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Barcelona has a large number of apartment buildings built throughout the twentieth century, whose sizes exceed the current needs and possibilities of its inhabitants. The new variants in lifestyles, combined with housing high prices, require other sizes and forms of organization. The transformation of existing typologies to respond to current demand would facilitate intelligent reuse of the Modern housing heritage of the city. In the Modern Movement there were formulated, typological proposals of housing with satellite segregated rooms that made possible the adaptation to the variable needs that covered social requirements beyond the traditional family nucleus, incorporating spaces to rent, to welcome a relative or set up an office. This paper proposes rescuing design project strategies, based on these lessons that architectural modernity offered on minimal housing—with shared spaces and equipped independent rooms—and applies them to built-in housing stock by Catalan architect Francesc Mitjans in Barcelona. The objective is to establish criteria for channeling the adaptation of these buildings for their reuse, preserving the organizational, spatial and material values of their architecture, and ensure that the existing typologies do not fall into obsolescence, are not transformed and segregated without criteria and speculatively, as it is beginning to happen in Barcelona, and that residential use is not expelled from the city centre.

Technology scaling has made the transistors increasingly susceptible to radiation particle strikes. As a consequence, particles with lower energy ��� which are substantially more frequent ��� can already cause non-destructive single event effects in CMOS circuits. Understanding them is not very straightforward, as there are so many parameters involved along with these effects, like radiation particle strikes��� strength, target circuit, path of propagation, and surrounding environment. Our goal in this thesis is to study these effects in digital CMOS circuits and aid construction of efficient radiation tolerant circuits. Firstly, the effectiveness of the existing radiation hardening techniques to particle hits in digital CMOS circuits has been mainly studied in this thesis (under a given set of environmental conditions). We explicitly analyze how the performance of two selected radiation hardening techniques, namely transistor sizing and stack separation, when exposed to particle hits varies with temperature and supply voltage. We present design aims and concepts as well as implementation results of a digital ASIC that is dedicated as a target for long-term irradiation experiments. Its sole purpose is to study susceptibility to radiation as well as propagation of radiation effects, and aid in understanding the same. The infrastructure should be able to record the SETs, in spite of the need of being tolerant to particle strikes in itself that cannot be avoided in some types of radiation experiments. The problem of devising a suitable infrastructure lies in the partly contradictory requirements, like constrained area, radiation tolerance and good resolution of the location and propagation path of particle hits. This was a major challenge in our thesis. To analyze single-event-transient (SET) sensitivity in digital CMOS circuits we propose an on-chip measurement architecture for various target circuit blocks. We also propose an architecture that allows tracing, generation and propagation of SETs in the Sklansky adder and inverter tree. Our measurement architectures are based on non-rad-hard counters namely, linear feedback shift registers and Muller pipeline based up/down counters. The design evaluation is done by means of comprehensive fault injection experiments, which are based on detailed Spice models of the target circuits in conjunction with a standard double-exponential current injection model for single-event transients (SET).We show that the infrastructure is resilient against double faults, as well as many triple and even higher-multiplicity faults. Together with a probabilistic analysis and fault dictionary we can conclude that the proposed architectures will indeed sustain significant target hit rates, without exceeding the resilience bound of the measurement infrastructure. Finally to measure SET pulsewidths in any digital circuit a unique on-chip measurement infrastructure is proposed. Unlike the known oscilloscope-based methods, our approach is all-digital: SET durations are measured by the SET-gated counting of pulses generated by a high-frequency ring oscillator, and stored in an up/downcounter array organized in a ring. We carefully elaborate a comprehensive concept for making our infrastructure SEU tolerant, again with the main challenge being to attain a sufficiently high probability of recording useful hits in the target before exhausting the SEU tolerance of the infrastructure. Our key contribution here concerns the protection of the counter array: Rather than resorting to radiation hardening or explicit triple modular redundancy (TMR), we save area by using a novel redundant duplex counter architecture: For a small number of recorded SETs, our architecture implicitly implements TMR, albeit in a way that degrades gracefully for larger numbers of recorded SETs. We have presented the measurement infrastructure and a detailed pre-fabrication analysis of the circuits hosted in the digital ASIC. We sketch our respective solutions for the on-chip transmission architecture and present the resulting area distribution of the final ASIC layout which has been performed for an industrial 65nm bulk CMOS process. We also show how we optimized the layout for the purpose of our experiments and present all relevant implementation details. The datasheet of the ASIC that is of paramount importance is presented in great detail. Moreover, an overview of the experimental setup is presented and some specific details are highlighted.

Using a factorial design: two full floor types, concrete vs. concrete waterproofed with resin (resin floor) and two slat types, concrete vs. metal, were used to house 72 pigs in four rooms (18 pigs/room). During the experimental period which lasted from 22.9 kg to 112.7 kg live weight the four groups of pigs received the same feed. Growth, water consumption and health status of the pigs as well as subjective odour level inside the rooms were studied. The resin floor with metal slats tended (P, Bajo un tratamiento factorial: dos tipos de suelo, hormigón vs hormigón impermeabilizado con resina (suelo de resina) y dos tipos de rejilla, hormigón vs metálica, 72 cerdos fueron alojados en cuatro salas (18 cerdos por sala). Durante el periodo experimental, comprendido entre 22,9 y 112,7 kg de peso vivo los cuatro grupos de cerdos recibieron el mismo tipo de pienso. Se estudió el crecimiento, el consumo de agua y el estado sanitario de los cerdos, así como el nivel subjetivo de olor en el interior de las salas. El suelo de resina y la rejilla metálica tendieron (P

ResumenLa alimentación es uno de los temas que recientemente ha merecido mayor atención en el medio antropológico. El trabajo aquí presentado propone una nueva forma de aproximarse al estudio de la alimentación en el pasado. Esto es a partir de un indicador que resulta invisible e intangible ya que se aprovecha la información proporcionada por los residuos químicos atrapados y preservados en los poros de materiales como los pisos y las cerámicas. Para poder interpretar esta información se hace necesario contar con datos de referencia acumulados a partir de estudios etnoarqueológicos y de experimentos en el laboratorio bajo condiciones controladas. El trabajo realizado en las últimas tres décadas permite ahora aproximarnos al estudio de los espacios arquitectónicos utilizados para preparar los alimentos, a la identificación de los recipientes utilizados para su almacenamiento o preparación y en ocasiones a la identificación de sustancias remanentes de los alimentos originales.AbstractFood practices has been one of the themes that have recently deserved more attention in anthropology. The paper suggests a new way of approaching the study of food practices in the past, based on an indicator not visible nor tangible: the information provided by the chemical residues preserved inside the pores of materials such as floors and ceramics. To interpret this information it is necessary take into account reference data that come from ethnoarchaeological and experimental studies carried out in controlled conditions in the laboratory. The work carried out during the last three decades allows approaching the study of architectural spaces used for food preparation, the identification of ceramics used for storage or cooking and sometimes the identification of the food originally processed.