or reduce progression of radiation damage, and agents that facilitate recovery from radiation injuries. While the mechanisms of action for most of the agents with known efficacy are yet to be fully determined, many seem to be operating at the tissue, organ or whole animal level as well as the cellular level. Thus research on prophylaxis/protection, mitigation and treatment of radiation injuries will require studies in whole animal models. Discovery, development and delivery of effective radiation modulators will also require collaboration among researchers in diverse fields such as radiation biology, inflammation, physiology, toxicology, immunology, tissue injury, drug development and radiation oncology. Additional investment in training more scientists in radiation biology and in the research portfolio addressing radiological and nuclear terrorism would benefit the general population in case of a radiological terrorism event or a large-scale accidental event as well as benefit patients treated with radiation.

Balance control systems have usually been studied under two conditions, during quiet standing or under large postural perturbations of a magnitude that requires a postural adjustment to prevent falling. Between these two extremes lie perturbations that can be repeated and measured while not forcing adaptive strategies from the postural control system. Unlike other studies of postural control, we employed very short translations with varying accelerations at the edge of psychophysical detectability. These perturbations were vibration-free anterior or posterior translations of the platform on which a subject stood. Using a full Latin-square design set of perturbations in the forward or backward direction, with a smooth or jerk acceleration profile, and of length 4 or 20 mm, were presented to five subjects. Perceptual peak acceleration thresholds were determined by an iterative psychophysical method that forced the subjects to choose in which of two sequential intervals that they perceived a stimulus to have been presented. The only factor found that significantly correlated with detection was perturbation length. The 4 mm peak thresholds averaged 14.51 mm/s2 while 20 mm thresholds averaged 8.55 mm/s2. For the short perturbations employed in this study, detection of motion thus was dependent upon the magnitude of the acceleration, but it was independent of the acceleration profile (jerk versus smooth) or movement direction. By understanding the influences on the ability to perceptually detect motion underfoot, we can begin to understand what elements of the postural control system might be involved in the second-to-second control of balance.