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Background/Aim. Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is the most common ligament injury that requires operative treatment. So far, multiple ACL reconstruction (ACLR) techniques using a variety of graft types and implants that fixate the grafts have been described. The aim of the study was to compare two different ACLR techniques using two implant types for suspensory graft fixation in the femoral tunnel. Methods. This randomized-prospective study encompassed 60 patients/subjects who underwent ACLR in the period between January 2015 and December 2017 at the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Military Hospital “Dr Vladan Djordjević” Niš. The ACLR in all patients included in the study was per-formed using a quadruple semitendinosus-gracilis (STG) graft with two types of suspensory fixation on the lateral femoral cortex, whereas the graft fixation in the tibial tunnel was performed using an osteoconductive bioresorbable screw. The post-operative knee stability was assessed 24 months after surgery using the Lachman test and the lateral pivot shift test, as well as the KT-1000 arthrometer test. Results. In patients whose graft was fixated using a fixed-length loop implant, the mean post-surgery knee stability, measured with the KT-1000, was 1.167 ± 0.780; in patients whose graft was fixated using an adjustable-length loop implant, the mean value of the KT-1000 was 1.100 ± 0.894 (p = 0.605). The mean post-surgery International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score for the fixed-length loop group was 84.887 ± 9.0207, while for the adjustable-length loop the score was 88.327 ± 7.302. The mean Lysholm score was 93.50 ± 6.872 for the fixed-length loop group of patients and 94.00 ± 5.527 for the adjustable-length loop group of patients. Conclusion. Both types of implants can be used with success during ACLR, because the functional results of operative treatment using both implants were identical after surgery.

The strategy of conservation of endangered sheep populations implies morphological and genetic characterization, as basic preconditions for their conservation. The aim of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics, their correlations and the index of physical development of Pirot pramenka, which has the status of the most endangered population in Serbia. The measuring was performed on 30 sheep, aged 3 years, reared in the area of Stara Planina. The descriptive statistical procedure was performed using the statistical package Statistica (version 8). The average height at the withers was 56.31 cm, body length 62.93 cm, chest width 18.37 cm, chest depth 25.96 cm, chest circumference 77.59 cm, shin circumference 6.70 cm. The strongest and significantly positive correlation (P

DNA analysis can have great practical application in the management and successful operation of the farm. The application of DNA technology is becoming a tremendous challenge for farm breeding of domestic animals. In recent years, traditional selection methods have been supplement by the results of molecular analysis of the genome. Determining the genetic distance of sheep and goat breeds had practical and multiple significance. Microsatellites are used widely in the selection, and genomic selection is becoming an increasing challenge for breeders. The development of SNP chips brings an immense advanced for rapid and comprehensive analysis of the genome, which is of great importance for the successful selection and Genomic selection in sheep concentrated on all aspects of genetic and production directions. However, it should be noted that genomic selections in sheep breeding, and especially in goat breeding, take place at a slower pace compared to cattle breeding.

Background/Aim. Ultrasonography is a cheap, easily available and convenient method for diagnosis. The aims of this study were: to determine the utility of ultrasonography for preoperative identification and localization of enlarged parathyroid glands (PTG) in patients with different forms of hyperparathyroidism (HPT); to examine the frequency of PTG detection in patients previously non-suspected for HPT but having symptoms relevant to the disease; to determine sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of ultrasonography for identification of PTG in HPT and to compare obtained results with those obtained by scintigraphy. Methods. This investigation was designed as a retrospective–prospective study. The total number of patients undergoing ultrasonography prior to surgery was 179 and the number of those subjected to scintigraphy, mostly by the 201Tl/99mTc method, was 112. The patients (52 male, 128 female) were divided into the following four groups: group A – patients with primary (p)HPT (n = 78); group B – patients with secondary (s)HPT (n = 47); group C – patients with tertiary (t)HPT (n = 13); group D – patients with unrecognized (u)HPT, but with anamnestic data implying the disease (n = 42). High resolution ultrasonography was performed by a single experienced observer. Diagnosis of HPT was based on characteristic clinical and biochemical parameters. Final proof of HPT diagnosis was surgery followed by histopathological examination. Results. Ultrasonography detected enlarged PTG in 93.85% of total patients, whereas scintigraphy uncovered 75.89% of positive cases (p < 0.05). The total number of positive PTG detected by ultrasonography was 211 vs 225 detected by surgery (sensitivity – 95.9%; PPV – 99.4%). Histopathology confirmed the predominance of adenoma in the A and D groups in comparison with the B group of patients having PTG hyperplasia. The group C was characterized by the presence of adenomas in hyperplastic PTG. The mean size of PTG measured by ultrasonography was 17.59 ± 8.0 mm (n = 164) vs 18.36 ± 8.54 mm (n = 179) measured after surgery. Ultrasonography proved itself as an accurate technique in all HPT groups, regarding its high sensitivity (range 93.6–100%) and PPV (95.6–100%). In contrast, scintigraphy was shown to be less reliable, especially in the sPTH group (sensitivity: 51.7%; PPV: 78.4%). Conclusion. Ultrasonography is more sensitive and accurate method for pre-operative localization of PTG in comparison with 201Tl/99mTc scintigraphy. It can be also efficiently used for detection of PTG and diagnosis of HPT in patients previously not suspected for this disease.

Quantitative genetic analysis of variability and relationship of lambs body weight traits in indigenous pirot sheep population are done. The the examined lambs had high variability which very suitable for selection on a larger weight. There is a high and very significant correlation between the body weight of lambs with 30 and 60 days (.969 **) and the weight with 30 and 90 days ( .914 **). There is also a highly significant correlation between the weights of lambs with 60 and 90 days of age (.904 **). From our research, we can see that the first month of the lamb's life is very important for the further development of the body. There is different level of correlation between weight of lambs. This gives us an idea to say that many paragenetic factors are crucial for the growth of lambs from birth to weaning. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) is 0.845 which means that 8.45% of the lamb's body weight variance at 90 days is determined by the variance of the set of predictor variables (PI-60, 30, 1). Each increase in lamb body weight during the observed periods of age is associated with an increase in the score of depending variable PI90. In particular, any increase in lamb body weight at birth by 1 kg is associated with an increase in lamb body weight from 90 days by 0.238 kg.

Records of female lambs and their parents of the Mis sheep breed have used. All animals are approximately have weaned at 90 days of age. Descriptive statistics, paired sample test, paired differences, measures of association, correlations and regression of body weights between female lambs and their parents have done. A complementary least body weights at 30 days and weaning between dams and lambs but utmost weight at 30 days, the lambs were higher while at weaning, the dams had higher weight. It can observe that the averages on body weights the rams were the highest, followed by lambs and the lowest the dams' body weights. The coefficient of determination of R2 varies from low to high, indicating that the lamb's body weight has more influenced by other factors that we have not considered.There were significant correlations between lamb body weight at birth and sire/dam body weight at birth. The results showed highly significant correlations of lamb's body weight at 30 days with dams but with sires, positive and very low. There had positive but no significant correlation between lamb body weight at weaning and sire body weight at weaning. Lamb body weight at weaning and dam body weight at weaning are highly correlated.

In addition to nutritional value, a very important criterion for the selection of meat, for the modern consumer is the health aspect, i.e. the content of fat and the profile of fatty acids in meat. The content of fat and fatty acids, among other things, is conditioned by the feeding system and the rearing method. Lambs fed on pasture have a lower share of fat in the carcass than animals fed with a concentrated mixture, in a closed system. The recommended value for the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids is up to 0.45, and below 4.0 for the n-6 and n-3 fatty acids ratio. Taking into account that the influence of lamb nutrition on these relationships is significant, modelling of fatty acid composition should be directed to the lamb nutrition system which leads to a decrease in the content of saturated and an increase in the concentration of polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids in meat. A feeding strategy involving a grazing feeding system of lambs results in a higher content of n-3 PUFA, CLA and a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio of fatty acids, while the lamb meat originating from animals fed concentrated diets has a higher proportion of n-6 PUFA and a higher n-6 ratio/n-3 fatty acids, which exceeds the recommended value of 4.0. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is of great importance since it has an anticancer, antidiabetic effect as well as an effect on the immune system, suggesting a direction for future research on lamb meat.

The political system of the United States of America has derived from a variant (faction) of Protestant Christianity, Congregationalism or Puritanism, which emphasizes the importance of the Old Testament Judaism and the doctrine of predestination (pre-determination). As such, Puritanism played an essential role in the emergence of the American type of democracy and the cruel colonization of the present-day territory of the United States. The first English colonists of the present-day United States territories were the Puritans. In line with their precept of Christianity, the Puritans considered themselves to be "the chosen people of God," perceiving the state, church and economics as institutions based on the covenant between the members of the specific nation. By contrast, the non-Christian Native American Indians were considered to be "the devil's children," whom God had doomed to failure. The act of dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as the engagement in the Cold War with the Soviet Union, are the expression of such religious and moral perceptions. Yet, Puritanism still features a strong trait of Christian Love embodied in the New Testament. This trait came to the fore in the Marshall Plan, the American recovery program aimed at reviving European economies after the Second World War. Similarly, in the early years of Tito's regime, when the Serbian agricultural production was almost completely extinguished in 1946 by introducing "peasant co-operatives" and forced purchase of grain products, which put Serbian children at risk of dying from famine, the American President Truman saved Serbia from famine by delivering food, money and medicines.

Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is highly prevalent in dialysis (HD) patients, and its mechanism is multifactorial. Most likely that systemic or local inhibitory factor is overwhelmed by promoters of VC in these patients. VC increased arterial stiffness, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the association of VC and myocardial remodeling and to analyze their relationship with VC promoters (fibroblast growth factor 23-FGF23, Klotho, intact parathormon-iPTH, vitamin D) in 56 prevalent HD patients (median values: age 54 yrs, HD vintage 82 months). Methods: Besides routine laboratory analyzes, serum levels of FGF 23, soluble Klotho, iPTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3; pulse wave velocity (PWV); left ventricular (LV) mass by ultrasound; and VCs score by Adragao method were measured. Results: VC was found in 60% and LV concentric or eccentric hypertrophy in 50% patients. Dialysis vintage (OR 1.025, 95%CI 1.007-1.044, p=0.006) FGF23 (OR 1.006, 95% CI 0.9 9 2 -1 .0 1 2 , p= 0.029) and serum magnesium (OR 0.000, 95%CI 0.000-0.214, p= 0.04) were associated with VC. Changes in myocardial geometry was associated with male sex (beta=-0.273, 95% CI -23.967 1.513, p = 0.027), iPTH (beta 0.029, 95%CI -0.059-0.001, p= 0.027) and vitamin D treatment (beta 25.49, 95%CI 11.325-39.667, p= 0.001). Also, patients with the more widespread VC had the highest LV remodeling categories. PWV was associated patient's age, cholesterol, diastolic blood pressure, LV mass (positively) and serum calcium (negatively), indicating potential link with atherosclerotic risk. Conclusions: Despite to different risk factors for VC and myocardial remodeling, obtained results could indicate that risk factors intertwine in long-term treatment of HD patients and therefore careful and continuous correction of mineral metabolism disorders is undoubtedly of the utmost importance.

The present study was conducted in 90 sheep and goats flocks from the territory of Vojvodina in the two years period of March 2016 to October 2017, during the grazing season. Tick infestation was deteected in 53.14% of examined animals. The most dominant was Ixodes ricinus (43.91%), followed by Dermacentor marginatus (31.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (15.22%), R.sanguineus (8.72%), Hyalomma savignyi (3.72%),, Haemaphysalis punctata (3.21%) and D.pictus (2.72%) . The sex ratio of detected tick species showed a higher number of females in four species (I.ricinus, H.punctata, R.sanguineus and D.marginatus), while higher number of males were detected in two species (R.bursa and Hy.savignyi), and an equal number of ticks of the D.pictus. The population dynamics of recorded tick species showed two annual maxima, in spring (AprilMay) and in autumn (September-October). The considerable interchange between spring and autumn tick populations can be attributed mainly to environmental conditions.

Ketosis is a common disease in high producing dairy cows during the early lactation period. Subclinical ketosis (SCK) and periparturient diseases considerably account for economic and welfare losses in dairy cows. Subclinical ketosis poses an increased risk of production-related diseases such as clinical ketosis, displaced abomasum, retained placenta, lameness, mastitis and metritis. Production efficiency decreases (lower milk production, poor fertility, and increased culling rates), which results in economic losses. Increased concentrations of circulating ketone bodies, predominantly β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), without the presence of clinical signs of ketosis are considered as SCK. It is characterized by increased levels of ketone bodies in the blood, urine and milk. The gold standard test for ketosis is blood BHB. This ketone body is more stable in blood than acetone or acetoacetate. The most commonly used cut-points for subclinical ketosis are 1.2 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L for BHB in the blood. Clinical ketosis generally involves much higher levels of BHB, about 3.0 mmol/L or more. Usually, detection of SCK is carried out by testing ketone body concentrations in blood, urine and milk. A variety of laboratory and cowside tests are available for monitoring ketosis in dairy herds.Butno cowside test has perfect sensitivity and specificity compared to blood BHB as the gold standard test. The aim of this review is to overview diagnostic tests for SCK in dairy cows, including laboratory and cowside tests.

Introduction. Urachal adenocarcinoma is extremely rare and comprises from 0.35% to 0.7% of all bladder tumors. The most common histologic subtype of urachal tumors is adenocarcinoma which can be associated with intestinal metaplasia and mucin production. Case report. We report a case of a 53-year-old patient who attented a urologist because of an intermittent haematuria lasting for three months. The ultrasound examination detected infiltration of the bladder at the fundus, 24 × 29 mm in diameter. By the same wall, next to the tumor, there was an oval hypoechoic lesion about 40 mm in diameter. Computed tomography scan showed a solid, echogenic, strictly limited tumor at the fundus of the bladder, anteriorly, 32 × 35 × 22 mm in diameter which was positive after contrast application. The patient underwent partial cystectomy with complete excision of the tumor lesion 1.5 cm in healthy tissue. Histopathological analysis showed diagnosis of Adenocarcinoma mucinosum vesicae urinariae infiltrans. Patohistological findings detected a part of the urachal wall with a thin layer of fibromuscular tissue, chronic inflammation, microcalcifications in the lumen, flattened and desquamated epithelium. One year after the surgery, there were no signs of primary disease or metastases in other organs. Conclusion. Urachal adenocarcinoma is extremely rare. Long term survival could be achieved by surgical treatment in the early stage of the disease which consists of complete resection of urachal carcinoma and partial or total cystectomy.

From locally adapted sheep and goat breeds in Central Serbia pramenka (with its ecotypes), and Balkan and Serbian white goat are present. These breeds differ by morphological, reproductive and productive traits and their differentiation was affected by specific climatic, hydrological and nutritional conditions. Thanks to that, these breeds are characterized by the wide adaptability, disease resistance, expressed maternal instinct, relatively high fertility and a long productive life-time. The productivity of these genotypes is relatively low, which led to a drastic reduction in the number of head of locally adapted breeds, simultaneously emphasizing the more productive genotypes. These trends led to loss of genetic diversity. The consequence of these practices in sheep and goat farming is that most of the locally adapted races are endangered in different degrees (from high to critically endangered), according to the criteria of the valid Rulebook. Genotypes of sheep and goat observed in this study belong to a group of genetic resources. According to the Institute for animal husbandry's annual report for Central Serbia in 2017, number of heads for most of locally adapted breeds is in slight increase, but still is not satisfactory. Thus, the number of active animals registered in flockbook for sheep and goats by races are 10386 for Svrljig pramenka, 686 Lipa pramenka, Krivovir pramenka 616, Karakachan pramenka 139, Pirot pramenka 124, Bardoka 94 animals, Balkan goat 121 and Serbian white goat 145 animals. The highest values of live body weight (BW) for the lamb were found in the Lipa lambs (BW at birth 3,44 kg, BW after 30 days 11,79 kg and BW at weaning 27,92 kg), and the Serbian white goat's kids (BW at birth 2,56 kg, BW after 30 days 7.68 kg and BW at weaning 16,04 kg). The highest fertility indexes were observed in Svrljig strain (1,28) and the Balkan goats (1,51). The protection and conservation of sheep and goat genetic resources in the Republic of Serbia is still insufficient, although there is a shift in their conservation. However, urgent protection measures must be taken in the form of in situ and ex situ conservation to prevent the loss of genetic resources forever.

The effect of Eco-fish meal, as an alternative to fish meal, on the production performance of the lambs of the Mis population in the intensive fattening, was investigated. The experiment was carried out on 40 lambs, the average age of 30 days, divided in 2 groups. In addition to mother's milk, the lambs were given a concentrated mixture and a lucerne hay, at will. Isoprotein forage mixtures (16% of total proteins) differed in terms of the protein component. The protein source for treatment I had fish meal, while the animals on treatment II consumed EcoFish, a herbal substitute for fish meal, which consisted of domestic foods of known origin such as genetically unmodified and thermally treated meal of decorticated soybean grains, soybean protein isolates, gluten, livestock yeast with the addition of minerals, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and other additives. Statistical processing of the obtained data was done using the SPSS STATISTICA, Version 20. On treatments I and II, the average daily lamb gain was 320 and 283 g, respectively, without statistical significance. The consumption of dry matter and proteins in analogue treatments was 0.819 and 0.823 kg, and 152.62 and 157.04 g, respectively. The dry matter consumption per kilogram of gain (kg/kg of gain) was 2.56 and 2.91; of energy (MJ NEM/kg): 17.65 and 20.25; of total proteins: 476.9 and 554.9 g, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio - PER (g of gain/g of consumed protein) in analogue treatments was: 2.09 and 1.80. There were no statistically significant differences between examined treatments (P> 0.05). Considering that the source of protein did not significantly affect the intensity of growth and the use of food by lambs of Mis population in intensive fattening (P>0.05), fish meal can be replaced by Eco-fish meal - plant protein, since according to Commission Decision 9/2001 on BCE protection (OJEC, 2001), there is a distance to the use of fish meal, as a source of protein.

The investigation was conducted in population of Mis breed of sheep, divided into three groups. For reproduction had use rams of Ile de France breed. Induction and synchronization of oestrus was done off-season in October. The percentage of lambing sheep, sheep fertility, and number of lambs acquired per father, sex and birth type of lambs were observed. Ram 1 had a highest number of ewes lambed with an excellent percentage of mating success and highest fertility rate of ewes with differences on fertility rate of 17% (between group of ewes in ram 1 and ram 2), 36% (group of ewes in ram 1 and ram 3) and 19% (group of ewes in ram 2 and ram 3).The highest birth weight were on lambs born single from ram 3, born twins from ram1, triplets of ram 3. For the lambs born quadruplets (unfortunately only in rams 1 and 2 with one lamb of each was alive) the lamb of ram 2 was higher in birth weight. The male and female lambs of ram 3 got the highest birth weight while the female lambs of ram 1 acquired the lowest birth weight. The highest average birth weight of lambs was born single, male; born triplets' male from lambs of ram 3 having an average birth weight of 6.36kg and 4.0 kg but got the lowest for lambs born twins on female lambs 3.66 kg. The male lambs of ram 1 got the highest average birth weight on lambs born twins with an average birth weight of 4.38 kg but the lowest on triplets born 3.3kg. Unfortunately only one each of the two ram with lambs born quadruplets alive both male and the higher was that lamb of ram 2 with a birth weight of 3.3 kg. Result showed the influence of ram on number of lambs born and lambs' birth weight. Between subject effects Father* birth type showed a significant effect on birth weight of lambs.

Some problems of modern analysis of the genome of domestic animals and the possibility of applying the results of the research in the selection have considered. Molecular genome analysis has progressed rapidly. Today, using modern DNA analysis, the domestic animals breeding value can be safely foreseen. Based on the scientist's intuition of early-20th century, after half a century, genetic markers had discovered. Thus, the traditional selection method has integrated with molecular techniques of selection by applying marker-assisted selection (MAS). Microsatellites have attracted great attention from scientists because they are widespread in the genome and have a high level of polymorphism. Thousands of SNPs have discovered with their exact position in the genome. This very reliable method occurred for analyzing the genome which shows the change of only one nucleotide base into the DNA molecule. All modern achievements of molecular genetics have opened the way for practical application in the selection of all kinds of domestic animals. Today, a combination of molecular or genomic selection combined with a traditional is very reliable method for a faster, more accurate assessment of the breeding value of animals.

Molecular markers are essential tool for determining the specific genetic makeup of an individual and are valuable approach for genetic improvement of farm animals. In cattle breeding their application is useful for improvement of breeding programs for desired traits, better productivity and high quality products. These markers provide more accurate genetic information and better knowledge of the animal genetic resources. In this review we attempt to make a brief summary on the application of one of more advanced DNA-based molecular markers in cattle breeding, namely short tandem repeat (STR, microsatellites).

BRDC causes pneumonia of cattle, due to which high morbidity and mortality, decreasing food intake and daily growth, and quality of carcasses is significantly reduced. Preventive application of cattle vaccination and treatment of diseased animals with therapeutic agents, with the aforementioned losses, leads to the fact that BRDC is the most expensive cattle disease worldwide. Given the complex etiology (the influence of more viral and bacterial agents), it is characteristic that if viral agents cause disease, the morbidity level is high and the mortality rate is lower. Cattle affected by bacterial infections have a sporadic morbidity and a higher mortality rate. There are a number of predisposing factors originating from the environment or hosts that have a negative impact on the health status of cattle. So, there are a number of challenges that must be solved in the future, with the aim of developing new technologies that would contribute to increasing animal resistance, eliminating risk factors and reducing exposure to pathogens.

It is proposed to grow rabbits in the modern production technology with the use of the developed technology of using recycled materials in the construction of cages for keeping rabbits. It is also proposed to use interbreed crossing of New Zealand White breed and Flanders, and also breeds Californian and Flanders breed.

The experiment included 30 lambs-crosses F1 generation: Pirot Pramenka (50%) x Württemberg (50%) and 30 crossbred F1 generations: Pirot Pramenka (12.5%) x Württemberg(37.5) x Ille de France (50%), weaned at 60 days of age, the average body weight of 18.0 kg. The mixtures varied in protein source: I - sunflower meal, II - soybean meal and III - fish meal. The share of undegradable protein was 43 : 51 : 58 %. The average diameter of the fibres in lambs on treatments I:II:III was 26.14 : 24.96 : 25.20 μm, and of two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses: 25.38 and 25.49 μm. The average height of the wool fibre in lambs on treatments I:II:III was: 2.97 : 3.06 : 3.17 cm, and in two-breed (PxW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 2.98 : 3.15 cm. The average length of the fibre in lambs on protein sources I:II:III was 4.62 : 5.08 : 5.11 cm and in two-breed (PXW) and three-breed (PxWxIDF) crosses 4.77 : 5.11 cm. Protein source in feed mixtures, and genotype of lambs significantly influenced the quality of wool expressed through diameter, height and length of the fibres.

Introduction/Objective. Association of Graves’ disease (GD) and thyroid cancer is reported in a wide range from 0% to 33.7%. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in GD, namely its variant – papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). The increasingly frequent PTMC disclose favorable biological behavior with low mortality and recurrence rates. The aim of this work is to report our experience on the frequency and morphological features of PTMC in surgically treated patients with GD. Methods. Over a period of three years, total or near-total thyroidectomy was performed in 129 patients with GD. Results. Incidental PTMC was diagnosed in 24 (18.7%) patients with GD. The mean tumor diameter was 3.03 ± 2.17 mm. The average age of patients in the GD with PTMC group was 48.50 ± 13.07 years, while in the GD without PTMC group it was 41 ± 13.12 years, and it proved to be statistically significant ( p = 0.045). Most of the PTMC were unifocal (83%), and the most common morphological features of PTMC were intraparenchymal localization (62.5%), follicular morphology (66.7%), and infiltrative growth pattern (62.5%). Extrathyroidal extension, lymphatic invasion and multifocality of PTMC were more commonly related with subcapsular localized PTMC. The presence of at least one nodule in the GD with PTMC group was 58.3%, while in the GD without PTMC group it was 26.7%, and it was statistically significant (p = 0.003). Conclusion. Our results showed a high incidence of PTMC (18.7%) in patients with GD. Clinically, the most important morphological characteristics of PTMC were related with its subcapsular localization.

The aim of the present study was to obtain relevant results related to the basic indicators of fertility and milk yield of Simmental cows, in production conditions on farms of agricultural producers, using appropriate mathematical and statistical procedures, i.e. to determine the influence of bull sires originating from Serbia, Austria and Germany on the implementation of the main breeding program and improvement of production traits of Simmental cows on the territory of Šumadija district. The study of the effect of bull sires who are originally from Serbia, Austria and Germany on performance traits of Simmental cows included a total of 303 cows in first three lactations. Milk production of cows descendents of bulls from the German population was higher compared with the production of cows originating from Austria in the first lactation by 58.29 kg and in the third by 67.72 kg, but in the second it was lower by 12.31 kg. The variability of age at first calving ranged from 766.93 (cows progeny of domestic bulls) to 813.06 days (cows progeny Austrian bulls). Average duration of service period had the interval of variation of 86.80 in cows from domestic bulls in the third lactation to 109.88 days in cows originating from Austrian bulls in the first lactation.

Introduction. Biodegradable porous scaffolds are found to be very promising bone substitutes, acting as a temporary physical support to guide new tissue regeneration, until the entire scaffold is totally degraded and replaced by the new tissue. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity of a synthesized calcium hydroxyapatite based scaffold, named ALBO-OS, with high porosity and optimal topology. Methods. The ALBO-OS scaffold was synthesized by the method of polymer foam template. The analysis of pore geometry and scaffold walls’ topography was made by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The biological investigations assumed the examinations of ALBO-OS cytotoxicity to mouse L929 fibroblasts, using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromidefor (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests and inverse phase microscopy. Results. The SEM analysis showed high porosity with fair pore distribution and interesting morphology from the biological standpoint. The biological investigations showed that the material is not cytotoxic to L929 cells. Comparison of ALBO-OS with Bio-Oss, as the global gold standard as a bone substitute, showed similar results in MTT test, while LDH test showed significantly higher rate of cell multiplication with ALBO-OS. Conclusion. The scaffold design from the aspect of pore size, distribution, and topology seems to be very convenient for cell adhesion and occupation, which makes it a promising material as a bone substitute. The results of biological assays proved that ALBO-OS is not cytotoxic for L929 fibroblasts. In comparison with Bio-Oss, similar or even better results were obtained. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172026]

Introduction. Tuberculosis patients are rarely asymptomatic. Acute virus myocarditis presents with a wide range of symptoms, from mild dyspnea or chest pain to cardiogenic shock and death. Case Outline. A 26-year-old Caucasian man non-smoker presented with one-week history of lower extremities’ swelling. The patient’s medical history also revealed a two-day episode of subfebrile temperature with scanty hemoptysis three weeks prior to admission. The episode had not provoked him to seek medical care. Physical examination revealed generalized oedema, and laboratory analysis showed signs of acute renal insufficiency. Enlarged heart and hilar shadows, bilateral massive cavitary pulmonary opacities and pleural effusion were found at chest radiography. Sputum smears were Mycobacteria negative on direct microscopy. Electrocardiogram changes and echocardiography were suggestive of acute myocarditis with dilated cardiomyopathy. IgM titer to adenovirus was positive. Under diuretics, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, beta-blocker, antibiotics and bed rest, fast heart compensation and renal function repair were achieved. Radiographic pulmonary changes promptly regressed except for a cavity in the right upper lobe. Bronchial aspirate from the affected lobe was Mycobacteria positive on direct microscopy and culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard anti-tuberculosis drug regimen led to recovery. Conclusion. In the unusual common existence of two diseases whose presentation initially mimicked Wegener’s granulomatosis, acute dilated cardiomyopathy contributed to pulmonary tuberculosis detection. To prevent diagnostic delay in tuberculosis, further efforts in population education are necessary together with continual medical education. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 175095]

A model of two-component two-phase critical flow is presented. The modelling approach is based on one-dimensional homogeneous gas-liquid two-phase isentropic flow of mixture. The homogeneous model is modified by taking into account the void fraction and two-phase mixture density dependence on velocity slip. The velocity slip is calculated using Chisholm correlation that depends on the gas phase quality and Zivi correlation for the prediction of the maximum velocity slip values. At the location of the critical flow the two-phase mixture velocity equals sonic velocity and it is calculated with the so-called ''frozen sonic velocity' model. The model is validated against data measured in air water flow at the PUMA experimental facility. Obtained results are presented together with the predictions by the well-known Fauske model. It is shown that Fauske model overpredicts measured critical mass fluxes, while the present model shows acceptable agreement with the measured data.

Scientific interest in issues concerning federalism, which implies determining the difference between a confederation (a union of confederal states) and a federation (a federal state comprising federal entities) seems to have disappeared after the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, the country which had existed in the period from 1945 to 1992 under different names: the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFY), the Federal Peoples' Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY), and finally the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Although a number of other confederations or federations (notably, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia) ceased to exist in the 20th century, history bears witness of the establishment of two important associations of states: the United Nations Organisation (UN) and the European Union (EU). They are highly significant for Serbia, which is a member state of the UN and cherishes close cooperation with the EU. However, the dissolution of the SFRY has not resolved some important issues among its former member states. The basic postulate of these problems is the fact that the Federal Peoples' Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY as 'the second Yugoslavia') is not the successor state of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ('the first Yugoslavia') because 'the first Yugoslavia' was never dissolved, i.e. its international personality did not cease to exist; namely, the 'second Yugoslavia' is only the continuator state (ensuring the continuity of the state in the territory of its predecessor), just as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was the continuator state rather than the successor state of the Kingdom of Serbia. Hence, the problem comes down to the identity of legal subjects. The essential difference between a confederation and a federation are as follows: 1) confederation member states may autonomously decide whether they would act independently abroad (e.g. to maintain diplomatic relations, to conclude international agreements, etc.); on the other hand, federal entities (members of a federation) do not have such an option, or they may possibly be given such an option (to an extend which is considered relevant) by the central (federal) government; 2) the internal borders between confederation member states may be changed only by international treaties adopted at an international conference, whereas the internal borders between federal entities may be unilaterally established and changed by the central government; 3) confederation member states, in principle, have the secession right (ius secessionis) to withdraw from the confederation, whereas federal entities have no such right. It should be noted that a confederation, as a rule, has a capacity of legal personality in international law, just as its individual members. Yet, the difference between the internal state law and public international law is quite relative. Namely, as noted by Toma Živanović, international law (both private and public) is governed by collision norms. While the essence of private international law is conflict resolution involving subjective private rights and obligations arising from the internal law of different states, the essence of public international law is resolution of conflicts between different sovereign states. The basic difference between a confederation and a federation is that each confederation member state is the holder of supreme power (sovereignty), whereas the federal units in a federal state have no such power, given the fact that sovereignty is exclusively vested in the federation (federal state). The supreme power is a de facto matter; it implies the capacity to maintain public order in a specific territory. Relying on the comparative research of different confederations and federations, the author comes to a conclusion that the 'second Yugoslavia' (FPRY) was actually a confederation (despite its official title). However, this conclusion raises the question of borders between its former member states, particularly considering that these (FPRY) borders were not established by any international treaty. Given the fact that there is legal continuity between the Kingdom of Serbia, the 'First Yugoslavia' (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the 'Second Yugoslavia' (FPRY), the solution must be sought in the process of restitution, which implies a return to a prior state of affairs that existed before the creation of the (first) Yugoslav state.

Background/Aim. Postoperative condylar position is a substantial concern in surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Orthognathic surgery may change condylar position and this is considered a contributing factor for early skeletal relapse and the induction of temporomandibular disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in condylar position, and to correlate angular skeletal measurements following bimaxillary surgery. Methods. On profile teleradiographs of 21 patients with mandibular angular and linear parametres, the changes in condylar position, were measured during preoperative orthodontic treatment and 6 months after the surgical treatment. Results. A statistically significant difference in values between the groups was found. The most distal point on the head of condyle point (DI) moved backward for 1.38 mm (p = 0.02), and the point of center of collum mandibulae point (DC) moved backward for 1.52 mm (p = 0.007). The amount of upward movement of the point DI was 1.62 mm (p = 0.04). Conclusion. In the patients with mandibular prognathism, the condyles tend to migrate upward and forward six months after bimaxillary surgery.

The aim of this study was to analyze the overall welfare state on Serbian dairy farms, as well to suggest measures for its improvement. The assessment was done according to Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Dairy Cows on 16 selected commercial farms in which the cows of Simmental and Holstein-Friesian breeds were reared (N=4833). Welfare state on each farm was evaluated by relevant measures that indicated insurance of appropriate feeding, housing, health and behavior as basic principles of welfare. Overall score (0-100 points) enabled finally categorization of farms into one of four welfare category (not classified, acceptable, enhanced and excellent).Based on results, half of the farms were assigned to acceptable, and other half to enhanced welfare category. Housing conditions on the majority of farms (63%) were assessed as unacceptable (≤20 points) due to poor hygiene and discomfort. Cows were kept tied continuously on more than one third of farms which together with lack of pasture (17 days/year on average) restricting their comfort and freedom of movement. This may be also linked to low scored behavioral insurance (32points), especially inability to express its natural forms (6.7 points).Health condition was estimated as acceptable, but endangered welfare by high incidence of laminitis (38%), distocya (4.2%) and mortality (6.7%). Commonly performed dehorning procedure (79%) without anesthetic/analgesic application caused pain and stress in affected animals. Overall assessment score (2.5/5) showed the need for improvement in all areas of dairy cows' welfare, especially in terms of their housing and management.

The objective of the present study was to investigate nutritional and metabolic status in Simmental cows during early and mid-lactation. Fifteen early lactating cows and 15 mid lactating cows were chosen for the investigation. Blood samples were collected to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), glucose and the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST). Early lactation as compared to mid lactating cows were found to have significantly higher (P0.05). Significantly negative correlations were observed between BHB and glucose (P

Background: Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM) and associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Little is known about their dynamics in the acute phase of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), especially in relation to the presence of DM and pre-diabetes (pre-DM). This study aimed to analyze time-dependent changes in ox-LDL and hs-CRP regarding the presence of pre-DM and DM in STEMI patients treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Methods: In 103 consecutive patients with the first anterior STEMI ox-LDL and hs-CRP were measured before pPCI, on day 2 and day 7 after pPCI. Results: Patients were classified into: non-diabetics, pre-diabetics and diabetics. In each group the maximal ox-LDL concentration was found on admission, decreased on day 2 and reached the lowest values on day 7 (p

The aim of this research was to determine if there are differences in sexual reaction of the grown sheep II de frans breed depending on the body weight of treated eves during induction and synchronization of estrus with fluorogestonacetate (FGA) + PMSG in anoestrus season. Total number of 262 eves was treated and they were divided in to three groups. The first group consisted of the sheep whose body weight was from 40 to 50kg, the second group of the sheep whose weight was from 50-60kg and the third group of the sheep whose weight was above 60kg. Each group received sponges of FGA. After removal of the sponges all sheep received intramuscular injection of 500 i.u of PMSG. The "Sugonal" prepared by Veterinary institute Subotica was used. After two days the insemination was conducted. The results show that from first group 43.78% sheep lambed, from second group 46.66% and from third group 59.32%. Average sheep fertility after treatments was for the first group 113.28%, 118.37% for the second group and 137.14% for the third group. The ratio of singles, twins and triplets was for the first group 72:28:0 %, for the second group 70.69:24.14:5.17%, and for the third group 47.92:45.83:6.25%. Determined differences between number of lambed sheep and treated sheep, fertility and number of twins, as well as between investigated groups were statistically significant (P

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The concept of legitimacy has a dual meaning: it is both the form of supreme power of the state and the justification of that power. Max Weber distinguishes three types of legitimate authority: traditional authority, charismatic authority, and the rational-legal authority. The prevailing form of power in the modern world is the third type of legitimate authority, which is reflected in the concept of 'the legal state' or 'the rule of law rather than the rule of people'. In that regard, the rational-legal authority is based on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea on law as the expression of the 'general will'. This idea was introduced into the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789): 'Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate, personally or through his representatives, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes...' Consequently, except for the entire body of citizens (referendum legislation) and their representatives (parliamentary legislation), all other state authorities emerge as the holders of the particular will. In this original article, the author lays down the theoretical standpoint that 'the general will' is in fact a totality of (normative) legal principles. Today, the institution of a constitutional court (or some other equivalent institution) is recognized in almost all legislations of the European-Continental legal tradition falling into the Roman-Germanic-Slavic legal family. There is no dispute on whether such an institution may examine the compliance of by-laws with the Constitution and the applicable law because, in that case, the holder of one particular will controls the holder of another particular will. However, it is disputable whether the constitutional court, as the holder of particular will (and the only administrative authority whose members are selected by the legislature), may invalidate the laws which it considers to be unconstitutional because, in that case, one particular will rises above the general will. According to Rousseau, this is despotism, which is indisputably a form of illegitimate power. Yet, law need not necessarily be the expression of the general will. Rousseau clearly distinguishes between man as an individual (who is a holder of the particular will and the citizen (who is a holder of the general will). Thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that these particular wills may exercise different forms of oppression over the general will, under the shroud of law. Rousseau does not explicitly propose the solution for such a state of affairs but merely points out that the holders of the particular will 'shall be forced to be free'. This raises the question of the right to resist oppression. This right was a much debated issue at the turn of the Middle Ages and the New Age. The leading proponents of political philosophy, Monarchomachs and John Locke consider that this right does not belong either to an individual or to the masses of common people but to the nations organized in corporations. The ultimate message in this paper is the need for the revival of corporations as the holders of the right to resist oppression, in the best tradition of Roman tribunes and Spartan ephors. The addendum deals with the 'external legitimacy' of church authorities which entails their recognition by the state as an essential presumption for the existence of Church Law; in that context, the author elaborates on different types of relations between the state and the Church.

The study included lambs of Mis population, divided into two groups (experimental and control) .All the animals fed with identical portions of meals consisted of alfalfa hay and fully concentrate mixtures. Meals are only different in the fact that the experimental group received organic selenium and contained 2000 mg of selenium / kg preparations, while the control group received inorganic selenium in the form of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). Each animal consumed the same amount of selenium than 0.3 mg / kg of dry matter in the organic or inorganic form, which added in the mineral-vitamin premix. Diet of lambs has been ad libitum. The body weight of lambs in both (control and experimental groups), were balanced at 60 days (19.60 kg : 19.65 kg) and 100 days (31.06 kg : 32.88 kg). The result on average daily gain of the control and experimental groups were almost similar and there were no statistically significant differences (P> 0.05) in the measured values from 28 to 60 days (259.0 : 255.0 g), from the 60-100 days (286.0 : 330.0g), and on average from 28 to 100 days (274.0 : 297.0. g). Both treatment have no significant effect on lambs' performance (body weight and growth). The study results showed that the diet of lambs experimental group, based meal supplement organic selenium resulted in significantly higher concentration of Se in MLD, kidneys, liver and spleen, compared with the control group, which are consumed inorganic form of selenium. The differences between the Se content in MLD the experimental and control groups were on significance level P

The research has been conducted on Sanska goat breed in the first, second and third lactation. Milk yield control was conducted after weaning period in the intervals of 30 days. Fertility of Sanska breed in three consequential lambing was approximately 161.61%. If we look at the lactations (age of goats), the highest fertility was achieved for third lambing and it was 166.09%. Average lactation length was 241 day for the first, 243 days for the second and 249 days for the third lactation. Milk production was inthe first lactation 480.25 kg, II-578.90 and III-694.65 kg. Higher milk production was achieved in the second lactation compared to first by 98.65 kg. Compared to the first lactation, goats in the third lactation have produced 214.40 kg of milk more and compared to the second lactation 115.75kg more. Determined differences were statistically very significant (P

Introduction. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease which manifests in different ways. Case Outline. We are presenting a female patient who was suspected of IE based on the presence of fever, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased levels of C-reactive protein and echocardiographic findings of filamentous structures on the aortic valve which were assumed to be vegetation. Because of the well-known fact that in the pre-antibiotic era IE was almost always a fatal disease, empirical antibiotic therapy was conducted despite the absence of clear criteria for IE and it resulted in a satisfactory outcome. The course of the disease and the persistence of echocardiographic findings with a completely competent aortic valve, suggested us to consider the diagnosis of Lambl’s excrescences. There was no indication for surgical treatment in our patient; so that in the absence of pathological confirmation our diagnostic dilemma was left unresolved. Conclusion. In patients with typical clinical features of IE and filamentous structures on the cardiac valves that are completely competent, Lambl’s excrescences should be kept in mind as a possible differential diagnosis.

Introduction. Ameloblastomas are odontogenic epithelial, locally invasive tumors of slow growth and mostly of benign behavior. Their frequency is low (they account for 1% of all head and neck tumors and about 11% of tumors of dental origin). Malignant variations of ameloblastoma are malignant ameloblastoma and ameloblastic carcinoma. They constitute less than 1% of all ameloblastomas. We presented a case of malignant ameloblastoma of the mandible with neck metastasis. Case report. A patient, aged 72, presented with the following symptoms: pain in the lower jaw, swelling in the left submandibular area and difficult mouth opening. The patient was admitted to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center of Montenegro, two months after he had noticed the symptoms. Panoramic radiography (OPG) showed that both jaws were partially toothless with terminal stage of periodontitis of the remaining teeth. Also, OPG showed sharply limited semicircular defect in the retromolar region and along the front edge of the mandible rami. Conventional histopathologic examination of the neck masses showed malignant ameloblastoma which contained central fields of squamous differentiation. Immunoreactivity of several markers was determined using immunohistochemical analyses. After these diagnostic methods a definite histopathology diagnosis was made: Ameloblastoma metastaticum in textus fibroadiposus regio colli (typus acanthomatosus). Conclusion. It is not possible to distinguish conventional, ie intraosseous, ameloblastoma from malignant ameloblastoma according to histopathologic features. It is necessary to pay special attention, especially in elderly patients, and to carry out further clinical, radiological and pathohistological diagnostic procedures, such as immunohistochemical analysis. A timely and correct diagnosis and treatment of malignant ameloblastoma require a multidisciplinary approach.

Introduction. Atrioventricular (AV) junction ablation coupled with pacemaker implantation is an effective therapeutic option for rate control in atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF). However, there is controversy regarding the long-term outcome of the procedure, since right ventricular stimulation can lead to left ventricular remodelling and HF. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine a 5-year outcome of the procedure on survival, HF control and myocardial function in patients with HF and uncontrolled AF. Methods. All patients with AF and HF who underwent AV-junction ablation with pacemaker implantation in our institution were followed after the procedure. HF diagnosis was established if ≥2 of the following criteria were present: 1) ejection fraction (EF) ≤45%; 2) previous episode of congestive HF (CHF); 3) NYHA-class ≥2; and 4) use of drug-therapy for HF. Results. Study included 32 patients (25 males; 53.4±9.6 years). The mean heart rate was 121±25 bpm before and 75±10 bpm after ablation (p=0.001). Over the follow-up of 5.0±4.0 years nine patients (28.1%) died (five died suddenly, three of terminal CHF and one of stroke). After the procedure, CHF occurrence was reduced (p=0.001), as well as the annual number of hospitalizations (p=0.001) and the number of drugs for CHF (p=0.028). In addition, NYHA-class and EF were improved, from 3.3±0.7 to 1.6±0.8 (p

Background/Aim. Acute heart failure (AHF) is one of the most common diseases in emergency medicine, associated with poor prognosis and high in-hospital and longterm mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics, outcomes and one year mortality of patients with AHF in the local population. Methods. This prospective study consisted of 64 consecutive unselected patients treated in the Coronary Care Unit of the Emergency Centre (Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade) and were followed for one year after the discharge. Results. Mean age of the patients was 63.6 ± 12.6 years and 59.4% were males. Acute congestion (43.8%) and pulmonary edema (39.1%) were the most common presentations of AHF. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 39.7% ± 9.25%, while 44.4% of the patients had LVEF ≥ 50%. At discharge, 55.9% of the patients received therapy with β-blockers, 94.9% diuretics, out of which 47.7% spironolactone, 94.9% patients were given ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blokcers (ARB). The 12-month all-cause mortality was 26.5%. Independent predictors of one year mortality were previous hospitalization due to heart disease, reduced LVEF, reduced fraction of shortening (FS) and a higher tricuspid velocity. Conclusion. One year mortality of our patients with AHF was high, similar to the known European studies. Independent predictors of one year mortality were previous hospitalization due to heart disease, reduced LVEF and LVFS and a higher tricuspid velocity.

Background: Toxicological investigations of tissues of normally slaughtered chickens were carried out to provide preliminary evaluation of the incidence of OTA in chicken tissues (n=90). Majority of tissue samples were not found to contain measurable amounts of OTA, while in general, the OTA levels found in the analyzed tissue were low. Methods: The presence of OTA in tissue samples was determined by HPLC-FL after liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Method validation was performed according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Results: Of the 90 liver, kidney and gizzard samples originating from chicken farms located in the different agricultural areas of Serbia, OTA was reported in 23 (38.33%), 17 (28.3%) and 16 (26.6%) samples, respectively, with levels ranging from 0.14 to 3.9 ng/g in liver, 0.1 to 7.02 ng/g in kidneys and 0.25 to 9.94 ng/g in gizzard. None of the tissue samples contained more than the maximum level (10 ng/g) recommended by the European Commission. Conclusion: Low OTA results also suggested that chicken meat available in the retail market is unlikely to pose an adverse health risk to the consumers in respect to OTA toxicity.