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This study investigates the optimization of production parameters for rice husk-derived activated carbon, targeting its effective application in direct air capture (DAC) technology. Various chemical activation agents--potassium hydroxide (KOH), urea, and their combination--and activation temperatures (600°C, 700°C, and 800°C) were explored using pyrolysis. The morphology of the resulting activated carbon was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ImageJ. Results demonstrate that the choice of activation agent and temperature significantly influence pore diameter size and quantity. Higher temperatures led to smaller pore diameters and an increased number of pores. The combination of KOH and urea at 800°C produced the most favorable particle size (0.811 µm), suitable for applications requiring a well-defined pore structure. This combination also exhibited the most even pore distribution and highest pore density. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the production of rice husk-derived activated carbon, contributing to the development of sustainable and effective sorbents for CO2 capture in DAC technology. Additionally, they offer potential for broader applications of husk-activated carbon in various industrial and environmental fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current practice in Indonesia shows that Household Solid Waste (HSW) is handled by transferring to landfill site. Meanwhile, around 68% of HSW is composed of biodegradable components, which has potential for biogas production. The current study compares some commercial activators including Green Phosko (GP7) and Effective microorganisms 4 (EM4) with homemade activator in 200 L anaerobic digester equipped with manual mixing for processing kitchen waste (KW). pH and ratio of solid waste to water were set at 8 and 1:2, respectively. Batch experiments show that digester #3 with homemade activator shows superior performance compared to commercial activators. Meanwhile, the digesters with commercial activators show better performance compared to digester control (without activator). Digester #3 produces 1.35 L CH4/kg total solid (TS) and 1.14 L CH4/kg volatile solid (VS). Current work suggests that the homemade activator has the most suitable methanogen bacterium compared to the commercial activators.

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Thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced by 1 wt % nanofiber cellulose (NFC) reinforcing from water hyacinth was produced. Ultrasonic vibration time (UVT) was applied to bionanocomposites during gelation for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. Morphology of the NFC was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and tensile tests were performed to identify the fracture surface and determine the mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites, respectively. The Crystallinity index (CI) of untreated and treated bionanocomposites was measured using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The average diameter of NFC water hyacinth was 10–20 nm. The maximum tensile strength (TS) and modulus elasticity (ME) of the bionanocomposite was 11.4 MPa and 443 MPa respectively, after 60 min UVT. This result was supported by SEM which indicated good dispersion and compact structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]