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This research revolutionizes phenolic compound extraction from grape pulp (Ahmar Bou-Amar variety). We optimized extraction methods to assess the efficiency and identify individual molecules. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to fine-tune 2 extraction methods: Conventional Solvent Extraction (CSE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using Box-Behnken and central composite designs, respectively. Identification and quantification of the various phenolic classes in the pulp of the studied grape variety were carried out using HPLC–DAD, a first for this variety. This characterization revealed that the quantitative profile of individual and total phenolic compounds is closely linked to the extraction method. Results indicate that extracts obtained via MAE exhibit approximately 20% higher concentrations of individual flavonols (Quercetol 3-glucoside, Quercetol-hexoside, Isorhamnitol-hexoside), individual hydroxycinnamic acids (cis- and trans-Caftaric, cis- and trans-Coutaric, p-Coumaric), and flavan-3-ols (trans-Catechin-SH and Epicatechin-3-O-gallate) compared to CSE. Conversely, CSE proves more efficient in extracting molecules like Catechin, Epicatechin, cis-Catechine-SH, and Ferulic acid, resulting in reductions of 16%, 21%, 75%, and 57%, respectively. Notably, the molecules Epicatechin-SH, Epicatechin-O-3-gallate, and Epigallocatechin-SH remain unaffected by the extraction method. The results concerning antioxidant activity indicate that irrespective of the measurement method employed, extracts obtained via MAE display notably greater antioxidant efficacy compared to those obtained through CSE. These findings underscore the significant impact of the chosen extraction method on the composition and quality of phenolic extracts obtained from grape pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitis vinifera is the grape variety used in the production of wine and other products. In the wine production process, many of the vine's by-products are wasted, namely seeds and stems. Given the proportion of wine production worldwide, the quantity of by-products is beginning to be an environmental problem, making it urgent to take measures for their use to obtain bioactive compounds with health benefits. The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts from the seeds and stems of four Portuguese grape varieties: Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, Viosinho, and Tinta Roriz. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) contents present in the different extracts were evaluated, as well as the antioxidant activity, by DPPH and FRAP methods. TPC and TFC values of the stem's extracts are much higher than those of the seeds of the same grape variety in the same solvent. The antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic stem extracts is higher than that obtained for the seeds, showing that antioxidant activity is related to the content of polyphenols. The antimicrobial activity of different stem and seed extracts was determined against yeasts and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and the effect was determined based on the minimal inhibitory concentrations calculated (MIC). In general, the ethanol:water (1:1) extract of the seeds from the different varieties tested inhibited C. albicans ATCC10231 and C. krusei ATCC6258 growth even at 200 μg/mL, and the effect was fungicidal at 200 μg/mL. The same type of extract showed selective antimicrobial activity, inhibiting S. aureus ATCC29213 growth but having no effect against E. coli ATCC25922 even at 200 μg/mL. The effect against S. aureus was bactericidal (at 200 μg/mL) for Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional, and Viosinho. Taking all these results into account, it can be concluded that the by-products of the grape varieties tested are important sources of bioactive products, particularly as antioxidants and antimicrobials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: This work aims to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds with antiproliferative activity from goji berry (Lycium barbarum) and assess the extraction kinetic models. The extraction was performed by varying the proportion of ethanol/water solvent. RESULTS: The antioxidant activity determination tests indicated a significant difference for the proportion of 60:40 ethanol/water. Conditions for the highest levels of antioxidant activity were 45 °C and 6.71 min for ultrasound and 45 °C and 23.30 h for shaker. CONCLUSION: The quantification of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and anthocyanins showed that the ultrasound method led to the highest concentrations of these compounds. The extraction kinetics was evaluated, and the So and MacDonald's and second‐order models showed the best fit, with a global maximum deviation lower than 10.0%. High concentrations of extracts produced showed cytotoxic effects for human hepatoma cells by the MTT test. The extract produced by ultrasound reached a cell viability of 37.71%. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) constitute the main residue generated in the coffee-based food industry and exhibit potential use as sources of antioxidants. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of light and dark roasting on the properties of SCG and its use in muffin production. Phenolics, antioxidant activity, caffeine, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid were higher in SCG produced by light roasting; thus, this sample was selected for use as an ingredient in the production of muffins. The compromised acceptance threshold (CAT) and hedonic rejection threshold (HRT) of muffins added by SCG were evaluated for the first time for this food waste. SCG addition from 1.72% resulted in a CAT and a SCG addition from 85.82% in an HRT. The use of SCG in muffins is feasible; however, it is recommended that the maximum amount added is close to that corresponding to CAT to reduce the likelihood of product rejection.

Araucaria angustifolia characterizes mixed Ombrophilous Forests. This Paraná pine tree has been of great economic, cultural and social importance for southern Brazil. Its cutting is restricted, as it is threatened with extinction and the use of its seed has been encouraged. This study highlights scientific research on this conifer by bibliometric analysis and reviews trends in new research on its seed and some of its food applications. The Web of Science© database revealed 620 scientific articles and the bibliometric analysis through VOSviewer showed the worldwide interest in growing. The increase in research in the areas of silviculture, phytoscience and ecology reflects the concern with the preservation of "Matas das Araucárias". Concurrently, research in food science and technology has increased, as pine nut seed can produce starch-rich food flour with low glycemic response and source of dietary fiber and some minerals. Also, along with its husk, provide bioactive compounds with potential application in the special food, active/smart and reinforced packaging and even pharmacological industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has established two designations, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), to guarantee the authenticity of products with valued specificities associated with the regions where they are produced. The valorization of these products, particularly fruits, not only preserves their natural origins but also promotes the cultivalion of specific regional fruit varieties. This contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and the development of innovative bio-based products in the regions of production. In recent years, substantial efforts have been made to characterize PDO and PGI fruits, particularly in relation to the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Portugal, with its diverse range of climates and geographical characteristics, is home to numerous fruits with unique flavors, textures, and appearances, many of which are now recognized with PDO or PGI seals. This review compiles data from the production of Portuguese fruits with PDO designations, such as the 'Maça Bravo de Esmolfe' (apple) and 'Pera Rocha do Oeste' (pear), and PGI designations, such as 'Citrinos do Algarve' (citrus)and 'Cereja da Cova da Beira' (cherry), and summarizes studies focusing on the bioactive compounds present in these fruits. The presence of bioactive compounds is a significant aspect of nutritious food, associated with health benefits that consumers are increasingly aware of and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various honeys from French Guiana were collected and analyzed to investigate their volatile fraction composition and antioxidant activity. Volatile composition was assessed using HS-SPME/GC, GC-MS technique. Oxygenated monoterpenes like hotrienol (0.5–45.3%) were found as major molecules, followed by non terpenic compounds like phenylacetaldehyde (0.8–18.2%) or 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone (0.1–29.3%). Three chemical groups using statistical analysis were classified within investigated honey samples: norisoprenoids/shikimates, mevalonate and their combination. Total phenolics content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. TPC and anti-radical activity were compared with multifloral honeys from neighboring regions, indicating the possible presence of compounds from the polyphenol family. These results are promising for further biological studies involving honeys from French Guiana.

We investigated antifungal properties of two kraft-pulping liquors as potential environmentally friendly wood preservatives targeting in deterioration by white rot (WRF) and brown rot fungi (BRF). The in vitro antifungal activity of crude black liquor (BL) and the product from a hydrothermal gasification (BLWSupc) process were investigated. Both products showed high bioactivity, with BL completely inhibiting the activity of WRF and BRF; 80% was entirely suppressed at low BL concentrations (5–10% vol/vol). Using the BLWSupc at 2.55% wt/wt, we achieved the same inhibitory effect as BL (15% vol/vol) for the two fungi. These antifungal effects can be explained by the composition of liquors that act as antioxidants, promoting enzymatic inactivation and inhibiting the growth of WRF and BRF. BLWSupc exhibited radical quenching activity against DPPH of 43.9%, and the BL, a phenolic content about 20 times higher (23.635 mg/L) than BLWSupc (2.093 mg/L), suggesting that antifungal activity of BL and BLW is related to their chemical composition. An opportunity demonstrated by this study is the reuse of BLWSupc as a protective treatment within a sustainable chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study optimized the extraction process of yellow passion fruit seed waste, using dynamic maceration (DME) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods. Hydroethanolic solvent, time and temperature were studied. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by DPPH method and Fe (II) ion chelating ability. In terms of solvent optimization, experiments performed by DME, and ethanol: water with the ratio of 80:20 (v/v) indicated the best antioxidant responses. A central composite rotatable design was used to optimize the DME parameters (time and temperature). The experimental condition that provided the extract with the highest antioxidant potential was 41 min and /45 °C. The best condition for the UAE was 15 min and 45 °C. The results of antioxidant activity and yield obtained by UAE were superior to those of DME. The methods used for antioxidant activity estimation were ABTS+ radical scavenging, Fe (II) Ion Chelating Ability, DPPH free radical scavenging, phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Mass spectrometry was used to characterize the extracts. Fatty acids, were identified by the full scan method and phenolic acids, flavonoids and stilbenes by the multiple reaction monitoring method. The photoprotective activity of the optimized extracts was analyzed by determining the sun protection factor (SPF). The extracts obtained by DME and UAE had the SPF of 18.22 and 11.68, respectively, suggesting their incorporation in dermo-cosmetic formulations. The extract obtained by UAE demonstrated an antiproliferative effect on the SIHA cell line and cell division stimulating effect on the HuH7.5 cell line. The results showed that the extract from passion fruit seeds which are considered waste has high antioxidant potential and compounds of biological interest, which are necessary for further studies aiming at its pharmacological application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice cream is a widely consumed product in the world. Unfortunately, its standard presentation is very poor in nutraceuticals; fruits such as Mangifera indica and Myrciaria dubia have an important bioactive potential, which can be used to enrich this type of product in phytochemicals. However, maintaining the health and sensory aspects of a functional ice cream is still under investigation. The influence of Mangifera indica and Myrciaria dubia pulp on the bioactive and sensory properties of ice cream was studied. Four ice cream treatments were prepared with Mangifera indica (15% and 20%) and Myrciaria dubia (5% and 10%). Ascorbic acid content (reduction of 2,6 dichlorophenolindophenol), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu reaction) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH radical inhibition) were evaluated in addition to a sensory sorting test. The treatments with 10% Myrciaria dubia showed the highest ascorbic acid contents (83.46 and 71.27 mg/100g), total phenolic compounds (80.10 and 79.06 mgGAE/100g) and antioxidant capacity (61.0 and 64.05 mg ice/ml solvent) compared to the 5% treatment and the control; while the influence of Mangifera indica on these parameters was relatively minor. However, sensory evaluation showed that T3 (5% Myrciaria dubia; 20% Mangifera indica) were the most preferred, outperforming the control ice cream. It is evident that Myrciaria dubia stands out for its high ascorbic acid content, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the ice cream while Mangifera indica improves its sensory aspect, allowing an overall balance of sweet-acid taste pleasant to the consumer and maintaining its health properties.

Wild edible plant species can be a good source of biologically active compounds. Therefore, the aims of this research were to evaluate the antioxidant activity and quantify the phenolic compounds present in ethanolic (70% v/v) and aqueous extracts of Tinantia erecta, and to evaluate their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi. The total phenol and flavonoid content and the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts were assessed, and the phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC. The extracts (250 µg mL-1) from T. erecta were tested for antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora capsici, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Rhizoctonia solani. The plant organ with the highest concentration of antioxidant compounds was the leaf, and the most efficient solvent for the extraction of these compounds was 70% ethanol. The phenolic compounds found in high concentrations were phloridzin (97.5 mg g-1), naringenin (19.3 mg g-1), and rutin (14.8 mg g-1). The extract obtained from leaves with 70% ethanol inhibited mycelial growth by 84 to 100%, with F. oxysporum being the least sensitive and R. solani being the most sensitive to the effect of the extract. The maximum percentage inhibition of the aqueous extracts was 15.6% against P. capsici. Extracts from the endemic species T. erecta exhibited good antioxidant activity, primarily due to the presence of phenolic compounds, and showed a great potential to inhibit phytopathogenic microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has established two designations, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), to guarantee the authenticity of products with valued specificities associated with the regions where they are produced. The valorization of these products, particularly fruits, not only preserves their natural origins but also promotes the cultivalion of specific regional fruit varieties. This contributes to the preservation of biodiversity and the development of innovative bio-based products in the regions of production. In recent years, substantial efforts have been made to characterize PDO and PGI fruits, particularly in relation to the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Portugal, with its diverse range of climates and geographical characteristics, is home to numerous fruits with unique flavors, textures, and appearances, many of which are now recognized with PDO or PGI seals. This review compiles data from the production of Portuguese fruits with PDO designations, such as the ‘Maça Bravo de Esmolfe’ (apple) and ‘Pera Rocha do Oeste’ (pear), and PGI designations, such as ‘Citrinos do Algarve’ (citrus)and ‘Cereja da Cova da Beira’ (cherry), and summarizes studies focusing on the bioactive compounds present in these fruits. The presence of bioactive compounds is a significant aspect of nutritious food, associated with health benefits that consumers are increasingly aware of and value.

Crop biofortification is a recent strategy based on the production of plants rich in micronutrients for human consumption. The biofortification of plants with minerals is considered one of the least expensive and most efficient ways to improve the commercial and nutritional quality of horticultural products, in addition to improving crop yields. The objective of the research was to evaluate commercial and phytochemical quality, physiological parameters, and zinc concentration in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.) after foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPsZnO) produced under a hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out with six treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg.L-1 NPsZnO) of five replicates each, under a completely randomized design. Five applications every 15 days of each concentration of NPsZnO were made through the crop cycle. The results show no statistical differences in physiological parameters (height, number of leaves, leaf size, crown perimeter, fresh and dry weight), but that do show a slight tendency to increase on the treated lettuce mainly at concentrations of 20 and 25 mg.L-1. A positive correlation was found between the phytochemical variables (phenolics and total flavonols) and the concentration of NPsZnO. Even though there was not a clear correlation between NPsZnO concentration and the variables of commercial quality; Zn content in the plant tissue was improved, thereby obtaining a biofortified product for the final consumer.

Crop biofortification is a recent strategy based on the production of plants rich in micronutrients for human consumption. The biofortification of plants with minerals is considered one of the least expensive and most efficient ways to improve the commercial and nutritional quality of horticultural products, in addition to improving crop yields. The objective of the research was to evaluate commercial and phytochemical quality, physiological parameters, and zinc concentration in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.) after foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPsZnO) produced under a hydroponic system. The experiment was carried out with six treatments (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg.L -1 NPsZnO) of five replicates each, under a completely randomized design. Five applications every 15 days of each concentration of NPsZnO were made through the crop cycle. The results show no statistical differences in physiological parameters (height, number of leaves, leaf size, crown perimeter, fresh and dry weight), but that do show a slight tendency to increase on the treated lettuce mainly at concentrations of 20 and 25 mg.L -1. A positive correlation was found between the phytochemical variables (phenolics and total flavonols) and the concentration of NPsZnO. Even though there was not a clear correlation between NPsZnO concentration and the variables of commercial quality; Zn content in the plant tissue was improved, thereby obtaining a biofortified product for the final consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a fermented beverage, usually made from green tea and/or black tea, obtained through the symbiotic growth of yeasts and bacteria with beneficial effects to health. This preliminary study developed and evaluated the protective effect of blueberry fermented and unfermented Kombucha beverages after induction of gastric ulcer in mice. We performed a physicochemical characterization of the beverages and after 15 days of intervention with the beverages, the Swiss mice were euthanized and biochemical analysis, lipid peroxidation and advanced oxidation protein products determination, and evaluation of gastrointestinal wound were performed. The results were evaluated after checking normality, by parametric or nonparametric tests, at 5% probability. The use of blueberry as an alternative substrate for fermentation of kombucha beverage was favorable in relation to the physico-chemical aspects, due to the increased phenolic compounds, tannins and anthocyanins contents in the fermented beverage. However, the fermentation caused smaller antioxidant activity when compared to the unfermented beverage. In relation to the gastroprotective effect of the fermented kombucha beverage, the biochemical parameters remained at normal levels, however, some animals showed gastric lesions in an expressive area. Further studies are needed to better understand the antioxidant potential of the blueberry fermented kombucha beverage and its gastroprotective effects.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable cultivated worldwide because of its large succulent hypocotyls. The priming method initiates metabolic processes at early stages and regulates the metabolic events in seed necessary for germination. This research was conducted to examine the influence of various priming treatments on physiological performance (germination, growth, lipid peroxidation, primary and secondary metabolism) and antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. On the basis of germination and growth characteristics, vigor index, and relative water content in leaves, it was confirmed that priming treatments with 0.01% ascorbic acid (AA) and 1% KNO3 improves the initial stages of radish development. Furthermore, the efficiency of AA as a priming agent was confirmed through the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared to unprimed seedlings. On the other hand, hormopriming with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble leaf proteins compared to non-primed seedlings. The highest content of total phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, were obtained after hormopriming with 1 mM IAA and halopriming with 1% MgSO4. On the basis of the percentage of inhibition of DPPH radicals, it was confirmed that treatments with IAA and AA can improve the antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. This study provides useful information regarding the possibilities of pregerminative metabolic modulation through the seed priming for the biochemical and physiological improvement of radish, and this topic should be further investigated in order to determine the potential use of AA and IAA as suitable priming agents in radish commercial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide and has recognized nutritional properties. Besides being consumed fresh, it is the raw material for several food products, whose production chain generates a considerable amount of by-products that currently have an underestimated use. These by-products are a rich source of chemical compounds with several potential applications. Therefore, new ambitious platforms focused on reusing are needed, targeting a process chain that achieves well-defined products and mitigates waste generation. This review covers an essential part of the apple by-products reuse chain. The apple composition regarding phenolic compounds subclasses is addressed and related to biological activities. The extraction processes to recover apple biocompounds have been revised, and an up-to-date overview of the scientific literature on conventional and emerging extraction techniques adopted over the past decade is reported. Finally, gaps and future trends related to the management of apple by-products are critically presented.

The total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanin content and antioxidant properties of ten commercially wines based on different grape cultivar from Baja California, Mexico were analyzed. The results showed that the content of phenolic compounds of Vitis vinifera cv. Petit Verdot and Petit Syrah wines had the most highest values of total phenolic content (1188.26 and 1148.13 mg GAE/L, respectively), with respect the another wines. However, wines elaborated with three different cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon/Petit Verdot/Merlot), and wine from cultivar Petit Verdot presented the highest total flavonoids content (161.06 mg QE/L and 182.64 mg QE/L, respectively) and total anthocyanin content (286.38 mg ME/L and 2548.56 mg ME/L, respectively). In contrast only wine from three grape cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon/Petit Verdot/Merlot), and wine from cultivar Gamay, exhibits the highest antioxidant activity among tested wines. Finally, these results suggest that wine elaborated with different cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon/Petit Verdot/Merlot), is more beneficial to health than others red wines in terms of its higher antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin content and total flavonoid content

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable cultivated worldwide because of its large succulent hypocotyls. The priming method initiates metabolic processes at early stages and regulates the metabolic events in seed necessary for germination. This research was conducted to examine the influence of various priming treatments on physiological performance (germination, growth, lipid peroxidation, primary and secondary metabolism) and antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. On the basis of germination and growth characteristics, vigor index, and relative water content in leaves, it was confirmed that priming treatments with 0.01% ascorbic acid (AA) and 1% KNO3 improves the initial stages of radish development. Furthermore, the efficiency of AA as a priming agent was confirmed through the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared to unprimed seedlings. On the other hand, hormopriming with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble leaf proteins compared to non-primed seedlings. The highest content of total phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, were obtained after hormopriming with 1 mM IAA and halopriming with 1% MgSO4. On the basis of the percentage of inhibition of DPPH radicals, it was confirmed that treatments with IAA and AA can improve the antioxidant activity of radish seedlings. This study provides useful information regarding the possibilities of pregerminative metabolic modulation through the seed priming for the biochemical and physiological improvement of radish, and this topic should be further investigated in order to determine the potential use of AA and IAA as suitable priming agents in radish commercial production.

Stryphnodendron adstringens is a typical tree from Brazilian Savanah used in medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent. It is secondary metabolites has biological activities, so the development of efficient extraction methods is essential. Microwave irradiation through assisted extraction is innovative and highly efficient for bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to optimize an extractive method for phenolics compounds, as tannins, from the stem bark of "barbatimão" by microwave irradiation using a statistical planning and to evaluate its consistency with conventional extraction. Microwave irradiation extraction, 16.36–22.12% of phenols and 15.91–18.69% of tannins, has a better yield when compared to conventional extraction, 14.99% of phenols and 16.70% of tannins. The method by microwave irradiation is consistent with the conventional one. However, extraction by microwave irradiation had a reduction in reaction time, reagent volume, samples amount and energy consumption when compared to conventional extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Corryocactus brevistylus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) is a shrubby or often arborescent cactus popularly known as “sancayo” and produce an edible fruit known as “Sanky” which is consumed in Arequipa-Perú. The purpose of this study was to report the gastroprotective activity and relate this activity to the antioxidant capacity and presence of phenolic compounds for the first time. A metabolomic profiling based on Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography and electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), ascorbic acid content, total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and the mode of gastroprotective action of the Sanky fruit including the involvement of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and sulfhydryl compounds is reported. Thirty-eight compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract including 12 organic acids, nine hydroxycinnamic acids, three isoamericanol derivatives, six flavonoids, five fatty acids, and two sterols. The results of the biological tests showed that the ethanolic extract had antioxidant capacity and gastroprotective activity on the model of HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions in mice (at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The effect elicited by the extract at 50 mg/kg was reversed by indometacin and N-ethylmaleimide but not by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suggesting that sulfhydryl groups and prostaglandins are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. In conclusion, our study proves that C. brevistylus pears have some gastroprotective and antioxidant capacities and consumption is recommended for the presence of several bioactive compounds.

To evaluate the bio-availability of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.), raspberry dried fruits (RDF) and seeds (RDS) were subjected to in vitro simulated digestion. In total, 2158.6 mg and 1904.7 mg GAE/100 g DM of phenolics could be released from RDF and RDS, respectively, after four in vitro digestion stages, including oral, gastric, small-intestine and large-intestine digestion. The phenolics were mostly released in the gastric digestion stage for RDF and in the small-intestine digestion stage for RDS. The results include an analysis of ten major phenolic compounds, which showed that ellagic acid pentoside was the major compound released from RDF and RDS during gastric digestion, whereas ellagic acid was the primary compound released in small-intestine digestion. A significantly positive correlation existed between the observed bio-activities and the total phenolics/flavonoids released. Consequently, both raspberry fruits and seeds can be considered as raw materials of functional food enriched in natural antioxidants.

This study performed non-destructive measurements of phenolic compounds in moringa powder using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy within a spectral range of 3500–700 cm−1. Three major phenolic compounds, namely, kaempferol, benzoic acid, and rutin, were measured in five different varieties of moringa powder, which was approved with respect to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The prediction performance of three different regression methods, i.e., partial least squares regression (PLSR), principal component regression (PCR), and net analyte signal (NAS)-based methodology, called hybrid linear analysis (HLA/GO), were compared to achieve the best prediction model. The obtained results for the PLS regression method resulted in better performance for the prediction analysis of phenolic compounds in moringa powder. The PLSR model attained a correlation coefficient (Rp2) value of 0.997 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.035 mg/g, respectively, which is comparatively higher than the other two regression models. Based on the results, it can be concluded that FT-IR spectroscopy in conjugation with a suitable regression analysis method could be an effective analytical tool for the non-destructive prediction of phenolic compounds in moringa powder.

In the last twenty years, horticulture has focused on producing high-quality food while improving resource use efficiency. The application of nutritional stress is an effective tool to increase the phytochemical content of vegetables while reducing environmental footprint. Microgreens represent an emerging functional food characterized overall by higher levels of phytonutrients than their mature counterparts. The current study examined the effect of using nutrient solution or only distilled water on the nutraceutical performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) microgreens grown in a peat-based substrate. Our results showed that lettuce microgreens can be effectively grown using only substrate nutrients, incurring a 27% decrease in fresh yield, but a significant increase in total ascorbic acid (+187%), anthocyanins (+35%), and total phenolic acids content (+26%). Of utmost interest, is the near absence of nitrates in water-treated microgreens, which renders this category of fresh vegetables ideal for the production of food dedicated to consumers highly sensitive to nitrates, such as infants. Growing microgreens without providing additional nutrients to those found in a typical peat-based substrate is an important potentiality that adds value to this new class of vegetables and also renders them particularly suitable for home cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corryocactus brevistylus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose (Cactaceae) is a shrubby or often arborescent cactus popularly known as "sancayo" and produce an edible fruit known as "Sanky" which is consumed in Arequipa-Perú. The purpose of this study was to report the gastroprotective activity and relate this activity to the antioxidant capacity and presence of phenolic compounds for the first time. A metabolomic profiling based on Ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography and electrospray high resolution mass spectrometry, and the antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), ascorbic acid content, total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and the mode of gastroprotective action of the Sanky fruit including the involvement of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and sulfhydryl compounds is reported. Thirty-eight compounds were detected in the ethanolic extract including 12 organic acids, nine hydroxycinnamic acids, three isoamericanol derivatives, six flavonoids, five fatty acids, and two sterols. The results of the biological tests showed that the ethanolic extract had antioxidant capacity and gastroprotective activity on the model of HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions in mice (at 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). The effect elicited by the extract at 50 mg/kg was reversed by indometacin and N -ethylmaleimide but not by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suggesting that sulfhydryl groups and prostaglandins are involved in the mode of gastroprotective action. In conclusion, our study proves that C. brevistylus pears have some gastroprotective and antioxidant capacities and consumption is recommended for the presence of several bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastlines of Morocco have an abundant resource of diverse seaweeds but the bioactivity of many of these seaweeds is still unexplored. The aim of this study was to contribute to the evaluation of the antioxidant potential, using different in vitro systems and searching some fingerprints of phenolic constituents based on LC-MS/MS method of five seaweeds species obtained from Moroccan Atlantic Ocean: Bifurcaria bifurcata, Cystoseira humilis, Cystoseira stricta, Fucus spiralis and Gelidium sesquipedale. The total phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity, anticholinesterase, tyrosinase inhibitory, urease inhibitory activities and the organic compounds were determined. The results showed that Fucus spiralis possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents compared to the others. In addition, Fucus spiralis (IC 50 : 13.25 ± 0.9 µg/mL) and Cystoseira stricta (IC 50 : 13.58 ± 1.2 µg/mL) exhibited higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The highest1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC 50 : 47.23 ± 3.8 µg/mL), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) dia-mmonium salt (ABTS) (IC 50 : 5.95 ± 0.6 µg/mL), and Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) (55.24 ± 0.04 µg trolox equivalents/mg) activity was measured in Fucus spiralis. Regarding metal chelating activity, Bifurcaria bifurcata was the best (IC 50 : 45.22 ± 0.9 µg/mL) compared to the others. The highest acetylcholinesterase (IC 50 : 28.92 ± 1.8 µg/mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC 50 : 11.72 ± 2.8 µg/mL), tyrosinase (IC 50 : 6.19 ± 0.4 µg/mL) and urease (IC 50 : 10.96 ± 1.3 µg/mL) inhibitory activities was found in Fucus spiralis. According to LC-MS/MS results, quinic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 4-OH-benzoic acid, hesperidin, were detected in ethanol extracts of the five Moroccan seaweeds. This study demonstrated that seaweeds, particularly Fucus spiralis and Cystoseira stricta could be a promising source of antioxidants and phytochemicals which can be used in cosmetics, pharmaceutical and as nutritional food supplement in food industries to deleterious free radical induced stress, disorder and diseases. Image, graphical abstract • LC-MS/MS analyses of five Moroccan seaweeds were performed along with bioactivities. • Urease and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were tested for the first time. • Cystoseira stricta and Fucus spirali s exhibited good antioxidant activity in all tests. • Cystoseira stricta and Fucus spiralis possessed good inhibitory activity against all enzymes. • Hesperidin, malic and quinic acids were identified by LC-MS/MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Se (Selenium) treatment on nutritional quality in radish sprouts. The results showed that 15 µM sodium selenite significantly increased phenolics compounds, flavonoids compounds, anthocyanins, and some essential amino acid content, while improving the total antioxidant capacity of radish sprouts. Besides, the Se‐enriched radish sprouts significantly alleviated the liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice and improved the antioxidant capacity of the liver in mice, whereas the Se‐enriched radish sprouts alleviated the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis caused by CCl4. These results imply that Se‐enriched radish sprouts have a positive impact on mice with CCl4‐induced liver injury, and that in future Se‐enriched radish sprouts could be developed into an effective food and health care product for the liver injury prevention. Practical Application: Because selenium is an essential trace element in the human body, selenium‐enriched sprouts can help eliminate free radicals in the body, relieve aging, and selenium‐deficient diseases. They are easy to grow and have low costs. Hence, selenium‐enriched sprouts have a great potential of being widely consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination of grains is a bioprocess of emerging interest to improve nutritional and nutraceutical profile of cereals in a natural way. The aim of this work was to identify optimal germination conditions (temperature/duration) for producing a functional blue maize flour with maximum values of protein content (PC), antioxidant activity (AoxA), and total phenolic and anthocyanin contents (TPC, TAC). A central composite rotatable experimental design (response surface methodology) with two factors [Germination temperature (Gtemp, 20-40 °C) / Germination duration (Gdur, 12-220 h)] in five levels was used (13 treatments). Blue maize seeds were soaked in distilled water (25 °C / 12 h) before germination. The sprouts were dried, tempered (25 °C), and ground to obtain germinated blue maize flours (GBMF). The prediction models developed for each response variable showed high coefficients of determination, demonstrating their adequacy to explain the variations in experimental data. Maximum values of PC, AoxA, TPC, and TAC were attained at Gtemp = 26.9 °C / Gdur = 207.7 h. Optimized germinated blue maize flour (OGBMF) presented higher PC (+38.48%), AoxA (ABTS: +192%, ORAC: +160%, DPPH: +148%), TPC (+79%), and TAC (+9.9%) than unprocessed blue maize flour (UBMF). Germination at optimal conditions is an effective strategy to increase the nutritional/nutraceutical quality of blue maize seeds, thus the flour of these germinated seeds could be used for the development of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stratiotes aloides L. is common water plant in central Poland. Due to its expansive character, S. aloides L. can strongly affect the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. S. aloides L. was an important famine plant in central Poland. This plant was commonly collected and cooked until the turn of the 20th century. It has also been used to heal wounds, especially when these are made by an iron implement. The objective of the present work was to study the phenolic profile in the leaves and roots of S. aloides as well as their antioxidant potential and ability to inhibit lipoxygenase (LOX) in the light of their potential bioaccessibility. The dominant compound in its leaves was luteolin-7-O-hexoside-glucuronide (5.84 mg/g DW), whereas the dominant root component was chrysoeriol-7-O-hexoside-glucuronide (0.83 mg/g DW). Infusions from leaves, roots, and their 1:1 (v/v) mixture contained potentially bioaccessible antiradical compounds. S. aloides is a good source of water-extractable reductive compounds. Especially valuable are the leaves of this plant. The roots of S. aloides contained very active hydrophilic compounds able to chelate metal ions. However, their potential bioaccessibility was relatively low. The hydrophilic compounds from the leaves were the most effective XO inhibitors (EC50 = 9.91 mg DW/mL). The water-extractable compounds derived from the leaves and roots acted as uncompetitive LOX inhibitors.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar el contenido de polifenoles totales, firmeza, dulzor y aceptabilidad general de caramelos de goma desarrollado con extracto de jengibre y seis proporciones de sacarosa, miel de abeja y glucosa. Para estudiar el efecto de las proporciones se utilizó el Diseño de Mezclas Simplex Lattice. El diseño fue repetido para cuatro niveles de extracto de jengibre: 25%, 41.7%, 58.3% y 75%. Los modelos cuadráticos fueron los que mejor describieron el comportamiento de cada variable estudiada (R2 > 0.95), con los cuales se pudo determinar que las concentraciones de sacarosa, miel y glucosa que optimizan el contenido de polifenoles y aceptabilidad sensorial fueron 27.5%, 27.5% y 10%, respectivamente, con extracto de jengibre al 41.7%.

To evaluate the bio-availability of raspberries ( Rubus idaeus L.), raspberry dried fruits (RDF) and seeds (RDS) were subjected to in vitro simulated digestion. In total, 2158.6 mg and 1904.7 mg GAE/100 g DM of phenolics could be released from RDF and RDS, respectively, after four in vitro digestion stages, including oral, gastric, small-intestine and large-intestine digestion. The phenolics were mostly released in the gastric digestion stage for RDF and in the small-intestine digestion stage for RDS. The results include an analysis of ten major phenolic compounds, which showed that ellagic acid pentoside was the major compound released from RDF and RDS during gastric digestion, whereas ellagic acid was the primary compound released in small-intestine digestion. A significantly positive correlation existed between the observed bio-activities and the total phenolics/flavonoids released. Consequently, both raspberry fruits and seeds can be considered as raw materials of functional food enriched in natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolics in food and fruit tree leaves exist in free, soluble-conjugate, and insoluble-bound forms. In this study, in order to enhance the bioavailability of insoluble-bound phenolics from guava leaves (GL), the ability of enzyme-assisted extraction in improving the release of insoluble-bound phenolics was investigated. Compared to untreated GL, single xylanase-assisted extraction did not change the composition and yield of soluble phenolics, whereas single cellulase or b-glucosidaseassisted extraction significantly enhanced the soluble phenolics content of PGL. However, complex enzyme-assisted extraction (CEAE) greatly improved the soluble phenolics content, flavonoids content, ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP by 103.2%, 81.6%, 104.4%, 126.5%, and 90.3%, respectively. Interestingly, after CEAE, a major proportion of phenolics existed in the soluble form, and rarely in the insoluble-bound form. Especially, the contents of quercetin and kaempferol with higher bio-activity were enhanced by 3.5- and 2.2-fold, respectively. More importantly, total soluble phenolics extracts of GL following CEAE exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and protective effect against supercoiled DNA damage. This enzyme-assisted extraction technology can be useful for extracting biochemical components from plant matrix, and has good potential for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Callus from Opuntia streptacantha (cv. Tuna loca), Opuntia megacantha (cv. Rubí reina), and Opuntia ficus-indica (cv. Rojo vigor) were exposed to jasmonic acid (JA) and abiotic stress (drought and UV light) to improve the metabolite production. The callus growth curves, phenolic acids and flavonoids content, antioxidant activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity were analyzed under normal and stress conditions. In O. streptacantha callus, the phenolics concentration increased 1.6 to 3 times times in presence of 5% PEG or after irradiation with UV light for 240 min, respectively, while flavonoids triplicate with UV light. A significant increase in antioxidant activity was observed in calli from the three Opuntia species in media with 50 µM JA. The relationships between metabolites/PAL activity, and metabolites/antioxidant activity were analyzed using a surface response methodology. Results showed that PAL activity, induced with PEG and UV, correlated with flavonoids content in O. megacantha and O. ficus-indica calli; PAL activity was related to both flavonoids and phenolics compounds in O. ficus-indica and O. megacantha calli exposed to JA, but only to flavonoids in O. streptacantha callus. In general, the JA stimulated simultaneously the metabolic pathways for phenolics and flavonoids synthesis, while abiotic stress induced mainly flavonoids route. As the stressed Opuntia calli exhibited as high antioxidant activity as cladodes, they are a promising system for research on antioxidant biosynthesis and/or to identify new compounds with antioxidant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various honeys from French Guiana were collected and analyzed to investigate their volatile fraction composition and antioxidant activity. Volatile composition was assessed using HS-SPME/GC, GC-MS technique. Oxygenated monoterpenes like hotrienol (0.5-45.3%) were found as major molecules, followed by non terpenic compounds like phenylacetaldehyde (0.8-18.2%) or 3-hydroxy-4-phenyl-2-butanone (0.1-29.3%). Three chemical groups using statistical analysis were classified within investigated honey samples: norisoprenoids/shikimates, mevalonate and their combination. Total phenolics content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. TPC and anti-radical activity were compared with multifloral honeys from neighboring regions, indicating the possible presence of compounds from the polyphenol family. These results are promising for further biological studies involving honeys from French Guiana., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar o teor de compostos funcionais presentes em bulbilhos de alho das cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Peruano', originárias do Brasil, e da cultivar 'Jinxiang', proveniente da China, durante o armazenamento pós-colheita até sessenta dias. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x5 (três cultivares de alho x 5 períodos de armazenagem), com três repetições, sendo a unidade experimental composta por 10 bulbos de alho. Os bulbos foram armazenados à temperatura de 22±1°C e umidade relativa de 70±2% e analisados quinzenalmente para teores de alicina, compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante pelo sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléio. De maneira geral, verificou-se que as propriedades funcionais das cultivares de alho estudadas foram alteradas durante o armazenamento. O perfil dos teores de alicina não foi alterado no período de armazenamento para a cultivar 'Caçador'. Entretanto, o perfil foi de degradação do bioativo aos 45 e 15 dias de armazenamento para as cultivares 'Peruano' e 'Jinxiang', respectivamente. O potencial antioxidante, medido pelo sistema -caroteno/ácido linoléico para as cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Jinxiang', foi superior em relação à cultivar 'Peruano', no início da avaliação. O perfil para todas as cultivares foi de redução do potencial, sendo que, a partir dos 30 dias de avaliação, deixou-se de observar essas diferenças. Quanto ao conteúdo de compostos fenólicos totais, observaram-se maiores teores para a cultivar 'Jinxiang' em relação às cultivares 'Caçador' e 'Peruano' no início da avaliação. Todas as cultivares apresentaram aumento significativo a partir dos 15 dias de avaliação. Portanto, as cultivares de alho avaliadas possuem atividade antioxidante, proveniente dos compostos organossulfurados e compostos fenólicos, a qual foi alterada com o armazenamento refrigerado.The objective of the present research was to determine the content of functional compounds in garlic cloves of two Brazilian cultivars ('Caçador' and 'Peruano') one Chinese cultivar ('Jinxiang'), during the postharvest storage up to 60 days. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 3x5 (3 cultivars; 5 samplings times) with 3 replicates. Experimental unit was comprised by 10 garlic bulbs. Garlic bulbs were stored at 22±1°C and 70±2% RH and analyzed, every 15 days for allicin, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using the -carotene/linoleic acid method. In general, it was observed that functional compounds were altered in the garlic cultivars studied. The profile of the levels of allicin was not changed during the period of storage for the variety 'Caçador'. However, the profile was of bioactive degradation at 45 and 15 days of storage for 'Peruano' and 'Jinxiang' cultivars, respectively. The antioxidant potential measured by the system ?-carotene/ linoleic acid for cultivars 'Caçador' and 'Jinxiang' were higher than the 'Peruano' cultivar, at the beginning of the evaluation. The profile for all cultivars was of reduction of potential, and after 30 days these differences were no observed. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds it was observed that 'Jinxiang' showed higher levels than in the cultivars 'Peruano' and 'Caçador', at the beginning of the evaluation. All cultivars showed a significant increase from 15 days evaluation. Therefore, the garlic cultivars evaluated had antioxidant activity of compounds derived from organosulfur and phenolic compounds, which was modified with storage under refrigeration.

Honey variety is commonly defined by beekeepers based on nectar flow availability and the only laboratory method to provide verification is the melissopalynological analysis. Therefore, a quick and simple method for accurate assessment of honey variety is still being researched. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of honey as an indicator of variety through the use of multivariate statistical analysis. Materials for the study consisted of 90 samples of varietal Polish honeys (rape-12, tilia-10, goldenrod-11, dandelion-5, buckwheat-6, multifloral-17, nectar-honeydew-8 and coniferous honeydew-16 and leafy honeydew-5) obtained directly from apiaries. Honeys were investigated in aspect of antioxidant capacity by photochemiluminescence (PCL) methods using standard ACW and ACL kits. As the reference FRAP and DPPH methods were used. The total phenolics content (TPC) was determined through the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The strongest antioxidant activity was found for buckwheat, while the weakest was found for rape honeys regardless of the used method. Results of the used methods were positively correlated (r = 0.42 to 0.94). Analysis conducted by PCL method confirmed that the minor fraction of honey antioxidants exhibits hydrophobic properties. Clear separation of honey varieties using PCA and Clustering method indicate that antioxidant activity can be a useful parameter for determining the botanical origin of honey.

Background: Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (Fabaceae) is a tree which is native to Brazil, widely known as "Jucá," where its herbal derivatives are used in folk medicine with several therapeutic properties. The constituents, which have already been described in the fruit, are mainly hydrolysable tannins (gallic acid [GA] and ellagic acid [EA]). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the phenolic variability in the fruit of L. ferrea by ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) and chromatographic methods (high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]/high-performance thin layer chromatography [HPTLC]). Materials and Methods: Several samples were collected from different regions of Brazil and the qualitative (fingerprints by HPTLC and HPLC) and quantitative analysis (UV/VIS and HPLC) of polyphenols were performed. Results: The HPTLC and HPLC profiles allowed separation and identification of both major analytical markers: EA and GA. The chemical profiles were similar in a number of spots or peaks for the samples, but some differences could be observed in the intensity or area of the analytical markers for HPTLC or HPLC, respectively. Regarding the quantitative analysis, the polyphenolic content by UV/VIS ranged from 13.99 to 37.86 g% expressed as GA or from 10.75 to 29.09 g% expressed as EA. The contents of EA and GA by liquid chromatography-reversed phase (LC-RP) method ranged from 0.57 to 2.68 g% and from 0.54 to 3.23 g%, respectively. Conclusion: The chemical profiles obtained by HPTLC or HPLC, as well as the quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry or LC-RP method, were suitable for discrimination of each herbal sample and can be used as tools for the comparative analysis of the fruits from L. ferrea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]