Search

In this dissertation, I give an overview of the grammar of San Cristobal Lachirioag Zapotec (SCLZ), a Zapotec language spoken in Villa Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico, and then I discuss in depth three topics in the nominal domain that have not been previously documented; the derivation of nominals, relative clauses, and possessives. I show that SCLZ is a VSO language that has what look like SVO sentences; when the subject is pre-verbal, the verb is followed by subject pronominal enclitics (S V=su O). I argue that some of the pre-verbal 'subjects' are topics, and that the post-verbal clitics are pronominal subjects. I provide an analysis for the structure of the nominal domain in SCLZ based on Cinque (2005)'s Universal Hierarchy. SCLZ nominals have the linear order Numeral > N > Adjective > Demonstrative, which is represented in ~ 11% of the over 2000 languages in Cinque (2021)'s corpus. I discuss the elements found in SCLZ nominals, including nouns, adjectives, diminutives/pejoratives, numerals, quantifiers, demonstratives, and determiners. I give a derivation that produces the linear ordering of these elements that involves raising the NP above AP, pied-piping [Num [NP AP]] above Dem, and then pied-piping [[Num [NP AP]] Dem] above the determiner. This produces the linear order [[[Num [NP AP]] Dem] Det]. I review wh-movement in SCLZ, and discuss SCLZ headed and headless relative clauses including free relative clauses and light-headed relative clauses. I show that SCLZ is consistent with Keenan & Comrie (1977)'s Accessibility Hierarchy. Lastly, I examine possessives in SCLZ. It has postnominal inalienable and alienable possessives, and a small class of nouns that take a retroflex possessive prefix. I give two potential analyses of the alienable possessive and an analysis for the inalienable possessive. One analysis of the alienable possessive involves pied-piping the possessum above the possessor to achieve the N > Gen order, and the other is a locative-based analysis where `of' and the possessor form a locative phrase.

This paper focuses on the syntactic-semantic analysis of Lithuanian and English compounds in mechanical terminology. The aim of the study is to reveal the components of semantic-syntactic relations of compounds in both languages. According to the theory and methodology of Olsen, LarssoN, and Keinys, the following syntactic-semantic relations of compounds were identified: determinative, possessive, copulative, and verbal governing. These types are dominant in English and Lithuanian. It was found that the essential feature of determinative compounds is the presence of both noun components. Possessive compounds usually have a single adjectival component and are metaphorical in meaning. Copulative compounds are both equivalent nouns that do not describe each other, and in English copulative compound components can be swapped, and the meaning would not change. The distinguishing feature of verbal governing compounds is that one component is a verb or verb-noun, which is usually the second component of a compound. The semantic-syntactic analysis showed that most of the compounds identified were determinative. The analysis of the determinative compounds by semantic class revealed that the most productive is the semantic class of purpose. This tendency was observed among the Lithuanian and English equivalents. Although while discussing the existing patterns of compound derivation, the most frequent pattern was N + N in Lithuanian and English, the present research identified other types as well. The following models dominated among Lithuanian compounds: Adj. + N, Adv. + N, and Num.+N, while the following dominated in English: Pr. + N, V + N, and N + Adj. Such results show that in the terminology of mechanics, the pattern of formation of both noun component compounds is the most productive among Lithuanian compounds and their English equivalents.

The present paper provides a methodological case study on how underlying incipient grammar change might be discerned even when frequencies of the incoming variant are apparently marginal and stable. Analysing the spread of tonic possessive pronouns in complements of locative adverbial constructions in European Spanish from a probabilistic perspective, more than 11,000 locative constructions from 1900 to 2004 were compiled, and probabilistic grammar change was operationalised as an interactive function between language-internal predictors and real time. The results reveal that numerous intralinguistic factors have been and are active in constraining the variation, with the innovation spreading significantly in spite of apparent stability in frequency. Crucially, the findings demonstrate that, even in a relatively standardised written language where the innovation has a considerably low frequency, the innovation grammaticalises along the same pathway as in colloquial vernaculars where the incoming variant is employed much more frequently.

[Abstract] The possessive, locative, and existential sentences in Romance languages have similar logical structural properties. The first purpose of this study is to discuss some of the shared properties between possessive and existential constructions, and between locative and existential constructions in Old Sardinian. Previous studies have claimed that the similarities in Italo-Romance existential sentences arose diachronically upon a structural reanalysis of possessive and locative sentences and a grammaticalization of locative clitics to proforms. Consequently, the second purpose of this study is to find support for the claims in previous studies regarding the historical development of existentials by examining possessives and locatives with proforms, which are obligatory component in Sardinian existentials, and structures that can be interpreted both as possessives and existentials, as well as both locatives and existentials.

In this review essay, I compare and contrast Peter Boettke’s The Struggle for a Better World (Mercatus Center, 2021) and Daniel Bromley’s Possessive Individualism: A Crisis of Capitalism (Oxford University Press, 2019). Each of these books considers the future of capitalism. Boettke’s Struggle sees capitalism as the only morally and economically justifiable system but that continual effort is necessary to ensure the capitalist enterprise succeeds. Bromley’s Crisis sees capitalism as a spent force that no longer does what it was meant to do—namely, improve the economic well-being of households. There are surprisingly many points of agreement in these books, most notably a concern for the downtrodden in society and an appreciation for the legitimation crisis confronting capitalism. There are also important differences that will give anyone interested in the future of capitalism much to ponder. Boettke sees unconstrained government as the primary threat to legitimacy; Bromley identifies the possessive individualism that lies at the heart of our current capitalist system as the source of the crisis. Both books make a significant contribution to our understanding of the institutions governing capitalist economies and powerful arguments as we contemplate the future of capitalism.

In a sample of 68 adult men and 70 adult women from Santiago, Chile, with a mean age of 29.40 years and a median age of 29, the effects of one's own infidelity and that of one's partner on different types of jealousy were examined. Of the respondents 47.1% had ever been unfaithful, and over half (56.5%) reported that their partner had been unfaithful. There were no effects of one's own infidelity and that of one's partner on reactive and anxious jealousy, but those who had been unfaithful, as well as those whose partner had been unfaithful, expressed the highest levels of possessive jealousy. These effects were not moderated by gender nor did age affect jealousy. Women were higher in all types of jealousy than men were.

As one of the text categories, opinion texts have distinctive characteristics compared to any other texts in newspapers, including the choice of verb usage. This study then aims at preliminarily examining the verbs used in opinion articles in The Jakarta Post to find out the relation between frequency and text characteristics. This study collected the opinion articles of The Jakarta Post comprising 47.143 words. This study was assisted by Lancsbox to store the corpus of opinion section texts, to identify the verb lemmas, and to count the frequency of verbs. The verbs found in this study were then classified based on Scheibman’s main verb classification (which is based on Halliday’s and Dixon’s verb types). The results of the study show that there are three most frequent verb types used in opinion texts in The Jakarta Post; they are material, verbal, and feeling verb types. Meanwhile, the lesser frequent ones are perception, possessive/relational, relational, and cognition verbs types. Meanwhile, the least frequent verb types are existential, corporeal and perception/relational verbs types. As opinion text conveys the argument of the writer, it is plausible to find feeling verb type belongs to the third most frequent types, along with material type to show concrete actions and verbal type to report the information. These frequencies exhibit that there is a firm relationship between text characteristics and the tendency of verb choice.

The study is primarily concerned with the use of �Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret� to teach English allomorphs in EFL classrooms. This paper is an alternative way to teach them as a significant element of pronunciation. The types examined are�Regular Past Tense, Regular Plural Number, Third Person Present, The Regular Possessive, and�Reduced IS and HAS. Besides the main highlight of allomorph pronunciation, the movie also contemplates some suprasegmental features called word stress and sentence intonation. The teachers may also utilize the movie through four phases. They are warm-up activity, completion, categorization, and production. Bringing a movie that has many benefits into EFL classrooms may lead to a good comprehension of English allomorphs to the students.

This paper aims to discuss the comparison between possessive constructions in Russian and Indonesian noun phrases. Since both of the languages have different grammatical systems, their possessive constructions may also be different. The differences are discussed using a contrastive analysis approach. However, the similarities between them are also taken into consideration following one of the practical purposes of contrastive analysis, namely, to aid the translation process. The theory employed in this research is eclectic. The research method employed in this research is descriptive method with contrastive analysis model. In addition, for translation analysis, word-for-word and literal methods are used here. The data in this research are collected from the Russian National Corpus and some selected literary works in Russian and Indonesian. The result suggests that there are some structural differences and similarities between Russian and Indonesian in terms of word order, attributive categories, and grammatical categories of the elements constituting noun phrases. The results of this comparison can be referred to in the translation of possessive construction of both languages so that the closest equivalent is found following the rules of each language.

This paper investigates how positive affect experienced during consumption can increase consumers’ psychological ownership for consumed brands. Across five studies, the authors show that consumers who experience positive affect while they consume a brand develop stronger feelings of ownership for this brand. The effect holds for both actual and imagined consumption of real and fictitious brands from various product categories. In line with an account of affect attribution, we find that the effect is contingent on product consumption rather than mere exposure, and that it occurs in particular for brands with an affective positioning. Moreover, results corroborate the role of psychological ownership as a facilitator of consumer responses that signal commitment to brands. The findings entail novel implications for research on affect, psychological ownership and branding.

The Functional-Cognitive Characteristics of Interrogative Utterances in Modern Ukrainian The article presents a comprehensive multifaceted description of interrogative sentences in terms of the interaction of their semantic-syntactic (syntaxeme) and formal-grammatical articulation with their communicative articulation (relevant). The syntaxeme structure of interrogative sentences is determined according to the communicative intentions of the speaker. In particular, the following substantial syntaxemes, which serve as a means of modelling questions, are outlined: 1) the indefinite-interrogative subject of an action (physical, locative, intellectual, verbal); 2) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a state (physical, psycho-emotional, intellectual, locative, emotional-evaluative attitude, possessive); 3) the indefinite-interrogative subject of qualification feature, identification; 4) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a qualitative feature; 5) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a process; 6) the indefinite-interrogative object of an action (physical, intellectual-mental, verbal, perceptual); 7) the indefinite-interrogative object of a state (desire, intellectual); 8) the indefinite-interrogative object of a process (physical, psycho-emotional); 9) the indefinite-interrogative object of a qualitative feature; 10) the indefinite-interrogative addressee of an action or state; 11) the indefinite-interrogative means or instrument of an action; 12) the indefinite-interrogative locative. All of these syntaxemes replace the positions of controlled subordinate parts in the formal-syntactic structure of a simple sentence. The emphasis is placed on interrogative words in the field of adverbial syntaxemes, in particular time, reasons, purposes, conditions, manner, and sources of information, which at the formal-syntactic level remain in the position of determinants — subordinate parts of the sentence. The specifics of the thematic-rhematic articulation of interrogative utterances and their communicative variants are examined. It is found that the communicative intention of the speaker’s request determines the intonation type of the question (full dictal, partial dictal, full modal, partial modal), and the syntaxeme and formal structure of the interrogative sentence. The communicative intention also determines the semantic, morphological and positional variants of the interrogative marker. It is observed that interrogative words are usually positioned at the beginning of the sentence and form the rheme of the sentence. Funkcjonalno-kognitywna charakterystyka zdan interrogatywnych we wspolczesnym jezyku ukrainskim Autorzy dokonują kompleksowego i wieloaspektowego opisu zdan interrogatywnych w planie interakcji ich wymowy semantyczno-syntaktycznej (syntaksemowej) i formalno-gramatycznej z ich wymową komunikacyjną (relewantną). Struktura syntaksemowa zdan interrogatywnych jest określana w zalezności od intencji komunikacyjnej mowiącego. W szczegolności zarysowują sie nastepujące istotne syntaksemy, ktore sluzą do modelowania pytan: 1) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot czynności (fizyczny, lokatywny, intelektualny, werbalny); 2) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot stanu (fizyczny, psycho-emocjonalny, intelektualny, lokatywny, stosunek emocjonalno-oceniający, zaborczy); 3) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy kwalifikacyjnej, identyfikacyjnej; 4) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy jakościowej; 5) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot procesu; 6) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot czynności (fizycznej, intelektualno-mentalnej, werbalnej, percepcyjnej); 7) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot stanu (poządanego, intelektualnego); 8) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot procesu (fizycznego, psychiczno-emocjonalnego); 9) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot cechy jakościowej; 10) nieokreślony-interrogatywny adresat czynności lub stanu; 11) nieokreślony-interrogatywny środek lub narzedzie czynności; 12) nieokreślony-interrogatywny miejscownik. Wszystkie te syntaksemy zastepują pozycje czlonow podrzednych w strukturze formalno-syntaktycznej zdania prostego. W zakresie skladni przyslowkowej nacisk polozony jest na wyrazy pytające, w szczegolności o czas, przyczyny, cele, warunki, sposob i źrodla informacji, ktore na poziomie formalnosyntaktycznym pozostają w pozycji determinantow — cześci podrzednych zdania. Badana jest specyfika artykulacji tematyczno-rematycznej wypowiedzi interrogatywnych i ich wariantow komunikacyjnych. Stwierdza sie, ze intencja komunikacyjna prośby mowiącego decyduje o typie intonacyjnym pytania oraz o strukturze skladniowej i formalnej zdania pytającego. Intencja komunikacyjna determinuje rowniez warianty semantyczne, morfologiczne i pozycyjne znacznika interrogatywnego. Stwierdza sie, ze wyrazy interrogatywne są zwykle umieszczane na początku zdania i tworzą jego remat.

This paper investigates adverbial superlative expressions in Dutch that have a temporal interpretation, i.e. that contain the forms eerst ‘first’, laatst ‘latest’, and vroegst ‘earliest’. I focus on possessive superlatives and superlatives embedded under the preposition voor. Although both constructions contain bare superlatives and are interpreted temporally, they represent semantically and pragmatically different readings, and attach to the sentence in structurally different ways. I present a semantic analysis of both types of superlatives, and I show what this entails for how time adverbials interact with superlatives.

Currently, there is an active development of the Uzbek sector of the Internet. In it, as in other national sectors, the most common form of presentation of textual information is semi-structured documents, work that presupposes the availability of reliable algorithms for text analysis, including its lexical characteristics. The article offers an intelligent web application developed for morphological analysis of words in the Uzbek language. The web application is based on the concept of generation and stem analysis of the Uzbek language word forms. A well-known Porter algorithm was chosen as the basis for stemming. The morphoanalyzer generates word forms of the Uzbek language based on the division of words into certain classes, taking into account the specifics and structure of this language. For example, nouns can be classified by meaning (related, nominal), by quantity (singular and plural), by case, and also, by the endings of belonging (possessive).

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that the maximal (exhaustive) interpretation of nominal phrases cannot be used to support the existence of determiner phrases in Russian. The paper argues that the maximal interpretation of phrases including numerals and possessives arises irrespective of the syntactic position of the possessors. Rather, it should be dealt with as a merely semantic matter and the difference between the maximal and non-maximal interpretations can be reduced to (in)definiteness.

Taking a long look back through the philosophical underpinnings of contemporary hyper-masculinity, from renaissance writers such as Hobbes and Locke up to modern American philosopher, Nozick, this chapter maps out the key philosophical fault-lines of the possessive individualism driving the hyper-masculinised competitive capitalism that has brought environmental destruction upon us all. The chapter offers Bergson and Whitehead’s process philosophy as an antidote, outlining its reappraisal of the nature of time, and of the interrelated multiplicity of a world understood as a flow of events, rather than as an agglomeration of things. Could such a philosophical shift help reorient masculinities towards a more collaborative, more fluid and more ecological future? Peer reviewed 2023-08-04

This paper presents first findings from an offline study of Czech native speakers’ use and interpretation of reflexive and non-reflexive possessive pronouns. The study is part of a larger possessive project outlined by Fabricius-Hansen et al. (2017), leaning on the comprehension experiment presented in Pitz et al. (2017). The study encompasses questionnaire data collected from 259 informants who were tested under four different conditions on two competing pronouns: the reflexive possessive (svůj) and the 3rd person non-reflexive possessive (jeho). The results revealed that Czech native speakers show a strong uncertainty when interpreting constructions with a cataphoric non-reflexive possessive. This shows that even for native speakers, the establishment of the anaphoric and cataphoric relations under certain syntactic conditions is a challenging and highly complex task. With these results, several hypotheses are formulated in various target-source-language pairs concerning the processing of reflexive and non-reflexive possessives in L2.

The present paper reports on an experiment in which the use of possessives is investigated in an interpreting task from English to Polish. The English possessive determiner system is neutral with respect to the syntactic position of the antecedent possessor, while Polish distinguishes lexically between locally bound – i.e. reflexive – and non-reflexive possessive modifiers. The interpreter therefore has to ‘compute’ mentally the syntactic position of the antecedent possessor in order to make the correct choice in Polish as the target language. The study shows that this is cognitively a very demanding task in simultaneous interpreting, as many errors as well as self-corrections occur. The study furthermore shows that interpreters adapt their language to their audience, and adequate omissions, as well as correct form of the possessive occur more often when they have a group of engineers in mind than when they interpret for language specialists. We understand this to mean that the cognitive complexity of solving the cross-linguistic asymmetry in the possessive system causes more errors when the interpreter stays closer to the source text in speaking to language specialists.

International audience; This paper aims to explore the diversity for expressing food ingestion in some Oceanic languages (mainly Kanak/New Caledonian and Polynesian languages), and intends to map out the convergences and divergences attested among these languages. Five main points are addressed: first, a brief historical and environmental survey; secondly, the parameters of the different 'eat' verbs among the Kanak languages, in comparison with the differentiation made in other Oceanic languages. In Kanak languages, the lexical field of expressions for 'eating' does not relate to a homogeneous or consistent domain: each language has its own food noun categories, depending on physical, nutritive or symbolic (cultural) criteria, and distinguished on the basis of the verb they combine with. Thirdly, a typological perspective will show how Kanak, and more widely, Oceanic languages, are organized according to the aspects of the context incorporated into the meaning expressed in various languages together with the basic action of eating. Fourthly, the case of languages with possessive classifiers reserved for specific kinds of food nouns and their semantic comparison with the different 'eat' verbs will be investigated; and finally, some syntactic considerations will show how diverse are the 'eat' verbs valency constructions in Oceanic languages.

The main objective of this study was to verify the effectiveness of an intervention program on cohesion in pupils with typical development and with developmental language disorder. A total of 99 5-year-old pupils from schools in the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) participated. For the narrative analysis, a story retelling task was used, studying cohesive resources such as ellipsis, anaphora, possessives, and connectors. The intervention program was organized at different levels of practice and involved teachers and speech language therapists. The results indicated that the pupils diagnosed with developmental language disorder initially presented worse performance in cohesion than their peers with typical development. Finally, the two groups of children who received the intervention program showed significantly higher gains than the two groups without treatment, with medium or small effect sizes.

This paper is a result of research which is aimed to uncover the structure and marking on the possessive construction in Uab Meto based on morpho-syntax point of view. The data collected for this research were classified into the primary data (observation) and the secondary data (the data that are obtained from texts). The technique employed to analyze the data was descriptive-analytic, and the approach applied was deductive-inductive. The result of the research shows that in Uab Meto, predicative possession is expressed through the verb muiɁ ‘have/has’. In some usages, muiɁ metathezised to muɁi. Possesive construction of Uab Meto is also applied topicalization strategy, and the last is using a verbal prefix ma-. This prefix ma- is a verbal prefix because it carries a verbal meaning, that is have/has. Furthermore, there are two attributive possessive constructions, namely juxtaposed construction. The possessor in juxtaposed constructions can be a noun or pronoun. The second attributive possessive is pronominal clitic to show the agreement with the possessors. Relating to the marking, there are only two ways, namely by juxtaposition and pertensive marker to mark the the possession. Uab Meto allows all pronouns to mark the attributive possessive relation. Without free pronoun as the possessor, a speaker Uab Meto will understand that it is a possessive noun phrase. Clitic in possession in is obligatory for inalienable possession in Uab Meto.

The current study set out to examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of predictive processing during syntactic processing. To do so, we conducted an MEG experiment in which we contrasted MRI-constrained sources elicited by nouns and verbs when they were preceded by a predictive syntactic context (i.e., possessive pronouns for nouns, and personal pronouns for verbs) versus a non-predictive syntactic context (visually matched symbols). The results showed rapid (from ~80 ms onwards) noun-verb differences in the left and (to a lesser extent) right inferior frontal gyri (IFG), but only when those nouns and verbs were preceded by the syntactically predictive context (i.e. their corresponding pronoun). Furthermore, the contrast between possessive and personal pronouns that preceded the rapid noun-verb modulations in the (L)IFG also produced differences in source activation in various regions of the prefrontal cortex (the superior frontal and orbitofrontal cortex). We suggest the data show that syntactic unification manifests very early on during processing in the LIFG. The speed of such syntactic unification operations is hypothesized to be driven by predictive top-down activations stemming from a domain-general network in the prefrontal cortex.

In this paper, I investigate the unusual order between case and possessive morphemes in the endangered Mongolic language Dagur. It is observed in many languages that the case morpheme follows possessive markers, but Dagur uniformly exhibits the morpheme order where possessive follows case in its nominal domain. Based on novel data from fieldwork, I propose that such order is due to postsyntactic Lowering, in which the head of K(ase)P lowers to Poss(essive) head. The evidence for the Lowering analysis comes from suspended affixation in this language. In particular, suspended affixation involving CASE and POSS morphemes displays unusual patterns, compared to the suspension of other types of morphemes. Further investigation reveals that Dagur suspended affixation is best analyzed as a base-generated structure, instead of morpheme ellipsis. Given these, the Lowering analysis correctly derives the POSS-final order and successfully accounts for the unusual patterns in suspended affixation. In addition, I examine surface morphophonological differences between the CASE and the POSS morphemes, and show that they can be systematically encoded in the current theory.

This article aims to compare some traits that characterise the syntax of the noun phrase in the Occitan/Ligurian amphizone (i.e., contact area) that lies at the border between southern France and nort18hwestern Italy. The dialects spoken in this area differ in several syntactic traits that emerged in a situation of contact between dialects of different subgroups (Ligurian and Occitan), two roofing languages (Italian and French), and regional contact languages such as Genoese. In particular, I will elaborate on the syntax of mass and indefinite plural nouns, on the co-occurrence of determiners and possessives, and on the syntax of kinship terms. From an I-language perspective, the fine variation observed at the Occitan/Ligurian border raises two types of research questions: (a) which comparative concepts best capture the observed variation, (b) whether intraclade contact (i.e., contact between languages of the same branch) can contribute relevant evidence and arguments to the debate concerning the biological endowment of the language faculty.