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Abstract Trans people have diverse life experiences which may include gender-affirming care (GAC). GAC positively impacts the quality of life of trans adults. However, they are often met with barriers to care and are particularly vulnerable within the healthcare system. The needs and expectations surrounding GAC may vary between individual patients. This article aims to analyze trans adults’ perceptions, expectations, and recommendations on GAC. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted by a team of academic and peer researchers; transcribed interviews were then analyzed using a codebook and thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified; the liberating experience of GAC; the uneven distribution of knowledge and power between patients and providers; and the recommended practices in GAC. Additional training and research are necessary to facilitate high-quality care for trans adults accessing GAC.

The current agroecological transition of agriculture pushes to a diversification of cropping systems, which requires quantified data describing crop successions. “Crop successions indicators 2015-2021” dataset provides a set of twenty synthesis indicators to characterize crop diversity, crop seasonality, particular components of crop successions and duration of crop rotations. Indicators are computed for a seven-year period from 2015 to 2021. Data source are raw crop sequences open access dataset. Indicators are available for municipalities, departments, regions and the whole mainland France, for arable land. A group of experts in agronomy has been associated to this work, in order to define relevant themes, relevant indicators and relevant indicator definitions. This dataset could be useful to characterize agricultural practices on a given territory, for researchers, local actors as decentralized state services, water agencies, territorial collectivities, chambers of agriculture, or agricultural cooperatives. Proposed indicators could be useful for policy makers to monitor the evolution of cultivation practices, in order to design, implement or evaluate measures targeting cultivation practices.

A decentralized control approach is introduced in this paper that utilizes passivity-based control for two DC-distributed energy sources supplying the power of a load. Considering the concept of passivity, if each distributed generator exhibits passivity, this property will be maintained when these generators are connected in series or parallel. Thus, the stability of the entire system is guaranteed through the implementation of an interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC). Additionally, droop voltage control is employed to achieve current sharing among the two power sources. If the model used is not an accurate representation of the original system, the controlled system may experience steady-state errors. To address these modeling errors, a compensation term is employed as the desired output voltage. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is confirmed via results from simulation in three cases in which the performance of the system is investigated in start-up and load resistance or nominal load current change. With PBC, the system maintains stable operation. Experimental results validate the simulation results. Moreover, the proposed method guarantees global stability without knowing the parameters to prove global stability with local control.

Abstract Background Promoting sexual health is key to improving the supportive behaviors and well-being of young people. With the advent of the Internet, web-based features for sexual health promotion may be attractive to a diverse range of young people. This study aims to assess young people’s proposals regarding a web-based intervention for sexual health promotion. Methods Nineteen French young people aged 15–24 years participated to the study. In a semi-structured interview, they presented their views on a web-based intervention for sexual promotion. Data were coded with N’Vivo and subjected to qualitative thematic analysis to explore their proposals. Results The majority of participants (n = 18) thought that a web-based intervention for sexual health promotion would be attractive. Young people interviewed made 31 concrete proposals for sexual health promotion on the Internet. Participatory and interactive dimensions on the internet appeared essential, with the need for stimulating activities and interaction with peers, but also with competent professionals and moderation. Face to the risks of the internet, they expressed the need of a secure and confidential space, to generate trust and participation in intervention. For participants, sexual health should be addressed in all its dimensions, taking into account the relational, sexual, and gender dimensions, and by incrementing on the internet valid, credible and personalized content. Conclusions In sexual health promotion, young people are indispensable stakeholders who can make concrete proposals and can also participate in content creation and research. More broadly, in health promotion, involving target audiences in decisions represents a promising perspective.

Abstract Anaerobic digestion is developing in various countries worldwide to produce renewable energy. In addition, the resulting digestates provide readily available nutrients when applied to cropping systems as fertilizers. The introduction of a biogas plant on a farm can induce land cover changes, in relation to the production of feedstock for the biogas plant and/or to the modification of the farming system. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize and quantify the land cover changes in farms associated with biogas plants in France. We combined two national spatialized databases: the Land Parcel Identification System (yearly French land cover at the parcel scale with farm identifier per parcel) and the SINOE database (biogas plant location and year of start‐up). We showed that, on average, the changes were limited, with an increase in maize areas (+3.4% of the total farm areas) compensated by a decrease in wheat and rapeseed areas (−1.8% and −1.9%, respectively), but with a certain variability. The French regulation and market limiting the use of dedicated energy crops seems to have limited land cover changes in France compared to other countries. However, we elaborated a typology of land cover changes and characterized five clusters of farms across the country. The main one (67% of the farms) corresponded to unchanged land cover after the introduction of a biogas plant. The four other clusters showed contrasting changes, for example, an increase or a decrease in grassland areas, a strong increase in maize areas, or a replacement of winter wheat by winter barley. The diversity and the driving factors behind these changes deserve to be better studied and understood through further farmer surveys.

The main objective in microgrids is keeping their frequency and voltage close to the rated values, and ensuring a precise power sharing of their distributed generators (DGs). This can be challenging in a meshed microgrid due to the tight coupling between active and reactive power resulting from its various power line impedances. Centralized control strategies are widely used to address these issues. But, the increase in DGs number in meshed microgrids rises the communication system cost due to the high number of data to be acquired and processed. Most of existing distributed control strategies in literature are unable to treat simultaneously power sharing as well as voltage and frequency restoration. In this paper a distributed consensus-based control is proposed for accurate active and reactive power sharing as well as frequency and voltage restoration in meshed reconfigurable islanded microgrids. The controllers for primary and secondary control are locally adjusted and do not require knowledge of the microgrid structure. The efficiency of the proposed strategies is verified with large load variations, microgrid topology change and various communication delays by simulation and validated by real-time Hardware in The Loop tests.

BackgroundYoung people use digital technology on a daily basis and enjoy web-based games that promote social interactions among peers. These interactions in web-based communities can develop social knowledge and life skills. Intervening via existing web-based community games represents an innovative opportunity for health promotion interventions. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to collect and describe players’ proposals for delivering health promotion through existing web-based community games among young people, elaborate on related recommendations adapted from a concrete experience of intervention research, and describe the application of these recommendations in new interventions. MethodsWe implemented a health promotion and prevention intervention via a web-based community game (Habbo; Sulake Oy). During the implementation of the intervention, we conducted an observational qualitative study on young people’s proposals via an intercept web-based focus group. We asked 22 young participants (3 groups in total) for their proposals about the best ways to carry out a health intervention in this context. First, using verbatim transcriptions of the players’ proposals, we conducted a qualitative thematic analysis. Second, we elaborated on recommendations for action development and implementation based on our experiences and work with a multidisciplinary consortium of experts. Third, we applied these recommendations in new interventions and described their application. ResultsA thematic analysis of the participants’ proposals revealed 3 main themes and 14 subthemes related to their proposals and process elements: the conditions for developing an attractive intervention within a game, the value of involving peers in developing the intervention, and the ways to mobilize and monitor gamers’ participation. These proposals emphasized the importance of interventions involving and moderating a small group of players in a playful manner but with professional aspects. We established 16 domains with 27 recommendations for preparing an intervention and implementing it in web-based games by adopting the codes of game culture. The application of the recommendations showed their usefulness and that it was possible to make adapted and diverse interventions in the game. ConclusionsIntegrated health promotion interventions in existing web-based community games have the potential for promoting the health and well-being of young people. There is a need to incorporate specific key aspects of the games and gaming community recommendations, from conception to implementation, to maximize the relevance, acceptability, and feasibility of the interventions integrated in current digital practices. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04888208; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04888208

Many countries introduced COVID certificates that were required to access public venues. Here, the authors analyse data from France, Germany, and Italy, and estimate that these policies led to increased vaccine uptake of 6-13 percentage points with subsequent beneficial impacts on health and economic outcomes.

L’histoire de la forme est un concept complexe qui remonte à l’antiquité grecque, tout au long de cet article nous aborderons différentes facettes de ce concept dans le cadre particulier de la géographie. Nous développerons différentes perspectives sur la forme en géographie et sur son ontologie « locale ». Nous verrons également comment ce concept a été abordé, en géographie physique, en géomorphologie, en tenant compte de divers moments historiques et des cadres scientifiques successifs. La géomorphologie servira de laboratoire physique pour approfondir la notion de forme en géographie. Dans cette recherche nous croiserons des concepts de penseurs de différentes époques tels que Goethe, D’Arcy Thompson, Prigogine, mais surtout, René Thom et Benoît Mandelbrot, penseurs qui nous ont offert les outils pour concevoir une vision renouvelée de la forme en géographie.

The early diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is required to identify and isolate contagious patients to prevent further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we present a multitarget real-time TaqMan reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) assay for the quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its circulating variants harboring mutations that give the virus a selective advantage. Seven different primer-probe sets that included probes containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleotides were designed to amplify specific wild-type and mutant sequences in Orf1ab, Envelope (E), Spike (S), and Nucleocapsid (N) genes. Furthermore, a newly developed primer-probe set targeted human β2-microglobulin (B2M) as a highly sensitive internal control for RT efficacy. All singleplex and fourplex assays detected £ 14 copies/reaction of quantified synthetic RNA transcripts, with a linear amplification range of nine logarithmic orders. Primer-probe sets for detection of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited no false-positive amplifications with other common respiratory pathogens, including human coronaviruses NL63, 229E, OC43, and HKU-1. Fourplex assays were evaluated using 160 clinical samples positive for SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detected in all samples, including viral strains harboring mutations in the Spike coding sequence that became dominant in the pandemic. Given the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their rapid spread in some populations, fourplex rRT-PCR assay containing four primer-probe sets represents a reliable approach to allow quicker detection of circulating relevant variants in a single reaction.

The aim of this study is to evaluate from a hydrological perspective and in the context of climate change the future of subsurface drainage of the La Jaillière site (western France), which is representative of the pedology of the majority of French subsurface drainage. We used a uniquely large and comprehensive range of 17 hydrological indicators (HIs), describing the temporal dynamics of drainage season, soil saturation, drained water balance and flood events. The HI values are calculated from simulated discharges provided by a subsurface drainage model, the SIDRA-RU model, fed by 12 climate projections from 1975 to 2100 (CMIP5 Euro-Cordex project), with three climate change scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We first verified that the HIs simulated using climate projections in the SIDRA-RU model over the historical period were not critically biased compared to the HIs obtained from the reference climatic reanalysis (SAFRAN). Second, we analysed and compared the HI evolution over different periods and under different scenarios. Our results showed that the number of significant changes in HI values increased under climate change by 2100, depending on the RCP: 2 HIs out of the 17 changed under RCP2.6; 6 HIs under RCP4.5; 10 HIs under RCP8.5. The intensity of drainage peak flows linked to flood events and the annual maximal discharge changed significantly under all RCPs. The temporality of the drainage season was substantially affected according to how pessimistic the RCP was. The worst changes were observed under RCP8.5, which exacerbated extreme events: The wet period was shorter while the dry period was longer by about 67%; the drought index increased by 100%; the summer drained water balance decreased by 9%. On the contrary, in winter, the duration of the wet period decreased while maintaining the same drained water balance, thus inducing stronger flood events leading to an earlier saturation of the drainage networks. The sustainability of the drainage system design at La Jaillière is therefore threatened, with the risk of fulfilling its function less effectively by 2100, exposing current crops to more important runoff and affecting water quality by increasing the leaching of agrochemical inputs.

Groupe Dupont was created in 1971. It is a moment of demographic, anthropological, cultural, technical shift ... of western societies. The GD is an illustration of this cultural revolution, but is a major player in geography. His story is here considered from the mimetic desire theorized by R. Girard and the will power analyzed by F. Nietzsche. The GD had as an implicit model the physical geography and in particular the theories (or models) developed in climatology and geomorphology (erosion cycle ...). He faced this girardian model in a mimetic crisis from which he emerged victorious. His promise to develop a theoretical geography (and not just a theoretical physical geography) has not been fulfilled. That is why, to serve the future, we resume this project and propose a meta-theory for geography based on the thermodynamics of irreversible phenomena and four relationships (of position, scalar, energetic, and aesthetic), while articulating an approach physical and structural.The will to power of the GD has combined two dynamics: on the one hand, Marxism and on the other hand, Western theoretical solutions of rather liberal essence. This association led to a brief dominance of spatial analysis in geography based on a systemic conception, largely thanks to the development of computer science and therefore of GIS. These anthropological and philosophical approaches can be articulated by noting that the mimetic crisis cannot exist without complexification and flow of energy through the entity concerned. Therefore, the main problem is a question of energy dissipation modality, which generates organizations (physical and social) and in particular morphologies that increase the rate of dissipation (3rd law of thermodynamics). The very great risk for our societies, and in particular for our cities, is therefore to see the flow dry up or decrease sharply. National energy production is therefore very desirable. This is the path chosen by the USA.From this point of view, the project of geography should be to study the geographical space conceived as a dissipative structure shaped by energy flows. This can only be done by re-naturalizing the discipline, developing a theoretical geography based on physical formalization.

Dialysis patients are both the most likely to benefit from vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 and at the highest risk of not developing an immune response. Data from the medical field are thus mandatory. We report our experience with a BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine in a retrospective analysis of 241 dialysis patients including 193 who underwent anti-Spike-Protein-Receptor-Binding-Domain (RBD) IgG analysis. We show that a pro-active vaccine campaign is effective in convincing most patients to be vaccinated (95%) and frequently elicits a specific antibody response (94.3% after two doses and 98.4% after three doses). Only immunocompromised Status is associated with lack of seroconversion (OR 7.6 [1.5-38.2], p = 0.02). We also identify factors associated with low response (last quartile; IgG7000AU/mL): age; previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and active Cancer. From this experience, we propose a strategy integrating anti-spike IgG monitoring to guide revaccination and dialysis center management in pandemic times.

Introduction – Despite being more prevalent in developing countries, tuberculosis (TB) remains an important health problem in Canada. Long diagnosis delays of respiratory tuberculosis are associated with adverse consequences for the patient but also for the community. From a public health perspective, identification of factors associated with long delays of diagnosis could help reduce these delays. Objectives – 1)To describe diagnosis delays of respiratory tuberculosis in Monteregie 2)To identify the characteristics of patients and factors associated with longer diagnosis delays 3)To identify consequences of these delays Methods – The study is descriptive and transversal. Data were obtained from notifiable diseases files of the Public Health Department of the Health and Social Services Agency of Monteregie. The diagnosis delay was calculated using the first symptomatic date and the date of diagnosis. For continued variable analyses, Student t tests and an ANOVA test were done. For categorical variables, Pearson’s chi squared test and a Mann-Whitney test were done. Results – The average delay of diagnosis for the 115 cases studied was 92.2 days (CI 80.6-103.8). Weight loss and/or non specific general malaise were associated with a longer diagnosis delay. No association was found between the diagnosis delay and possible consequences of longer delays. Discussion and conclusion: Most patients had a diagnosis delay longer than two months. A larger study that would divide the total diagnosis delay into a patient delay and a suspicion delay (health care system delay) could permit a better identification of factors that favour long delays.

Abstract: Whether we read aloud or silently, we segment speech not in words, but in accent phrases, i.e. sequences containing only one stressed syllable (excluding emphatic stress). In lexically stressed languages such as Italian or English, the location of stress in a noun, an adverb, a verb or an adjective (content words) is defined in the lexicon, and accent phrases include one single content word together with its associated grammatical words. In French, a language deprived from lexical stress, accent phrases are defined by the time it takes to read or pronounce them. Therefore, actual phrasing, i.e. the segmentation into accent phrases, depends strongly on the speech rate chosen by the speaker or the reader, whether in oral or silent reading mode. With a slow speech rate, all content words form accent phrases whose final syllables are stressed, whereas a fast speech rate could merge up to 10 or 11 syllables together in a single accent phrase with more than one content word. Based on this observation, and on other properties of stressed syllables, a computer algorithm for automatic phrasing, operating in a top-down fashion, is presented and applied to two examples of read and spontaneous speech. Keywords: accent phrase; French; phrasing; stress location; boundary detection. Resumo: Quando lemos em voz alta ou silenciosamente, segmentamos a fala em palavras, mas em grupos acentuais, i.e., sequências contendo uma única sílaba acentuada (excluindo-se acento enfático). Em línguas lexicalmente acentuadas como o italiano ou o inglês, a localização do acento em um substantivo, um advérbio, um verbo ou em um adjetivo (palavras lexicais) é definida no léxico, e sintagmas acentuais incluem uma única palavra lexical, acompanhada das palavras gramaticais a ela associadas. Em francês, uma língua que não possui acento lexical, sintagmas acentuais são definidos pelo tempo que se leva para lê-los ou pronunciá-los. Assim, os constituintes concretos, i.e., a segmentação em grupos acentuais, depende fortemente da velocidade de fala escolhida pelo falante ou leitor, tanto na fala como na leitura silenciosa. Com uma velocidade de fala baixa, todas as palavras lexicais formam grupos acentuais cujas sílabas finais são acentuadas, enquanto o ritmo de fala rápido poderia juntar de 10 a 11 sílabas em um mesmo grupo acentual contendo mais de uma palavra lexical. Com base nessa observação e em outras propriedades das sílabas acentuadas, um algoritmo computacional para segmentação automática, atuando de maneira top-down é apresentado e aplicado a dois exemplos de leitura e fala espontânea. Palavras-chave: grupo acentual; francês; segmentação; posição do acento; detecção de fronteira.

Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD) in Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology are potential candidates for future “Light Detection and Ranging” (Lidar) space systems. Among the SPAD performance parameters, the Photon Detection Probability (PDP) is one of the principal parameters. Indeed, this parameter is used to evaluate the SPAD sensitivity, which directly affects the laser power or the telescope diameter of space-borne Lidars. In this work, we developed a model and a simulation method to predict accurately the PDP of CMOS SPAD, based on a combination of measurements to acquire the CMOS process doping profile, Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) simulations, and a Matlab routine. We compare our simulation results with a SPAD designed and processed in CMOS 180 nm technology. Our results show good agreement between PDP predictions and measurements, with a mean error around 18.5%, for wavelength between 450 and 950 nm and for a typical range of excess voltages between 15 and 30% of the breakdown voltage. Due to our SPAD architecture, the high field region is not entirely insulated from the substrate, a comparison between simulations performed with and without the substrate contribution indicates that PDP can be simulated without this latter with a moderate loss of precision, around 4.5 percentage points.

Controlling the geometry of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) has been of paramount necessity for the viability of mass-producing nanostructured devices. The length, radius, and crystallinity of SiNWs grown via one-step and two-step electroless chemical etching of p-type Si(100) in this study were controlled by varying the concentrations of etchants and etching times. Scanning electron microscope images conf irmed that the length of the nanowires varied directly with increasing concentrations of HF and AgNO3 for the one-step etching process, and HF, H2O2, and AgNO3 for the two-step etching process. Diameters cannot be controlled via the electroless etching methods in the one-step process, but can be manipulated in the two-step process to some extent. X-ray diffractometry analysis exhibited that the SiNW's peak broadening can be attributed to the slight degradation of crystallinity of SiNWs compared to bulk silicon. From the Raman spectra, SiNWs, regardless of their geometric parameters, make excellent thermo-insulators due to the one-directional movement of phonons. The slight shift in peaks can be attributed to laser heating. Finally, photoluminescence analysis of SiNWs demonstrated that the length of the SiNWs varied the ratio of the surface defects of both the one-step and two-step processes, but not the intensity.

Speech styles are particularly characterized by prosodic features, such as rhythm, melody, intensity or vowel quality, which indicate to the listener emotions, attitudes, sociogeographic origin of the speaker. Whatever the speech style, there are some unsuspected rules that are always applied, linked to specific cognitive properties of the brain. Among these, the necessity to segment speech units in chunks called stress groups and assemble these groups into a prosodic structure. Both stress groups duration and their hierarchical organization into a structure are constrained by theta and delta brain waves timing properties. Examples of these limits are illustrated in acoustic analysis of poetic diction showing that whatever the style adopted by readers, cognitive constrains are always observed.

This paper proposes a UAV platform that autonomously detects, hunts, and takes down other small UAVs in GPS-denied environments. The platform detects, tracks, and follows another drone within its sensor range using a pre-trained machine learning model. We collect and generate a 58,647-image dataset and use it to train a Tiny YOLO detection algorithm. This algorithm combined with a simple visual-servoing approach was validated on a physical platform. Our platform was able to successfully track and follow a target drone at an estimated speed of 1.5 m/s. Performance was limited by the detection algorithm's 77% accuracy in cluttered environments and the frame rate of eight frames per second along with the field of view of the camera.

Since the 1980s, the teaching of intonation has practically disappeared from FLE textbooks (Billières, 2008). The causes may be found from the following observations:1. Since Delattre (1966), which remains the most quoted reference, a certain confusion remains about the modality (declarative, interrogative, implicative, etc.) and the prosodic structure of the sentence.2. For more than 30 years, the autosegmental-metrical phonological theory has become the dominant model to the point of making other approaches to the FLE audience inaudible.3. The use of tonal targets in the ToBI notation almost exclusively used in intonational descriptions of French is very unintuitive and discourages a good number of teachers and learners.4. In the autosegmental-metric descriptions of English, we often observe an amalgam of phonetic and phonological aspects, due to the holistic character the sentence.It is understandable that all these aspects can dislodge FLE teachers interested in sentence intonation and to go beyond the pronunciation of syllables or grammar and lexicon. By contrast, this paper presents an alternate approach, based on the latest discoveries of neurolinguistics.