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The delivery and burial of terrestrial particulate organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is important to quantify, because this OC is a food resource for benthic communities, and if buried it may lower the concentrations of atmospheric CO2 over geologic timescales. Analysis of sediment cores has previously shown that fjords are hotspots for OC burial. Fjords can contain complex networks of submarine channels formed by seafloor sediment flows, called turbidity currents. However, the burial efficiency and distribution of OC by turbidity currents in river‐fed fjords had not been investigated previously. Here, we determine OC distribution and burial efficiency across a turbidity current system within Bute Inlet, a fjord in western Canada. We show that 62% ± 10% of the OC supplied by the two river sources is buried across the fjord surficial (30–200 cm) sediment. The sandy subenvironments (channel and lobe) contain 63% ± 14% of the annual terrestrial OC burial in the fjord. In contrast, the muddy subenvironments (overbank and distal basin) contain the remaining 37% ± 14%. OC in the channel, lobe, and overbank exclusively comprises terrestrial OC sourced from rivers. When normalized by the fjord's surface area, at least 3 times more terrestrial OC is buried in Bute Inlet, compared to the muddy parts of other fjords previously studied. Although the long‐term (>100 years) preservation of this OC is still to be fully understood, turbidity currents in fjords appear to be efficient at storing OC supplied by rivers in their near‐surface deposits. Plain Language Summary: Plants on land use CO2 from the atmosphere to produce organic carbon, which promotes their growth. Rivers transport organic carbon to the sea, where it is either eaten by fauna or buried in the seafloor, thus decreasing atmospheric CO2 levels on Earth over thousands to millions of years. Fjords are recognized as global organic carbon sinks; trapping 18 million tons of organic carbon in their seafloor sediments each year. However, the complex morphology of fjord seafloors was not considered in the calculation of this organic carbon flux. In this study, we determine the distribution and abundance of terrestrial organic carbon across a fjord (Bute Inlet, Canada), which contains a submarine channel network terminating onto a large accumulation of sand (called a lobe). We show that 62% of the organic carbon supplied by the two rivers connected to the fjord is buried across the fjord; the majority of this carbon being held in the lobe. In total, Bute Inlet buries at least 3 times more organic carbon per unit of surface area than other fjords previously studied. Submarine channels in fjords thus appear to promote the storage of land‐derived organic carbon in the seafloor, potentially impacting CO2 levels and food resources for marine fauna. Key Points: Bute Inlet, a river‐fed fjord incised by turbidity currents, has a contemporary terrestrial organic carbon burial efficiency of 62% ± 10%Sandy surficial deposits are responsible for 63% ± 14% of the total terrestrial organic carbon burial budget in Bute Inlet, but only cover 17% of the seafloor areaGlobal estimates based only on the muddy parts of fjords may significantly underestimate organic carbon burial rates by a factor >3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turbidity currents transport prodigious volumes of sediment to the deep sea. But there are very few direct measurements from oceanic turbidity currents, ensuring they are poorly understood. Recent studies have used acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) to measure velocity profiles of turbidity currents. However, there were no detailed measurements of sediment concentration, which is a critical parameter because it provides the driving force and debate centers on whether flows are dilute or dense. Here we provide the most detailed measurements yet of sediment concentration in turbidity currents via a new method using dual‐frequency acoustic backscatter ADCP data. Backscatter intensity depends on size and concentration of sediment, and we disentangle these effects. This approach is used to document the internal structure of turbidity currents in Congo Canyon. Flow duration is bimodal, and some flows last for 5–10 days. All flows are mainly dilute (<10 g/L), although faster flows contain a short‐lived initial period of coarser‐grained or higher‐concentration flow within a few meters of the bed. The body of these flows tends toward a maximum speed of 0.8–1 m/s, which may indicate an equilibrium in which flow speeds suspend available sediment. Average sediment concentration and flow thickness determine the gravitational driving force, which we then compared to average velocities. This comparison suggests surprisingly low friction values, comparable to or less than those of major rivers. This new approach therefore provides fundamental insights into one of the major sediment transport processes on Earth. Plain Language Summary Seafloor‐hugging flows of sediment‐laden water, called turbidity currents, transport large volumes of sediment to the deep sea and pose a hazard to seafloor infrastructure such as pipelines and telecommunication cables. However, these flows remain poorly understood because of the limited field data available and the difficulty of measuring sediment concentration. It is sediment concentration that drives the flows, and this information is critical to modelers who seek to understand how fast and how far the flows are capable of running out along the seafloor. Recent field studies of turbidity currents have used acoustic flow meters that measure flow velocity through vertical profiles above the seabed. These instruments also record the magnitude of the sound reflected by the moving particles within the flow. This magnitude is related to both the concentration and grain size of the sediment. We take this information and determine the sediment concentration of 10 flows at 2,000 m water depth in the Congo Canyon, offshore West Africa. Our results indicate that sediment concentrations are very dilute in most of the flow. We show how the retarding force of friction is lower than expected, meaning that current flow models are likely to underestimate how fast and far the flows runout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To confirm the diagnosis, at least two of the following must be present: noncontributory medication history, erosive mucositis affecting two or more sites, or vesiculobullous lesions/atypical (often bullous) targets affecting < 10% BSA. Dear Editor, Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) are challenging to diagnose and manage in children for the following two main reasons: (i) the literature on SCARs in children is sparse and extrapolated from adult data and (ii) many paediatric blistering SCAR cases are qualified as "atypical" or "incomplete" erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) because certain clinical features prevent SCAR cases from fitting into this adult classification. Arch Dermatol 1993; 129: 92 - 6. 5 Canavan TN, Mathes EF, Frieden I, Shinkai K. Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis as a syndrome distinct from Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme: a systematic review. [Extracted from the article]

Summary: Background: Facial morphoea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, typically presenting in childhood and adolescence, which can be disfiguring, and which has been suggested to cause mild‐to‐moderate impairment in quality of life. Objectives: To explore the everyday experiences of children with facial morphoea by examining the psychosocial impact of living with facial morphoea and how children and their families manage its impact. Methods: We used a qualitative, social constructionist approach involving focus groups, in‐depth interviews and drawing activities with 10 children with facial morphoea aged 8–17 years and 13 parents. Interpretive thematic analysis was utilized to examine the data. Results: Children and parents reported on the stress of living with facial morphoea, which was related to the lack of knowledge about facial morphoea and the extent to which they perceived themselves as different from others. Self‐perceptions were based on the visibility of the lesion, different phases of life transitions and the reactions of others (e.g. intrusive questioning and bullying). Medication routines, and side‐effects such as weight gain, added to the stress experienced by the participants. To manage the impact of facial morphoea, children and their parents used strategies to normalize the experience by hiding physical signs of the illness, constructing explanations about what ‘it’ is, and by connecting with their peers. Conclusions: Understanding what it is like to live with facial morphoea from the perspectives of children and parents is important for devising ways to help children with the disorder achieve a better quality of life. Healthcare providers can help families access resources to manage anxiety, deal with bullying and construct adequate explanations of facial morphoea, in addition to providing opportunities for peer support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare and currently incurable genetic blistering disorders. As more pathogenic‐driven therapies are being developed, there is an important need for EB‐specific validated outcomes measures designed for use in clinical trials. Objectives: To test the reliability and construct validity of an instrument for scoring clinical outcomes of research for EB (iscorEB), a new combined clinician‐ and patient‐reported outcomes tool. Methods: We conducted an observational study consisting of independent 1‐day assessments (six assessors) at two academic hospitals. The assessments consisted of iscorEB clinician (iscorEB‐c), Birmingham Epidermolysis Bullosa Severity (BEBS) and global severity assessment for physicians; and iscorEB patient (iscorEB‐p), Quality of Life evaluation in Epidermolysis Bullosa and Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index for patients. Construct validity and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for interobserver, intraobserver and test–retest reliability were calculated. Results: Overall, 31 patients with a mean age of 19·5 years (1·8–45·2) were included. Disease severity was mild in 42% of cases, moderate in 29% and severe in 29%. The interobserver ICC was 0·96 for both the clinician‐reported section of iscorEB‐c and BEBS. The ICC for intraobserver reliability was 0·91 and 0·70 for the skin and mucosal domains of iscorEB‐c, respectively. Cronbach's alpha for iscorEB‐c was 0·89. The test–retest reliability of iscorEB‐p was 0·97 and Cronbach's alpha was 0·84. The clinical score differentiated between subjects with mild, moderate and severe disease, and both clinical and patient subscores discriminated between recessive dystrophic EB and other EB subtypes. Conclusions: iscorEB has robust reliability and construct validity, including strong ability to distinguish EB types and severities. Further studies are planned to test its responsiveness to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This commentary concerns recent work on solar wind forecasting by Owens and Riley (2017). The approach taken makes effective use of tools commonly used in terrestrial weather—notably, via use of a simple model—generation of an “ensemble” forecast, and application of a “cost‐loss” analysis to the resulting probabilistic information, to explore the benefit of this forecast to users with different risk appetites. This commentary aims to highlight these useful techniques to the wider space weather audience and to briefly discuss the general context of application of terrestrial weather approaches to space weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]