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[EN] Poor reforestation outcomes imply unfulfillment of program goals and might erode institutional willpower and political momentum towards reforestation efforts, affecting both public and private support. However, program improvement in real reforestation projects is challenging due to the conjunction of many different variables of distinct nature that mutually interact and feedback in an inextricable fashion. In this work, we deploy a comprehensive integral assessment of reforestation program based in a study case where technical and environmental information is gathered and related to indicators of performance both in the short and mid-term. This assessment aims to provide reliable end-results for survival and growth, unveils pitfalls on successful plantation establishment and allows for learning processes on how to improve plantation performance and the potential margin for this improvement. The selected project was carried out on harsh site conditions, with different species, cultural treatments and contractors, and was affected by the driest year on record, encompassing enough technical and ecological complexity that makes it suitable for the purpose of this study. Mortality, either in the short (53%) or in the mid-term (83%), was high, but very variable according to site and species. Anthropogenic variables (project planning and execution) gathered high relative importance on plantation performance in the first two years (11-29%) that decreased with time, whilst environmental variables (site and meteorological) showed increased importance ten years after planting (>50%). In the short-term, soil moisture and meteorology during planting season have been identified as key factors that trigger the effects of both technical decisions (planting date and planting technique) and other environmental variables on performance. In the design phase, some decisions related to zoning, species selection and cultural treatments application have been related to poor performance. The results provide practical information and guidelines for forest restoration improvement under similar setup., This study is part of two research projects: "Comprehensive quality control of the reforestation works in the public forests of Cortes de Pallas, Valencia", signed by both the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and the state-owned company TRAGSA; and "Monitoring and evaluation of reforestation in forest V-143 Muela de Cortes, in the municipality of Cortes de Pallas (Valencia) , 10 years after its execution" (contract number CNMY18/0301/26) , signed by both the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and the Regional Government (CMAAUV, Generalitat Valenciana) . The authors are grateful to CYGSA staff (M Amparo Barber and Hector Cantos) , TRAGSA (Juan Ramon Torres) , Vaersa (Pedro Lazaro) and Ana Isabel Aparicio (UPV) for their assistance in the fieldwork during the installation of the plots and early growth measurements. Projects CEHYRFO-MED (CGL2017-86839-C3-2-R) , RESILIENT-FORESTS (LIFE17 CCA/ES/000063) and SilvAdapt.net (RED2018-102719-T) are acknowledged.

Flammability is a major factor involved in Mediterranean plant evolution that has led to the diversity of fire-related traits according to fire regimes and fire-adaptive strategies. With on-going climate change, new fire regimes are threatening plant species if they do not adapt or acclimate. Studying flammability and terpene content variation according to the different fire frequencies in the recent fire history represents a great challenge to anticipating the flammability of ecosystems in the near future. The flammability of shoots and litter as well as the needle terpene contents of two pine species with different fire adaptive strategies (Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris) were measured according to two fire modalities (0 vs. 1–2 fire events over the last 60 years). Results showed that, regardless of the species and the fuel type, flammability was higher in populations having undergone at least one past fire event even when factors influencing flammability (e.g., structural traits and hydric content) were considered. The terpene content did not vary in P. sylvestris’ needles according to the fire modality, but that of sesqui- and diterpenes was higher in P. halepensis’ needles sampled in the “Fire” modality. In addition, associations made between flammability and terpene content using random forest analyses indicated that the terpene molecules differed between fire modalities for both species and fuel types. The same results were obtained with significant terpenes driving flammability as were highlighted in the PLS analyses, especially for P. halepensis for which enhanced shoot flammability in the “Fire” modality agreed with the adaptive strategy of this species to fire.

This study aimed to identify and quantify phenolic and resin acid extractive compounds in Scots pine stemwood and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate their most optimal sources for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. The sample consisted of 140 trees from 28 stands, and sawdust lots from 11 log stands. NMR for the overall extractive analysis and HPLC for the quantitative estimation of phenolic and resin acid compounds were employed. Correlation analysis, multivariate factor analysis, principle component analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were applied for statistical analysis. HPLC identified 12 extractive compounds and NMR five more resin acids. Pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSMME), and partly neolignans/lignans occurred in the largest concentrations. Wood type caused the most variation, heartwood having larger concentrations than sapwood (sawdust between them). Regional differences in the concentrations were smaller, but factor analysis distinguished the northern and the southern regions into their own groups. The results indicated higher concentrations of PS, PSMME, and vanillic acid in southern regions and those of, e.g., PSMME glycoside, lignan 2, and neolignan 1 in northern regions. The rather low concentrations of extractives in stemwood and sawdust imply value-added products, efficient sorting and/or large raw material volumes.

espanolLa madera de pino representa el 20% de las especies forestales plantadas en todo el mundo, y actualmente es de vital importancia en aplicaciones industriales como en aserrio, fabricacion de papel y medicina. Actualmente, se ha destacado su uso en aplicaciones energeticas. En este estudio se presenta una breve revision sobre el analisis termico realizado a diversas especies de madera de pino. Nos enfocamos principalmente al analisis de los resultados respecto a como varia el contenido de masa o perdida de peso con el cambio de temperatura a partir del analisis de las curvas de termogravimetria y su derivada. Se han considerado diversas especies de madera de pino: Pinus caribaea, Pinus patula, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea y Pinus taeda. Con el objetivo de mostrar las diferencias y similitudes respecto a la estabilidad termica de las especies mencionadas, se han discutido los principales parametros a partir de las curvas de termogravimetria como energia de activacion, factor pre-exponencial y orden de reaccion. Ademas, se examinan las etapas de descomposicion de acuerdo a los principales componentes de la madera tales como agua, celulosa, hemicelulosa, lignina y extractivos. Palabras clave: Conversion termica, Cupressus sempervirens, energia renovable, parametros cineticos, Pinus sp. EnglishPine wood accounts for 20% of the world's planted forest species, and is currently of vital importance in industrial applications such as sawmills, papermaking and medicine. Actually, its use in energy applications has been emphasized. This study presents a brief review on the thermal analysis of various species of pine wood. We focus mainly on the analysis of the results regarding how the mass content or weight loss varies with the temperature change from the analysis of the thermogravimetric curves and its derivative. Several species of pine wood have been considered: Pinus caribaea, Pinus patula, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata, Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinea and Pinus taeda. In order to show the differences and similarities with respect to the thermal stability of the mentioned species, we have discussed the main parameters from the thermogravimetry curves such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor and reaction order. In addition, the decomposition stages are examined according to the main components of the wood such as water, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and extractives. Keywords:Cupressus sempervirens, kinetic parameters, Pinus sp, renewable energy, thermal conversion.

A functional perspective of tree communities is helpful for understanding forest dynamics, especially vegetation recovery after other land uses. Knowledge about ecological filters and survival strategies of trees are also important for the restoration of degraded areas. This study aimed to evaluate the functional composition and structure of adult and regenerative components of natural Araucaria forests, Araucaria plantations and plantations of exotic Pinus in subtropical southern Brazil. Differences in functional diversity and functional richness, and in community weighted mean trait values, including leaf traits and reproductive traits, were analyzed. RLQ analysis was used to assess the association between community structure, plant traits and environmental variables. Clear differences were found for most traits and for functional richness for the regenerative component, while the adult component was more similar among forest types. A clear separation in RLQ ordination associated with trait variation, for the adult component but not for regenerative trees, also indicates that communities are becoming functionally more similar with time. Plantations were shown to function as environmental filters by directly influencing species recruitment, richness and functional diversity. We conclude that passive restoration may be the best strategy for restoration of Araucaria forests.

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No presente estudo, foram analisadas as propriedades fisico-mecânicas de paineis de madeira aglomerada, de tres camadas, produzidos em laboratorio, com a adicao de dois tipos de serragem obtidas em serrarias, as quais foram classificadas como tipo “fino” e “grosso” por meio de analise granulometrica. Tres proporcoes de serragem (10, 20 e 30%) foram adicionadas as particulas de madeira de Pinus taeda para a confeccao dos paineis. Foram, tambem, confeccionados paineis sem residuo, constituindo um experimento fatorial com sete tratamentos e tres repeticoes. Utilizou-se adesivo de ureia-formaldeido na proporcao de 10% e parafina na proporcao de 1%. Os paineis foram produzidos com densidade nominal de 0,65 g/cm³ temperatura dos pratos da prensa de 160°C, pressao de prensagem de 40 Kgf/cm², tempo de prensagem de 8 minutos e tempo de fechamento da prensa de 40 segundos. Apos a confeccao, os paineis foram esquadrejados ficando com dimensoes de 40 x 40 x 1,5 cm. Os ensaios de densidade aparente, estabilidade dimensional, flexao estatica, tracao perpendicular a superficie dos paineis e arrancamento de parafusos foram realizados de acordo com a norma norte-americana ASTM D 1037 – 93. Os resultados foram submetidos a analise estatistica entre tratamentos e entre fatores. Verificou-se que os paineis produzidos com adicao de ate 10% de serragem apresentaram qualidade semelhante aos produzidos apenas com particulas obtidas de madeira rolica, sendo assim uma alternativa para um melhor aproveitamento da serragem como materia prima. Para maiores proporcoes, foi observado que um aumento da proporcao de serragem causou diminuicao das propriedades mecânicas e efeito negativo na estabilidade dimensional dos paineis. Abstract In this paper we analyzed the quality of three layers particleboard, produced in the laboratory with addition of two types of sawdust collected in the sawmills. The sawdust was classified as type a “thin” and a type a “thick”, using sieve analysis. Three ratios of sawdust (10, 20 and 30%) were added to the particles Pinus taeda wood for making the panels. Panels were also made without residue, constituting a factorial design with seven treatments and three replications. It was used for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in a proportion of 10% and paraffin at a ratio of 1%. The panels were produced with nominal density of 0.65 g/cm³, temperature of the press platens to 160 oC, pressing pressure of 40 kg/cm², pressing time of 8 minutes and closing time of the press 40 seconds. After fabrication, the panels were squared up with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 1.5 cm. Tests of apparent density, dimensional stability, bending strength, tensile strength perpendicular to surface and screw withdrawal were performed according to standard American ASTM D 1037 - 93. The results were statistically analyzed between treatments and between factors. It has been found that panels produced with addition 10% sawdust had a similar quality to those produced only by particles obtained round wood, therefore an alternative to a better use of sawdust as raw material. To highest ratios it was observed that increased proportion of sawdust caused a decrease of mechanical properties and adverse effect on the dimensional stability of the panels.

The near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy presents it self as an interesting non-destructive test tool as it enables a fast, simple and reliable way for characterizing large samplings of biological materials in a short period of time. This work aimed to establish multivariate models to estimate the crystallinity indices and tensile and burst strength of cellulosic and nanocellulosic films through NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectra were recorded from the films before tensile and bursting strength, and crystallinity tests. Spectral information were correlated with reference values obtained by laboratory procedures through partial least square regression (PLS-R). The PLS-R model for estimating the crystallinity index presented a coefficient of determination in cross-validation (R²cv) of 0,94 and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) was 3,77. The mechanical properties of the films presented a high correlation with the NIR spectra: R²p = 0,85 (RPD = 2,23) for tensile and R²p = 0,93 (RPD = 3,40) for burst strength. The statistics associated to the models presented have shown that the NIR spectroscopy has the potential to estimate the crystallinity index and resistance properties of cellulose and nanocellulose films on in-line monitoring systems.

Os isópodos terrestres são um importante e dominante componente nas comunidades de meso e macro-decompositores de solo. O presente estudo investiga a diversidade e composição de espécies de isópodos terrestres em três formações vegetais diferentes na Serra Geral do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A área compreende duas formações naturais (Mata Primária e Mata Secundária) e área de plantio de Pinus sp. As armadilhas do tipo pitfall ficaram operantes de março de 2001 a maio de 2002, compreendendo dois períodos de verão e um de inverno. Contabilizaram-se 14 datas amostrais até a retirada das armadilhas. Foram identificadas cinco espécies de isópodos terrestres: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) e Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); somente A. floridana foi abundante em todos ambientes e B. glaber abundante nas formações naturais. Os dados obtidos possibilitaram a realização de inferências sobre as características populacionais destas espécies. A Análise de Similaridade revelou diferença quantitativa entre as áreas, mas não diferença qualitativa. A análise da Proporção Sexual Operacional (OSR) de A. floridana não revelou diferenças significativas entre a proporção sexual entre as áreas. O período reprodutivo identificado no presente estudo, para A. floridana, compreende da primavera até o outono na Mata Primária e plantio de Pinus, e durante o ano todo na Mata Secundária. A Proporção Sexual Operacional (OSR) de B. glaber não apresentou diferenças entre quantidade de machos e fêmeas na Mata Secundária, porém a Mata Primária apresenta diferença entre esta proporção. O período reprodutivo para B. glaber estende-se do verão até o outono (Mata Primária e Secundária). Este é o primeiro registro para o Brasil do estabelecimento de populações de isópodos terrestres em área de plantio de Pinus sp., evidenciado pela presença de jovens, adultos e fêmeas ovígeras, equilíbrio da proporção sexual, padrões esperados de fecundação e reprodução, comparados ao de populações em áreas com vegetação nativa. Terrestrial isopods are important and dominant component of meso and macrodecomposer soil communities. The present study investigates the diversity and species composition of terrestrial isopods on three forests on the Serra Geral of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The area has two natural formations (Primary Woodland and Secondary Woodland) and one plantation of introduced Pinus. The pitfall traps operated from March 2001 to May 2002, with two summer periods and one winter. There were 14 sampling dates overall. Of the five species found: Alboscia silveirensis Araujo, 1999, Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940), Benthana araucariana Araujo & Lopes, 2003 (Philoscidae), Balloniscus glaber Araujo & Zardo, 1995 (Balloniscidae) and Styloniscus otakensis (Chilton, 1901) (Styloniscidae); only A. floridana is abundant on all environments and B. glaber is nearly exclusive for the native forests. The obtained data made it possible to infer about population characteristics of this species. The Similarity Analysis showed a quantitative difference among the Secondary forest and Pinus plantation, but not a qualitative one. The operational sex ratio (OSR) analysis for A. floridana does not reveal significant differences in male and female proportions among environments. The reproductive period identified in the present study for A. floridana was from spring to autumn in the primary forest and Pinus plantation and during all year for the secondary forest. The OSR analysis for B. glaber reveals no significant differences in abundance between males and females for secondary forest, but the primary forest was a significant difference. The reproductive period for B. glaber extended from summer to autumn (for primary and secondary forest). This is the first record for Brazil of an established terrestrial isopod population in a Pinus sp. plantation area, evidenced by the presence of young, adults and ovigerous females, balanced sex ratio, expected fecundity and reproduction pattern, as compared to populations from native vegetation areas

Summary Here, we describe a method for the combined metabolomic, proteomic, transcriptomic and genomic analysis from one single sample as a major step for multilevel data integration strategies in systems biology. While extracting proteins and DNA, this protocol also allows the separation of metabolites into polar and lipid fractions, as well as RNA fractionation into long and small RNAs, thus allowing a broad range of transcriptional studies. The isolated biomolecules are suitable for analysis with different methods that range from electrophoresis and blotting to state-of-the-art procedures based on mass spectrometry (accurate metabolite profiling, shot-gun proteomics) or massive sequencing technologies (transcript analysis). The low amount of starting tissue, its cost-efficiency compared with the utilization of commercial kits, and its performance over a wide range of plant, microbial, and algal species such as Chlamydomonas, Arabidopsis, Populus, or Pinus, makes this method a universal alternative for multiple molecular isolation from plant tissues.

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-12T19:07:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:20:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:33:05Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 O homem cultiva a terra há vários séculos, mas o uso intensivo e empresarial dos solos sob vegetação de cerrado para a produção agrícola cresceu a partir da década de setenta. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar atributos físicos do solo em função da época de amostragem e dos tipos de usos do solo em área de cerrado no município de Uberlândia- MG, Brasil. Os manejos adotados foram: pastagem degradada (M-1), cultivo convencional (M-2), cultivo mínimo (M-3), ausência de preparo (M-4), plantio direto (PD) 3o ano (M-5); PD 9o ano (M-6), PD de 3o ano pós Pinus (M-7); PD de 1o ano pós Pinus (M-8) e floresta de Pinus (M-9) de 25 anos. As avaliações foram realizadas no ano agrícola de 2002/03, em duas áreas. Sendo a área 1 de solo Latossolo Vermelho (LV-1, M-1 até M-5) e a área 2 de Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo (LVA e LV-2, M-6 até M-9). Os atributos físicos estudados sofreram alterações em função da classe de solo, época de amostragem e dos sistemas de uso, com destaque para os solos da área 2, que, em geral, melhor conservaram os seus principais atributos físicos. Manejos com intensa mobilização do solo, como o sistema M-2, são os que mais degradam fisicamente o solo, tendo apresentado alterações negativas principalmente para a densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade e macroporosidade. Já os sistemas que promovem menor mobilização do solo tendem, em curto prazo, a preservar atributos físicos desejáveis. O sistema de manejo M-9 apresentou a menor variação de atributos, comparado aos demais. Man cultivates the soil for centuries, but the intensive business and use of the soils under Cerrado vegetation for agricultural production grew out of the seventies. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil physical characteristics as a function of sampling time and the soil uses in a Cerrado area in Uberlandia City - MG, Brazil. The managements were adopted: degraded pasture (M-1), conventional tillage (M-2), minimum tillage (M-3), tillage absence (M-4), no-tillage (NT) for three years (M-5); NT for nine years (M-6), NT for three years after Pinus (M-7), PD for one year after Pinus (M-8) and Pinus forest (M-9) with 25 years old. The evaluations were conducted in 2002/03 growing season, in two areas. The soils were: area 1, an Oxisol (Red Latosol - LV-1, M-1 through M-5) and area 2, two Oxisols (Red Latosol and Red-Yellow Latosol - LVA and LV-2, M-6 through M-9). The physical attributes studied changed depending of the soil class, sampling time and management systems, with emphasis on the area 2 soils, which, in general, better preserved its main physical attributes. Managements with intense tillage, such as the M-2, are the most soil physically degrade, presenting mostly negative changes to soil bulk density, total porosity, microporosity and macroporosity. Since the systems which promote less tillage, in short term, to preserve desirable physical attributes. The M-9 system had the lowest attributes range, compared to the others. Lab Brasileiro Anal Agr LABRAS, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU) UFU, Inst Ciencias Agr ICIAG, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) UFES, Ctr Ciencias Agr CCA, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

In this report, the results of data recovery efforts conducted for the Palo Verde to Pinal West transmission line project at the Gillespie Dam site, AZ T:13:18 (ASM), in the Gila Bend area of the Gila River are presented. The site is a prehistoric Hohokam-Patayan settlement with an overlay of Historic era material. Fieldwork primarily occurred within the construction staging area of a transmission tower. Although covering less than an acre, the staging area contained surprising numbers of prehistoric features, including numerous pithouses, a cobble-buttressed adobe structure, ramadas, a storehouse/granary, and myriad other feature types typical of the range of outdoor activities that would be associated with a residential locus in a Hohokam village. Chronological evidence indicates the locus was occupied from the beginning of the Sedentary period, well into the Classic period, or from the tenth century to sometime after the thirteenth century A.D. Three of the pithouses are among the largest ever excavated within the Hohokam cultural area; the adobe structure was also exceptionally large. The large structures formed a corridor through the center of the staging area, which was accentuated by a fronting, prepared caliche surface. It is these structures that are the essential project finding, providing important insights about village organization and activity at the Gillespie Dam site. In turn, the project results inform on larger prehistoric events occurring within the Gila Bend area. Fieldwork also included sampling of a historic canal, AZ T:14:143 (ASM), which skirts the edge of the river terrace scarp in the southwestern portion of the Gillespie Dam site. Archival research identified this channel as the Wolfley, or original, Gila Bend Canal. It was the first of several historic canals built on the eastern side of the Gila River north of Gila Bend. The Wolfley/Gila Bend canal operated intermittently between 1892 and 1895, and possibly as late as 1905. The study of the canal during this project provided a rare opportunity to compare the archaeological record of a canal with its documented history of constructions, management, and natural events. This document contains contributions by Jenny L. Adams, Elizabeth A. Bagwell, Tiffany Clark, Connie A. Darby, Michael W. Diehl, T. Kathleen Henderson, Gary Huckleberry, Christine H. Lange, Manuel R. Palacios-Fest, Stacy L. Ryan, M. Steven Shackley, Susan J. Smith, Pat. H. Stein, Sandra Wadsworth, and Joshua Watts.

Na busca pelo aproveitamento dos resíduos gerados desde a produção florestal até os processos de transformação industrial da biomassa, desenvolveu-se o processo de briquetagem. A aglomeração de partículas de madeira facilita as operações de manuseio do material combustível, além de concentrar a energia disponível em termos de volume. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se a matéria-prima tem influência na qualidade do briquete e verificar o efeito da pressão aplicada durante o processo nas características energéticas e mecânicas do produto final, além de avaliar o comportamento da mistura de materiais (MIX) em relação aos materiais puros. Os briquetes foram produzidos em uma briquetadeira piloto, tipo pistão hidráulico, a 120 ºC com pressão constante de 50 bar por oito minutos e 65, 95 ou 130 bar por dois minutos. Foram utilizados seis briquetes para cada tratamento. As características avaliadas foram poder calorífico superior (PCS), densidade aparente e resistência à compressão. A matéria-prima tem maior influência na qualidade dos briquetes do que a pressão de compactação. A baixa pressão é a mais indicada para briquetes de biomassa florestal de Pinus sp. Nesta, o MIX apresentou qualidade satisfatória de briquetes com PCS de 4.773 kcal kg-1, densidade aparente de 1.220 kg m-³ e resistência à compressão de 167 kgf cm-2. Made available in DSpace on 2011-04-09T16:02:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1016973PB.pdf: 892435 bytes, checksum: 49e370ec52207b571fc95521f7c8c378 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-11

A continuous aerobiological survey of the atmosphere of Bursa was carried out from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2004 by means of the volumetric method using a Lanzoni trap. During 2 years, a total of 57,124 pollen grains/m(3), which belonged to 66 taxa and 869 unidentified pollen grains, were recorded. In the region investigated, Pinus sp., Olea sp., Platanus sp., Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Quercus sp., Poaceae, Moraceae, Urticaceae, and Castanea sp. were responsible for the greatest amounts of pollen. During the study period, the pollen concentration reached the highest level in May. A correlation analyses was made between the daily fluctuations of the main pollen types and meteorological parameters.

The European Commission requested the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to provide a scientific opinion on the report “Mortality verification of pinewood nematode from high temperature treatment of shavings” provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).The pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, is listed in Community plant health legislation and protective measures include a requirement that wood shavings of coniferous wood (except that of Thuja L.) originating in the United States (US) must be heat treated to achieve a minimum core temperature of 56 °C for at least 30 minutes.The USDA, through the United Kingdom (UK) Authorities, requested the recognition of an alternative treatment by the European Community. The request was supported by a report of an experiment entitled "Mortality verification of pinewood nematode from high temperature treatment of shavings" and additional explanatory information. This report (and additional explanatory information) presents a treatment process whereby wood shavings are exposed to high temperatures (398 °C) for a short time (3 minutes). The report was submitted to EFSA’s Scientific Panel on Plant Health for evaluation with regard to the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed treatment method, as an alternative to the current heat treatment requirement. A scientific opinion was requested to assist risk managers in considering the technical justification for derogation from the current treatment requirement for wood shavings of coniferous wood listed in Annex IV, Part A, Section 1, point 1.2 of the Council Directive 2000/29/EC[2].The Panel examined the report and supporting information in detail and based its conclusions on the following:* An analysis of the cited references, and the extent to which they support the statements made in the introduction and discussion sections of the USDA report;* Evaluation of the materials, methods and results presented in the report and* A statistical analysis performed by the Panel to test the hypothesis of a mortality estimate after the heat treatment lower than 100%.No comparison is made of the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed treatment method in relation to the current treatment requirement.The scope of this opinion is restricted to one species of Pinus “white pine” (Pinus strobus) as no wider species testing of other coniferous wood has been undertaken. Although the Panel is requested to consider the proposed treatment as an alternative to the current requirement for coniferous wood shavings, this extrapolation of the findings of the report cannot be made since no species other than white pine have been tested.According to the Panel, the references cited do not provide adequate evidence to support the effectiveness of the high temperature treatment proposed, are in some cases incorrectly interpreted and do not sufficiently validate the premise behind the treatment as stated in the USDA report. In particular, the relationship between lethal temperature and duration of exposure was not accurately established and no conclusion can, therefore, be derived about the appropriateness of the proposed temperature/time combination.The Panel considers that the accuracy of the results is difficult to assess due to missing data in the report for the control samples. The report claims that the treatment results in 100% mortality, but a statistical analysis is not included in the report to specify the statistical level of confidence supporting these results. The Panel performed a statistical analysis of the data provided in the USDA report and cannot exclude that the mortality estimate is lower than 99.85%.Uncertainties relating to the experimental design are identified by the Panel. These include:* The effect of the high temperature treatment alone, independent of the shredding process cannot be derived from this experiment.* After the shredding process, shavings are expelled onto a mesh conveyer, which allows dust and particles to fall before the material enters the dryer. The possibility of B. xylophilus contamination from untreated waste material is not discussed.* Only one temperature-time combination has been tested. Therefore the safety margins and reliability of routine operational application of the proposed high temperature treatment cannot be derived from this experiment. This is noted as particularly important in relation to the short exposure time of 3 minutes proposed.* A temperature of 115 °C is recorded at the end of the high temperature treatment. Thus, a continuous exposure to 398 °C for 3 minutes cannot be confirmed from the experiment described.The Panel considers that several elements of the experiment were also not adequately described:* The temperature of the wood shavings in the experiment is unknown. Further information on temperature measurement and placement of thermal sensors would enable more accurate evaluation of the temperature exposure over time.* A number of factors that may influence the results of the experiment are unknown. These include: the volume of the wood shavings relative to the air volume inside the dryer, the homogeneity of the distribution of the shavings in the dryer and wood moisture levels at the start of the treatment.* No information is provided to confirm the identity and the frequency of occurrence of the most resistant life stages of B. xylophilus in the treated samples. The storage conditions of the control samples are unknown, which may affect the natural mortality over time.The Panel agrees that there is potential for development of an alternative treatment protocol based on exposure of wood shavings to high temperatures for a short duration. The Panel however, does not consider that the evidence presented in this report demonstrates the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed temperature/time regime as an alternative to the heat treatment requirement for coniferous wood shavings set out in Annex IV Part A Section I Point 1.2. of Council Directive 2000/29/EC.

139 ref.

Embryogenic cultures of Araucaria angustifolia were induced from dominant and non-dominant zygotic embryos excised from immature seeds proceeding from three different genotypes and five harvest dates. Zygotic embryos were inoculated in inductive culture medium LP and BM supplemented with or without plant growth regulators 2,4-D (5 µM), BA (2 µM) and Kin (2 µM). The genotype of the mother tree and the developmental explant stage affected the induction frequency. In the maintenance phase, embryogenic cultures were maintained at continuous repetitive cell cycles every 20 days in semi-solid or liquid medium. In the maturation phase the culture medium was supplemented with different types and levels of growth regulators, osmotic agents, carbohydrates and derived. Embryogenic cultures inoculated in culture medium supplemented with PEG 3350 (6 and 9%), maltose (6 and 9%), plus BA and Kin (1 µM each) resulted in the progression of somatic embryos to globular and torpedo developmental stages.Culturas embriogênicas de A. angustifolia foram induzidas a partir de embriões zigóticos dominantes e não-dominantes excisados de sementes imaturas provenientes de três diferentes genótipos, em cinco datas de coleta. Os embriões zigóticos foram inoculados em meio de cultura LP e BM suplementados ou não com 2,4-D (5 µM), BA (2 µM) e Kin (2 µM). O genótipo da planta doadora e o estádio de desenvolvimento do explante influenciaram significativamente a freqüência de indução. Na fase de manutenção, as culturas embriogênicas foram mantidas em ciclos contínuos de subcultivo a cada 20 dias em meios semi-sólidos ou líquidos. Na fase de maturação, foram testados fontes e níveis de fitorreguladores, agentes osmóticos, carboidratos e derivados. Meios de cultura suplementados com PEG 3350 (6 e 9%), maltose (6 e 9%), BA e Kin (1 µM cada) foram efetivos no desenvolvimento de embriões somáticos nos estádios globular e torpedo.

Archaeological test excavations have been conducted at a portion of La Ciudad de los Hornos (AZ U:9:71 (ASM)), a prehistoric multicomponent Hohokam village. The field work for this project, sponsored by AMCOR Investment Company, was undertaken during the fall of 1989 by Northland Research, Inc. pursuant to the proposed redevelopment of the Casa Fiesta trailer park. The Casa Fiesta project area consists of a 55-acre (22-ha), triangular lot. Archaeological testing consisted of cutting a series of backhoe trenches, resulting in the excavation of 9,442 ft. (2,878 m, 221 trenches) of trench or a roughly one percent sample of the project area. Thirty-seven prehistoric cultural features were identified. The remains represent a Hohokam occupation dating primarily to the Sedentary and Classic periods. Although the Casa Fiesta project area has been subject to a great deal of disturbance by agricultural and construction activities, the cultural features identified do not appear to have been impacted substantially by these activitites, but instead are fairly intact. With the possible exception of hornos and a few surfaces, most features appear not to have been truncated by agricultural activities. Testing results suggest that there is a great potential for these features and as yet unidentified features to yield data significant to the interpretation of Hohokam habitation and subsistence practices during the late Sedentary and Classic periods. This report includes contributions by Jennifer W. Gish, T. Kathleen Henderson, and Johna Hutira.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) monitored the excavation of an 11.73 mi (18.88 km) long trench for the El Paso Natural Gas (EPNG) pipeline in the cities of Mesa, Tempe, and Chandler. Archaeological monitoring was recommended because of the likelihood of crosscutting prehistoric irrigation canals and the close proximity of Alta Vista, a prehistoric Hohokam habitation site (AZ U:9:48 (ASM)). The monitoring was conducted in order to document these cultural resources when they became exposed in the pipeline trench. A total of seven canals and six subsurface features were revealed in the pipeline trench. Two additional canals were identified in a sewer trench that was open at the time of the EPNG monitoring and that abutted the EPNG line. The file includes a copies of Linda Scott Cumming's Pollen Analysis of Three Canals on the El Paso Natural Gas (EPNG) Project and Manuel R. Palacios-Fest's Report on Nonmarine Ostracodes from El Paso Natural Gas (EPNG) Project, Tempe, Arizona, as appendices.

Under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Reclamation, the New Waddell Dam Borrow Areas Mitigative Data Recovery Project, more simply known as the Waddell Project, performed data recovery at 17 sites in the vicinity of Lake Pleasant, Arizona. Supplemental surveys conducted under the same contract added two sites to the inventory slated for investigation. The project area, composed of multiple survey areas, was spread across two drainages, the Agua Fria and New River, in what is considered the northern periphery of the prehistoric Hohokam culture. The sites studied included large agricultural fields, sometimes with associated surface masonry field houses; farmsteads with small numbers of pithouses; resource procurement and processing sites; and a single special-purpose crematory site. Research efforts were organized into three broad topic areas so that all project researchers, including specialists, could gear their investigations along the same lines. At the intra-drainage level, the focus was on the individual sites and their locations with respect to the physical environment and each other. Terminology employed for agricultural features and systems in the literature was reviewed and it was proposed that the use of terms be standardized. The topographic situation, source of water (e.g., river. wash, and/or runoff), and soil conditions were identified for the different agricultural systems investigated. The functions of the various agricultural feature types were assessed. It was found, for example, that linear rock alignments tend to slow the flow of water across the fields and/or direct the flow from one portion of a field to another. A model of the development of an agricultural system was employed that helps account for the functions of certain enigmatic features (i.e., field stones) and aspects of features (i.e., gaps between rocks in alignments). Contemporaneity of sites was difficult to establish as dating was less than satisfactory, but it was possible to discern differences between one early site (primarily Colonial period) and several later sites that appeared to form a late Sacaton-Soho phase community. At the inter-drainage level, a comparison of patterns at project sites in the two drainages was made to assess whether the drainages had been used by the same or different populations and whether specialization in subsistence resources had occurred as suggested by survey evidence. Results of ceramic and ground stone petrographic analyses as well as ethnobotanical analyses suggested the areas had been used by distinct populations and that although corn cultivation was universal, agave cultivation took place in the Agua Fria, but not the New River, drainage. Evidence also suggested that the New River study area had been used seasonally, whereas a strong case could be made for year-round occupation of the Agua Fria study area during the later time periods. At the inter-regional level, we studied how our sites fit with those surrounding them in the northern periphery and farther afield in both the Hohokam core area and northern Arizona. Differences found between the two study areas at the inter-drainage level were used to suggest that they had different focal sites. The Beardsley Canal site was identified as a prime candidate for the Agua Fria study area's focal site and AZ T:4:10 (ASM) was suggested as the hub for the New River study area. Little, if any, contact was indicated between sites in the New River study area investigated by ACS and those to the south examined earlier by Soil Systems Inc. Based on the decrease over time in the frequencies of artifacts of Hohokam derivation (i.e., buff ware ceramics, schist palettes, and shell artifacts), it was obvious that ties with the Hohokam core area decreased concomitant with an increase in exchange with northern Arizona populations. probably those in the Prescott area. Note that the volumes are included here as one file.