Search

Objective: We review the current state-of-the-art in team cognition research, but more importantly describe the limitations of existing theories, laboratory paradigms, and measures considering the increasing complexities of modern teams and the study of team cognition. Background: Research on, and applications of, team cognition has led to theories, data, and measures over the last several decades. Method: This article is based on research questions generated in a spring 2022 seminar on team cognition at Arizona State University led by the first author. Results: Future research directions are proposed for extending the conceptualization of teams and team cognition by examining dimensions of teamness; extending laboratory paradigms to attain more realistic teaming, including nonhuman teammates; and advancing measures of team cognition in a direction such that data can be collected unobtrusively, in real time, and automatically. Conclusion: The future of team cognition is one of the new discoveries, new research paradigms, and new measures. Application: Extending the concepts of teams and team cognition can also extend the potential applications of these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTH Why you should read this article: • To recognise the signs and symptoms of acute behavioural disturbance • To learn about the pathophysiology of acute behavioural disturbance • To understand the principles of assessment and management of people with acute behavioural disturbance Acute behavioural disturbance (ABD) is a clinical emergency which typically affects overweight men in their mid-thirties who chronically misuse illicit stimulants. People with ABD are most likely to be seen in police custody or emergency departments, therefore nurses working in these areas must be able to recognise the signs and symptoms and know how to respond appropriately. Presentation varies, but the signs and symptoms commonly include extreme agitation, hyperthermia, hostility and exceptional strength without fatigue. Further, it is important to recognise that people with ABD are at risk of developing metabolic acidosis, hyperkalaemia, rhabdomyolysis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. This article gives an overview of ABD and describes the main elements of management and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To enhance your awareness of the physiological effects and potential complications of exposure to Taser • To acknowledge recent changes to the assessment and management of people who have been 'tasered' • To understand the role of nurses in post-Taser assessment and management in custodial and emergency settings The use of conducted energy devices – better known under the brand name Taser – by police officers is subject to scrutiny. Consequently, the clinical assessment and management of people who have been exposed to Taser discharge is also subject to scrutiny. In 2021 the Conducted Energy Device Joint Working Group published a new guideline on assessment in police custody after Taser discharge. The guideline enables any appropriately trained and competent healthcare professional, including nurses, to undertake post-Taser assessments and determine the person's fitness to be detained in police custody. This would be done in the first instance by nurses working in police custody suites, but emergency department (ED) nurses may also be involved, as people who have been 'tasered' may need referral to the ED. This article explains how Tasers work, their physiological effects and potential complications, and the required approaches to clinical assessment and management as outlined in the new guideline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This article outlines a nurse-led system to identify patients with severe sepsis outside critical care settings. It also discusses how the Surviving Sepsis Campaign's severe sepsis resuscitation care bundle [...]

Hot-compression tests were conducted in a high-energy synchrotron x-ray beam to study in situ and in real time microstructural changes in the bulk of a β-solidifying titanium aluminide alloy. The occupancy and spottiness of the diffraction rings have been evaluated in order to access grain growth and refinement, orientation relationships, subgrain formation, dynamic recovery, and dynamic recrystallization, as well as phase transformations. This method has been applied to an alloy consisting of two coexisting phases at high temperature and it was found that the bcc β-phase recrystallizes dynamically, much faster than the hcp α-phase, which deforms predominantly through crystallographic slip underpinned by a dynamic recovery process with only a small component of dynamic recrystallization. The two phases deform to a very large extent independently from each other. The rapid recrystallization dynamics of the β-phase combined with the easy and isotropic slip characteristics of the bcc structure explain the excellent deformation behavior of the material, while the presence of two phases effectively suppresses grain growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Tasers® by the police is subject to intense scrutiny and controversy. With increasing numbers of police officers carrying Tasers, it is important that nurses in pre-hospital, emergency department and police custody settings understand how Tasers work, and the physiological effects. This article describes Tasers, their mechanisms and physiological effects, and explains how nurses should undertake assessment of people who have been subjected to Taser discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims of violence often seek assistance from emergency departments, so emergency nurses are ideally placed to identify them, and other 'forensic' patients, and protect the evidence that could support any ensuing legal process. Emergency nurses who are trained to identify, collect and preserve forensic evidence can support the identification, elimination and prosecution of suspects. This article gives an overview of forensic evidence, and explains how emergency nurses can preserve and collect samples effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of regulated residential aged care in Australia is provided by faith-based providers, with the Catholic Church in Australia providing one in ten of all such services. Despite challenges caused by the decline in active involvement of clergy and religious and government regulatory and financial constraints, pastoral care in Catholic residential aged care is present, evolving, and thriving. Fostering a holistic pastoral environment is also essential to the viability and effectiveness of pastoral care in aged care. A new approach to government funding is needed to foster innovation and a holistic response to the needs of older Australians. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Simple Summary: Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are one of Australia's most charismatic native small marsupial species, but populations are rapidly declining throughout Australia as they continue to face increasing pressure from a changing ecosystem. In response to stressors, koalas will use their hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to produce catecholamines and glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). In this pilot study, we set out to quantify faecal and fur cortisol metabolites in wild rescued koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation. Sampling occurred sporadically over four months (the start of September 2018 to the end of December 2018), and was performed on three rescued koalas (Maree, Tai, and Solstice) being held at the rehabilitation centre. Results of this study show that between the three koalas, the highest recorded faecal cortisol result was 241 ng/g, and the lowest recorded faecal cortisol result was 4 ng/g, whereas the highest recorded fur cortisol result was 1.75 ng/g, and the lowest recorded fur cortisol result was 0.10 ng/g. Statistically, there was a significant difference between all three koalas and their faecal cortisol responses, as well as their fur cortisol responses. Statistically for Maree and Solstice, there was a significant difference in their faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. However, statistically for Tai, this was not the case, as there was no significant difference in his faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. In summary, the hypothesis that faecal glucocorticoids and fur glucocorticoids between koalas will differ based on individual responses to stressors was true as a whole but individually, this hypothesis was true for Maree and Solstice, but untrue for Tai. Measuring faecal and fur glucocorticoids is the first step in understanding how koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation respond to stressors. Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are one of Australia's most charismatic native small marsupial species. Unfortunately, populations of koalas are rapidly declining throughout Australia as they continue to face increasing pressure from a changing ecosystem. All wildlife species to some degree will use their hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. Depending on the duration of activation, the stress response can lead to either acute or chronic side effects and is modulated through the neuroendocrine stress system with the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). It is well known that rehabilitation sanctuaries are inherently stressful for all animals, in particular for rescued wild koalas, as it is an unfamiliar environment where the animals cannot predict or control what will happen to them. In this pilot study, we set out to quantify faecal and fur cortisol metabolites in wild rescued koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation. Absolute levels of acute and chronic stress were indexed non-invasively, with faecal samples taken to evaluate acute stress, and fur samples taken to evaluate chronic stress. Sampling occurred sporadically over four months (the start of September 2018 to the end of December 2018), and was performed on three rescued koalas (Maree, Tai, and Solstice) being held at the rehabilitation centre. Results of this study show that between the three koalas, the highest recorded faecal cortisol result was 241 ng/g, and the lowest recorded faecal cortisol result was 4 ng/g, whereas the highest recorded fur cortisol result was 1.75 ng/g, and the lowest recorded fur cortisol result was 0.10 ng/g. Statistically, there was a significant difference between all three koalas and their faecal cortisol responses, as well as their fur cortisol responses. Statistically for Maree and Solstice, there was a significant difference in their faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. However, statistically for Tai, this was not the case, as there was no significant difference in his faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. In summary, the hypothesis that faecal glucocorticoids and fur glucocorticoids between koalas will differ based on individual responses to stressors was true as a whole, but individually, this hypothesis was true for Maree and Solstice, but untrue for Tai. The use of biological samples such as faeces and fur to obtain readings of glucocorticoids is a method of measuring absolute levels of physiological stress that is still evolving for koalas, and there is no current glucocorticoid baseline with which to compare the results of this study; although, measuring faecal and fur glucocorticoids is the first step in understanding how koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation respond to stressors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of UV diamond photocathodes in gaseous environments has been explored with regard to the potential applications, which exist for such devices. Stable performance is exhibited even at gas pressures approximately 0.5 bar for hydrogenated diamond, in gaseous environments such as He, H2, O2, CH4 and CF4. However, for chlorocarbon gases, UV stimulated photodissociation of the ambient gas causes the adsorption of chlorine on the diamond surface, and rapidly degrades device performance. Thermal dissociation of ambient gases brings about a similar effect. Thus, although diamond photocathodes do have potential use in gaseous environments, it is clear that care is required to ensure that the hydrogenated surface layer is not destroyed when in use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus ) are one of Australia's most charismatic native small marsupial species. Unfortunately, populations of koalas are rapidly declining throughout Australia as they continue to face increasing pressure from a changing ecosystem. All wildlife species to some degree will use their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress. Depending on the duration of activation, the stress response can lead to either acute or chronic side effects and is modulated through the neuroendocrine stress system with the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). It is well known that rehabilitation sanctuaries are inherently stressful for all animals, in particular for rescued wild koalas, as it is an unfamiliar environment where the animals cannot predict or control what will happen to them. In this pilot study, we set out to quantify faecal and fur cortisol metabolites in wild rescued koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation. Absolute levels of acute and chronic stress were indexed non-invasively, with faecal samples taken to evaluate acute stress, and fur samples taken to evaluate chronic stress. Sampling occurred sporadically over four months (the start of September 2018 to the end of December 2018), and was performed on three rescued koalas (Maree, Tai, and Solstice) being held at the rehabilitation centre. Results of this study show that between the three koalas, the highest recorded faecal cortisol result was 241 ng/g, and the lowest recorded faecal cortisol result was 4 ng/g, whereas the highest recorded fur cortisol result was 1.75 ng/g, and the lowest recorded fur cortisol result was 0.10 ng/g. Statistically, there was a significant difference between all three koalas and their faecal cortisol responses, as well as their fur cortisol responses. Statistically for Maree and Solstice, there was a significant difference in their faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. However, statistically for Tai, this was not the case, as there was no significant difference in his faecal cortisol response between days when a stressor was recorded, and days when a stressor was not recorded. In summary, the hypothesis that faecal glucocorticoids and fur glucocorticoids between koalas will differ based on individual responses to stressors was true as a whole, but individually, this hypothesis was true for Maree and Solstice, but untrue for Tai. The use of biological samples such as faeces and fur to obtain readings of glucocorticoids is a method of measuring absolute levels of physiological stress that is still evolving for koalas, and there is no current glucocorticoid baseline with which to compare the results of this study; although, measuring faecal and fur glucocorticoids is the first step in understanding how koalas undergoing wildlife rehabilitation respond to stressors.

Polymer-supported bilayers (PSBs) are a recognized tool for drug discovery through function-interaction analysis of membrane proteins. While silica-supported bilayers (SSBs) spontaneously form from surface-adsorbed vesicles, successful PSB formation via a similar method has thus far been limited by an insufficient understanding of the underlying vesicle-remodelling processes. Here, we generated a polymer support through the incubation of poly-L-lysine conjugated to alkyl-chain-terminated poly(ethylene)glycol on silica. This polymer-coated silica substrate yielded efficient vesicle adsorption and spontaneous bilayer formation, thereby providing a rare opportunity to address the mechanism of PSB formation and compare it to that of SSB. The combined use of super-resolution imaging, kinetics, and simulations indicates that the rupture of stochastically formed vesicle clusters is the rate-limiting step, which is an order of magnitude higher for silica than for polymer-coated silica. This was confirmed by directly demonstrating increased rupture rates for surface adsorbed multivesicle assemblies formed by vesicle cross-linking in solution. On the basis of this key insight we surmised that a low propensity of cluster rupture can be compensated for by an increase in the number density of clusters: the deposition of a mixture of oppositely charged vesicles resulted in bilayer formation on another alkane-PEG type of interface, which despite efficient vesicle adsorption otherwise fails to support spontaneous bilayer formation. This potentially provides a universal strategy for promoting bilayer formation on resistant surfaces without resorting to modifying the surface itself. Therefore, multivesicle assemblies with tailored geometries not only could facilitate bilayer formation on polymers with interesting functional properties but also could instigate the exploration of vesicle architecture for other processes involving vesicle remodelling such as drug delivery.