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John Cassavetes is rightfully regarded as one of the giants of American independent cinema by film theorists and audiences alike, but they do not often discuss how strongly the director was connected to classical Hollywood melodrama. Cassavetes’s oeuvre is special because the director embraces the defining elements of modern art cinema, while also not abstaining from certain basic components of the traditional melodrama genre, such as a rhetorical style and the explicit portrayal of emotions. Cassavetes is capable of creating modern art films by utilizing all the significant components of the melodrama genre. How can one create a modernist art film that is simultaneously pathos-filled and overflowing with emotion? How can one produce a modern art film that discards the clichés of melodrama genre, by either ignoring or challenging classical principles in its formal structure, while still embracing the melodramatic value system? This essay explores the characteristics of Cassavetesian film form and seeks to understand how the director managed to create the paradox that can be termed as modern melodrama.

This article explores the depiction of time in the works of C. S. Lewis, offering an analysis rooted in a reading of select passages that highlight issues of temporality in Lewis' works. The select passages are from the following books: Mere Christianity; The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe; The Magician's Nephew; and The Last Battle. The theoretical framework for this article is derived mainly from Aristotle's perennial contribution to rhetoric, adopting his definition of rhetoric as: "The faculty of discovering, in the particular case, the available means of persuasion." Moreover, this paper engages with published readership on Lewis' relationship with rhetoric, as explored by Gary Tandy in The Rhetoric of Certitude, and Don W. King's "The Rhetorical Similarities of C.S. Lewis and Bertrand Russel" among others. This study mainly aims to explore Lewis' employment of Pathos, Ethos, and Logos in his writings, demonstrating how these three modes manifest differently in his nonfiction and fantasy works yet remain equally compelling. Finally, this article aims to show how Lewis utilizes literary techniques that enhance the sense of identification between his voice and that of the reader, in order to increase the receptiveness of his audience toward the following three points which he postulates: Firstly, time has clear boundaries; specifically. This implies that created time, or time on earth is finite. Secondly, time is linear. Namely, it has a continuous and sequential nature, where events follow each other in a straight line, regardless of how it is experienced on a subjective level. And thirdly, time is but a line encompassed by an infinite eternal being, the Creator of time. Meaning that as a finite being, God exists outside of time, and as thus is capable of creating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal Tissue Complication Probability (NTCP) models have the potential to enable head and neck (H&N) oncologists to adopt a personalised treatment strategy for their patients by quantifying individual risks to developing specific toxicities. [1] While NCTP models for dysphagia in patients receiving definitive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer are available [1-5], suitable models, that contain the most relevant OAR with reliable dose-response estimates, are lacking in the adjuvant (postoperative) setting. This study aimed to develop a NTCP model for dysphagia, following transoral surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy for patients in the PATHOS trial [NCT: A25317]. This trial examines whether reducing the intensity of adjuvant treatment following minimally invasive transoral surgery in HPV related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Cancer (OPSCC) patients, either by lowering radiotherapy (RT) dose or omitting chemotherapy, will result in improved swallowing function, whilst maintaining excellent clinical outcomes.[6] The dataset consisted of 116 patients allocated into arms B1 & C2 of PATHOS from Jul 2007 to Feb 2020, who received 60Gy in 30 fractions IMRT following transoral surgery. The model endpoint of dysphagia was defined as MDADI composite score <80 at 12months post treatment (MDADI_12m). Candidate predictors included mean dose in Gy to nine swallowing OARs (SWOARs). SWOARs were outlined as per PATHOS swallowing atlas by a single investigator and checked by 2 senior investigators. To develop the prediction model, first a univariable analysis was conducted to show the raw uncorrected effects of each candidate variable on MDADI_12m. Next non-linear transformations were evaluated for continuous variables and multicollinearity was assessed. Finally a multivariate logistic regression analysis with stepwise backward elimination was used. Model performance was evaluated using discrimination specified by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) and calibration using calibration-in-the-large (CITL) and calibration slope (C-slope). [7] Internal validation was completed using bootstrapping and model performance was subsequently adjusted for optimism. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata© software (version 17.0 SE, statacorp). The prevalence of MDADI_12m of <80 was 54%. Following pre-selection based on clinical expertise and prior knowledge, the candidate predictor variables included in the model were as follows; superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, crico-oesophgeal inlet, supraglottic and glottic larynx and oral cavity. The multivariable model with the best performance consisted of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle (PCM_Superior) and the supraglottic larynx (Larynx_SG). In individual cases the risk of MDADI_12m <80 can be estimated using the following equation: NTCP MDADI_12m = 1/(1+ e-S), where S= -5.99 + (mean dose PCM Superior x 0.086) + (mean dose Larynx_SG x 0.035). (Figure 1) Apparent model performance is presented in the calibration plot (Figure2). The AUC was 0.70 (p=0.001) showing good discrimination indicating good potential performance in populations with similar case-mix. The measures of CITL, ratio of expected to observed endpoints and C-slope were 0, 1 and 1 respectively indicating apparent perfect calibration performance as we would expect when we fit the developed model in the development cohort. Optimism adjusted AUC, CITL and C-slope were 0.66, -0.003 and 0.73 respectively indicating good internal performance in terms of discrimination and minimal mis-calibration in CITL. However the C-slope of 0.66 suggests a moderate amount of shrinkage is required to adjust the predictor effects in the model for overfitting. [Display omitted] A novel NTCP model for MDADI_12m was developed to identify patients at risk for dysphagia after transoral surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in PATHOS. Mean doses to the PCM_Superior and Larynx_SG were most predictive. An NTCP model including these parameters could be used to direct limited resources such as speech and language therapy to patients who are at highest risk of dysphagia, as well as in treatment planning to prioritise SWOAR optimisation. In future this model will need to be further updated in a larger dataset and externally validated before use in clinical practice. The PATHOS trial is funded by Cancer Research UK (Grant no: A25317) and co-sponsored by Cardiff University and Velindre University NHS Trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between education and technological rationality from the perspective of the philosophy of education, and to show that while education is deeply related to technique, skills, or technology, it can never be reduced to technical knowledge, and that there are things in education that overflow technical knowledge. I will here ask why there is something in education that overflows technical knowledge — I will define it as knowledge of pathos — and why it is necessary to redefine the meaning of education in terms of knowledge of pathos. In order to address this issue, I will first examine the relationship between technology and transcendence in the world of education in Kei Hachiya's Education and Transcendence. Second, I will show that recent outstanding theoretical achievements of Japanese philosophers of education — Satoji Yano's Education from the Perspectives of Gift and Exchange, Yasuo Imai's Medial Perspective on Education, and Tsunemi Tanaka's Clinical Theory of Human Becoming — are all located within the problematic area of 'technology-pathos-education'. Finally, I would like to propose a 'philosophy of education built on fragile parts', with a view to redefining education through the knowledge of pathos, paying attention to the experience of pathei mathos and the opportunity of weakness in the philosophy of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the song "Pelas Tabelas", by Chico Buarque, and explores its main allusion: the Biblical figure of John the Baptist as a symbol of resistance to tyranny, violence, and irrationality. Buarque uses poetry, irony, and references to Brazilian culture in order to create a story of love and alienation with pathetic intensity. The paper contextualizes the song in the context of Buarque's musical oeuvre and in that particular political moment in Brazilian history - the 1980s - in which a great movement for the reestablishment of democracy was on its way: the movement called Diretas Já. This analysis proposes a dialogue with the fields of cultural studies, theology, and literature. It shows that Buarque's song is imbued with the poetic, the prophetic, and the pathetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study undertaken analyzes three novels named as Earth and Ashes, A Thousand Rooms of Dream and Fear, and The Patience Stone, written by Atiq Rahimi. These novels tell the stories of families affected by the 1979 war. There is no direct reference to war and violence however, war keeps popping up in the textured background during the narration of the normal experiences of characters in the novels. These novels are enriched with the metaphors embedded in texts that complement the voice which is absent and yet it makes its presence felt throughout the text. The objective of the paper is to bring forth the role of metaphors in war literature. It concludes that metaphors are significant as on the one hand, they create a site for memory for both the part of reader and writer, yet on the other hand, they evoke pathos which invites the reader to mourn the loss of the war-torn community. This study is qualitative in nature and is conducted through the close textual analysis of all the mentioned texts under the lens of theories related to metaphors, war, memory and mourning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The homiletical discourse of the Eastern Christian Church - on which tradition this paper focuses - is considered standardised and prescriptive, as it also plays an important liturgical role. My research identifies and presents those ambon proclamations that best circumscribe and fall within Aristotle's three means of persuasion - ethos, pathos, and logos. It is also essential to consider where persuasive declamations are present in these homiletical discourses. Therefore, it will be related to the conventional parts of an oration in Classical rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo, embasado na Teoria Semiolinguística, concebida por Patrick Charaudeau, analisa como se constitui o ethos e o pathos discursivos do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva na entrevista ao Flow Podcast, veiculado em 18 de outubro de 2022, doze dias antes do segundo turno das eleições presidenciais, disputadas com o ex-presidente Jair Messias Bolsonaro. Como ancoragem teórico-metodológica, mobilizaram-se as noções de ethos e pathos aplicadas ao discurso político como estratégias de persuasão, conforme Charaudeau (2018). Os resultados da análise revelaram que o presidente Lula optou por uma estratégia discursiva marcada pela predominância de ethé que almejam despertar a confiança do auditório, como as figuras de chefe e virtude. A desqualificação de seu adversário, Jair Bolsonaro, foi uma estratégia de construção do pathos amplamente empregada pelo presidente, a fim de instaurar uma imagem de salvador perante seu interlocutor.

El ensayo tiene como objetivo construir una reflexión entre los posicionamientos de Cabrero (2000), Gottweis (2007), Aguilar (1997) y Majone (2000) a partir de los conceptos de política gubernamental, logos, ethos, pathos, discurso, argumentación e interés público, así como también, exponer una interpretación crítica sobre la Política de Bienestar de la 4T y el programa y las reglas de operación de Jóvenes Construyendo el Futuro como parte de un aparato clientelar de un régimen histórico de política social en México, específicamente, durante el gobierno del presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Es decir, el artículo es producto de una investigación doctoral -en desarrollo- con un diseño metodológico cualitativo que integra análisis de prensa, grupos focales, entrevistas semiestructuradas y un diario de campo, sin embargo, para esta ocasión, sólo recuperé algunos extractos del análisis de prensa, las entrevistas semiestructuradas y los testimonios de algunos informantes clave que he registrado en un diario de campo, ya que eso me permitió generar un vínculo entre conceptos y evidencia empírica

This article is intended for both the teachers involved in the professional training of pre-service teachers, as well as the pre-service teachers. The professionalism of the teacher is determined by several factors. An essential factor in this context is the competence of public speaking. The efficiency of public speaking is determined by the quality of the three dimensions: ethos, pathos, logos. This article reflects epistemological landmarks in the development of logos. The Logos appeals to the rational part of the public mind and provides support for assimilating the essence of the subject expounded by argument. Therefore, the development of the Logos is a continuous process that involves the elaboration of oratorical speeches based on arguments. In this context, the purpose of the research is testing the students’ level of logos on the development of the skills to build arguments in oratory speeches based on a logical structure. The sample consisted of 50 pre-service teachers from the Faculty of Psychology, Educational Sciences, Sociology, and Social Work at Moldova State University. The students filled a questionnaire consisting of 10 items that cover some basic aspects of logos. The data reveals that the respondents are partially aware of the structure of a public speech. At the same time, students are convinced of the necessity to use arguments in discourse but are unaware of or incorrectly identify the elements of argumentation in a text. Thus, we infer the necessity to develop argument-building skills in public speaking based on a logical argumentative structure for students

Several researchers argue that political discourse or, especially, political communication, is strategic interaction, because several actors participate in this communication, such as: a politician and the public, or a politician – a politician. Political discourse is one of the most emotionally consistent. The emotional universe in political discourse is sometimes even exaggerated and/or false. It is represented by means such as: affective verbs, conditional-optative verbs, inverted topic, adjectives at the superlative degree. The purpose of political discourse is to manipulate the opinion of the public so that the speaker emerges a winner, to present his own opinion in a reasoned manner. The speaker’s desire is to gain the public’s trust, to accumulate sympathizers, to spread political ideologies in masse, most often political speech arouses controversial opinions among the public, therefore it is considered a speech with a strong degree of emotionality.

This article looks at several ways in which personal trauma is the source of pathos in the etymological sense of suffering and affliction, engendering social failure in Winston Graham’s novel Marnie. Likewise, the study strives to demonstrate that both the literary original and its cinematic and operatic remediations are sparked into emotional cohesion by the narrative glue of pathos. From the perspective of both psychoanalysis and adaptation studies, this article reaches the conclusion that the open ending of the three versions also involves the reader/spectator in the process of narration – as Aristotle discovered in anticipation of Jauss’s reception theory – and thus leaves it to them to decide whether healing from pathos can ever be reached by the protagonist.

Given the socio-economic circumstances of the Victorian Era, one of its unassailable facts was that the conservative and solemn spirit of the time created a claustrophobic social atmosphere for some of its occupiers. Victorian, as well as Neo-Victorian novels register an exigency for laughter partly as a response to this solemnity. As a successful representative of the latter, Jane Harris’ debut novel, The Observations (2006) narrates the dolorous life of an Irish girl, Bessy Buckley who is taken on as a maid in a Scottish manor and is asked to perform strange duties assigned to her by the mistress of the house. This study attempts to unearth The Observations’ versatile approach to the notion of comic on three functional levels by resting on Alexander Bain’s notion of ‘ludicrous degradation.’ Firstly, the study scrutinizes comicality arising out of situations in which clashes of value and meaning occur. Secondly, it explains how ludicrous degradation turned into humour allows for psychological release. Thirdly, it looks at how Bessy’s sense of humour works as a coping mechanism and an antidote for Victorian pathos apart from being a literary source of amusement.

The article defines and examines the connection between the disguise/imitation motifs and the categories of comic and tragic within European literary tradition (from Antiquity to the Eighteenth century). The authors of this research explain the factors that make these motifs popular means of creating comic effect or tragic pathos and highlight the trends in their functioning. Disguise/imitation motifs are shown to be mostly related to situations that violate the usual norms of conformity, hierarchical relations, behavioural canons, and for this precise reason, they have a powerful affective potential, i.e. become capable of evoking strong emotions. The disguise/imitation motifs are appropriate for comic effect due to their archaic genetic links with ritual-laughter culture and their conformity to the very nature of the comic, which is based on contradictions. Tragic pathos arises as a result of tragic consequences of one’s identity loss within disguise/imitation situations, it prompts awareness of the injustice of society and the “cruelty” of fate, which are the cause of the forced rejection of one’s self. The article indicates the prospects of researching disguise/imitation motifs in modern art, where they are often employed in adventurous narratives to increase the plot’s dynamism, heighten dramatic tension, and intensify intrigue.

Humour will be shown to be present in a selection of novels by Walter Scott, as a strategy to temper hot spirits on the brink of violence and pre-empt conflict in the fictional societies. Despite the contagious effect spreading to the reader himself, this type of humour relies on paralogical hints, language inadequacy or language gaps, which the fictional audience as well as the reader has to fill in. In the process of solving the linguistic inaccuracies, the audience (both fictional and the reader) is forced to notice the deliberate violation of communication and look for meaning elsewhere. The distance between expected and discovered meaning is so great that a bout of laughter is the result, and fictional tensions are depleted of power. It is my claim that the humorous effect constantly brings the intuitive paralogic collapse of a logic which previously fostered conflict by coagulating opposing factions around powerful feelings and pathos.

By using Freud’s theory of humour (1927) and his Jokes in their relation to the unconscious (1905), we follow the dominant features of the humour-pathos nexus from the late Victorian to the postmodernist literary decadence, taking in our stride the two peaking twentieth century modernist texts published by T.S. Eliot and James Joyce in 1922 Britain. We begin with Oscar Wilde’s popular The Importance of Being Earnest (1895) in relation to Walter Pater’s less well-known autobiographical novel Marius the Epicurean (1885), showing what relation the latter has with T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land and James Joyce’s Ulysses. The modernist genial humour of Eliot’s 1939 Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats is contrasted with Tom Stoppard’s in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) and with the dark humour closer to pathos in The Life and Songs of the Crow (1970) by Ted Hughes.

Shakespeare’s insults are ambivalent creatures that oscillate between humour and pathos. That is what this article aims to show. It focuses on the part insults play in the articulation of humour and pathos in Shakespeare’s plays, Falstaff and his reference to “a jest with a sad brow” appearing as a case in point. Through examples taken from Much Ado About Nothing, Love’s Labour’s Lost, King Henry IV, Hamlet, Othello, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the article explores how insults and moments of insult convey the complex and fragile balance between humour and pathos. It shows that Shakespeare’s theatre of insult is based on the tension between laughter and tears, between the ludic and the serious modes or humours of insult, at a time when the word ‘humour’ was mainly conceived in the plural and still referred to fluid(s) rather than wit. This article first analyses how Shakespeare’s plays reveal a breach between humour and pathos by dramatizing, on the one hand, what is called “skirmish[es] of wit” in Much Ado About Nothing, and, on the other hand, what is called “heart-struck injuries” in King Lear. After dissociating comic and tragic insults, the article then shows how Shakespeare cultivates moments of insult when the spectators do not know whether they should laugh or cry, moments when insults waver between humour and pathos, between mirth-making and grief-making, moments in which insults hurt even when they are supposed to be humorous. This ambivalence is related to the ambivalence that is at the heart of the way the tongue is represented in Shakespeare’s world which points to its essential volatility, unpredictability and instability.

This article proposes a philosophy of melodrama, following the example of Noël Carroll in The Philosophy of Horror (1990). Melodrama is defined by a distinctive mode of address in which morality is dramatized through an appeal to our emotions. More narrowly conceived as the "tearjerker," it is designed to solicit tears through the orchestration of pathos. While melodrama is associated above all with a genre of nineteenth- century theater, it is considered here as a mode that persists from at least the medieval period into the present, encompassing discrete art forms, such as theater, opera, and film. Furthermore, as it evolves historically, it develops more complex idioms. Classical melodrama, or the melodrama of good versus evil, which dwells on the pathos of suffering innocence, is contrasted with romantic melodrama or the melodrama of moral antinomy (Singer), which explores the pathos of sacrifice. A series of distinctions are drawn between sympathy, pathos, empathy, and identification, and the relationship of each to the other and to our moral responses are briefly delineated. The article contests Murray Smith's theory of empathy as central or personal imagination and defends a distinctive concept of identification, based upon its roots in the medieval French "identifier," to "regard as the same." It concludes with a brief defense of melodrama against the charge that is emotionally contrived and exploits our moral sentiments for meretricious ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhetoric plays an important role in helping information technology (IT) professionals communicate their ideas clearly and effectively. By employing rhetorical devices when speaking about technology topics, IT professionals can present logical and convincing arguments, and demonstrate their knowledge and expertise while engaging the audience and making complex technical concepts more accessible for non-experts. This study attempts to understand how IT students construct and develop persuasive arguments by analysing their use of rhetorical strategies in a sample of persuasive presentations delivered in the course “English for IT”. Both corpus analysis and manual analysis were used to identify different types of rhetorical strategies students employed to influence their audiences’ attitudes. The results show that IT students not only created a logical appeal which might be more natural for them but also employed a wide range of rhetorical strategies and devices to establish disciplinary credibility and create a more personal connection with their audience, thus maintaining an appropriate balance of logos, ethos and pathos. The study further recommends systematic and careful rhetorical analysis of ESP (English for specific purposes) students’ spoken language across disciplines and the consequent adaption of learning materials and teaching methods to improve ESP students’ rhetoric skills.

In his 2013 monograph on Structure and Method in Aristotle’s Meteorologica, Malcolm Wilson has shown both that Aristotle conceived of meteorological phenomena as analogous to the bodily processes of animals, and that for the Stagirite the sublunar world should not be seen as a single body, but rather as composed of many different individuals. However, Wilson did not articulate the relationship between these two theories—that is, he did not answer the following question: how is it possible for the Earth to behave like an animal if it is not a single body? This paper argues that the answer to this question lies in the Aristotelian statement about the different paschein of the Earth and animals. In fact, in the chapter of Meteorology dedicated to climatic changes (1.14), Aristotle, after comparing such changes to the maturing and ageing of living organisms, states that ‘only, in the case of the bodies of plants and animals being affected does not occur in each part separately, but it is necessary for the being to mature and decay all at once, whereas in the case of the Earth this occurs in each part separately, due to cooling and warming’ (351a.28-31). In his commentary, Alexander of Aphrodisias reiterates that the difference between the changes of the Earth and those of living organisms concern the way in which these different subjects undergo affections (pathê). The concept of paschein/pathos is thus fundamental to understanding how Aristotle conceives of biological analogies, which play a key role in his meteorology: as the affections of maturing and corruption show, parallels with organic processes can be found in meteorological phenomena, but always at the level of the individual parts of the Earth. Although the sublunary world can be understood in organic terms, this world is not a ‘cosmic animal’, but rather a multiplicity of ‘regional animals’. To corroborate this thesis, this paper addresses several related questions, including: the mechanics ofenvironmental changes according to Aristotle; the differences between the regions of the Earth; the lexicon used in Meteorology to refer to the transformations of the Earth; the personal notes that Alexander adds to Aristotle’s discussion. Finally, the first modern translation of the relevant section of Alexander’s commentary is also provided here.

El discurso parlamentario se rige por las tres estrategias persuasivas que señaló la Retórica de Aristóteles: logos, ethos y pathos. En este trabajo analizaremos la tercera, que apela a las emociones del receptor. Para ello, nos serviremos de una serie de intervenciones en el Congreso de los Diputados de Ana María Oramas González-Moro (Grupo Parlamentario Mixto y diputada por Santa Cruz de Tenerife) en la última legislatura. Nos fijaremos en las estrategias ligadas a la sección del vocabulario, las estructuras sintácticas y, de forma especial, la prosodia que utiliza para conseguir su objetivo persuasivo. Para este último aspecto, utilizaremos el análisis acústico de las intervenciones mediante el programa Praat, con el que se podrán comprobar las variaciones en velocidad elocutiva y pausas, así como la frecuencia fundamental, intensidad y la duración en función de la expresión más o menos exacerbada que utiliza la diputada en las distintas situaciones.

In the quick-paced world of advertising in digital marketing, brand slogans attempt to persuade to develop and cultivate a brand status. Brand Slogans typically focus on the affective aspect of the message, which makes them very straightforward and appealing to a certain audience. This research aims to critically investigate the use of persuasion in digital marketing brand slogans through a qualitative analysis of 50 digital marketing brand slogans. The study uses a corpus of 50 digital marketing brand slogans chosen from a population of 500 brand slogans through the basic probability process of simple random sampling. The Researcher applies the three rhetorical devices developed by Aristotle: logos, ethos, and pathos to those 50 brand slogans. The study manually organizes, classifies, and analyzes marketing slogans to get significant results at the nexus of discourse analysis and rhetorical techniques. The result reveals that 'Pathos' is generally the most used Rhetorical Linguistic Mode in digital marketing Brand Slogans. This study attempts to fill a knowledge vacuum about how these rhetorical modes are used in digital brand slogans to successfully attract customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at several ways in which personal trauma is the source of pathos in the etymological sense of suffering and affliction, engendering social failure in Winston Graham's novel Marnie. Likewise, the study strives to demonstrate that both the literary original and its cinematic and operatic remediations are sparked into emotional cohesion by the narrative glue of pathos. From the perspective of both psychoanalysis and adaptation studies, this article reaches the conclusion that the open ending of the three versions also involves the reader/spectator in the process of narration -- as Aristotle discovered in anticipation of Jauss's reception theory -- and thus leaves it to them to decide whether healing from pathos can ever be reached by the protagonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humour will be shown to be present in a selection of novels by Walter Scott, as a strategy to temper hot spirits on the brink of violence and pre-empt conflict in the fictional societies. Despite the contagious effect spreading to the reader himself, this type of humour relies on paralogical hints, language inadequacy or language gaps, which the fictional audience as well as the reader has to fill in. In the process of solving the linguistic inaccuracies, the audience (both fictional and the reader) is forced to notice the deliberate violation of communication and look for meaning elsewhere. The distance between expected and discovered meaning is so great that a bout of laughter is the result, and fictional tensions are depleted of power. It is my claim that the humorous effect constantly brings the intuitive paralogic collapse of a logic which previously fostered conflict by coagulating opposing factions around powerful feelings and pathos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trafficking in human beings is a serious problem, which affects vulnerable groups disproportionately. Eastern European countries are among the most affected due to a variety of risk factors. Yet this problem often remains invisible to the mass public. The attempts to bring it into the public consciousness rely strongly on different rhetorical strategies. I argue that the way of social issue framing largely determines its public perceptions and reactions to it. This material examines human trafficking as phenomenon, its definitions and root causes, and then focuses on the framing of trafficking as modern slavery. This framing is made possible by the use of multimodality in media outlets and in prevention campaigns. I will apply the method of content analysis of images used in the Bulgarian digital press or for campaign purposes. The combination of text and imagery is a powerful tool to create the association of slavery, detention, and captivity. These associations are emotionally contagious and can generate pathos; they also convey the idea of a powerless innocent victim in need of rescue, which is a limiting view. The paper argues that this approach has both its positive and negative aspects, the latter being the risks of reductiveness and barriers to the deeper understanding of the problem, its underlying causes, and possible solutions. The alternative framing of this phenomenon as a human rights violation implies the necessity of not just “rescue and salvation” of individuals, but also structural changes in society.

Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in education are necessary, especially since the Covid-19 pandemic. A good user experience (UX) in these systems has become increasingly important. However, there are limited resources that could guide implementing both the hedonic and pragmatic qualities of UX. The objective of the present study is to identify emotional design factors and apply an innovative perspective from a rhetorical perspective that could serve to improve the user experience. Utilizing the User Experience Questionnaire, a rhetorical evaluation, and four open-ended questions in three control groups, we evaluate Moodle at the Faculty of Sciences of the Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP). The findings show an improvement in UX that generated better user satisfaction. We concluded that ethos, pathos, and logos serve to cover the pragmatic and hedonic aspects of UX. This paper serves as a guide for other educational institutions that want to improve their LMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo primordial realizar uma análise linguístico-discursiva das estratégias de argumentação e de persuasão predominantes no debate de 06 de janeiro de 2021 para as eleições presidenciais em Portugal, evidenciando as estratégias de manipulação dos locutores e candidatos. Debruçamo-nos sobre a natureza dos objetos de manipulação, assim como sobre as configurações que essa manipulação assume no género discursivo em questão e respetivas finalidades. Examinamos o apelo às emoções, aos valores e à mudança realizado pelos dois candidatos. São objeto de estudo as imagens (ethos) que os adversários políticos constroem de si e do outro no e pelo discurso, as emoções (pathos) que suscitam as suas palavras, os principais valores axiológicos dos lexemas e expressões utilizados, e os modos de refutação de factos e pontos de vista convocados. Este estudo insere-se na perspetiva da análise do discurso, assim como no quadro do estudo da argumentação, nomeadamente da argumentação no discurso político.

Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie obecności argumentacji typu lógos, éthos i pathos w biznesowych schematach konwersacyjnych. Zaprezentowano metodę Assessment Center/Development Center (AC/DC) jako przykład podejścia do komunikacji w biznesie (na linii przełożony–pracownik), w którym uwzględnia się tę retoryczną triadę. Przykładem obrazującym tę metodę jest schemat rozmowy oceniającej zmierzającej do ewaluacji dotychczasowej pracy oraz zmotywowania pracownika do rozwijania swoich umiejętności i podnoszenia kwalifikacji. Na początku wprowadzono ustalenia terminologiczne odnoszące się do klasycznej triady lógos, éthos, pathos. Następnie omówiono, czym jest komunikacja biznesowa, a czym komunikacja w biznesie. Uwzględniając różnice między komunikacją zewnętrzną oraz wewnętrzną, omówiono metodę AC/DC jako przykład skutecznego kierowania komunikacją wewnętrzną firmy. Przedstawienie schematu rozmowy oceniającej (związanej z udzielaniem konstruktywnych informacji zwrotnych oraz stosowaniem praktyk motywacyjnych, inaczej zwanych wzmacniającymi) pozwoliło wskazać wytyczne, zgodnie z którymi powinna ona przebiegać.

Dans le présent article nous essayerons de mettre le point sur le mode de l’antithèse travaillé par l’écrivain algérien d’expression française Yasmina Khadra et les éléments portés sur l’idée personnifiée dans les trois romans de sa trilogie sur le dialogue des sourds (Les hirondelles de Kaboul, Les sirènes de Bagdad et L’attentat). Nous analyserons également le pathos comme procédé argumentatif adopté et soutenu par l’auteur, à savoir son comportement à la fois interprétatif et autoritaire. Abstract In this article we will try to take stock of the mode of antithesis worked by the French-speaking Algerian writer Yasmina Khadra and the elements of the dialogue related to the personified idea in the three novels of her trilogy on the dialogue of deaf (The Swallows of Kabul, The Sirens of Bagdad and The Attack). We will also analyze pathos as an argumentative process adopted and supported by the author, namely his behavior that is both interpretative and authoritarian.

In 2020, Covid-19 was the primary subject of discussion in the international media. Numerous news articles have been written about it, making it worthy for scholars and researchers to investigate in order to elucidate the linguistic characteristics that are used in such news. Accordingly, this study aims at presenting the theoretical aspects of persuasion and rhetoric. In addition, it demonstrates Lucas‟ (2009) three persuasive appeals – ethos, logos, and pathos – as well as identifies and reveals their use and efficiency in Iraqi Covid-19 news articles published by Almada Newspaper and BAGHDADTODAY.NEWS. The findings of the present study suggest that the three rhetorical appeals are employed differently in the two types of data. More importantly, the three appeals are much more effective in the English data than in the Arabic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a rhetorical analysis of the political discourse of the American President Joe Biden's speeches. The data of the study consist of 40 speeches (120,028) words delivered by Joe Biden from January 2021 to February 2022. This study examines how President Biden tries to persuade the audience employing different rhetorical devices. It investigates one main canon of rhetoric, Invention, following the classical Aristotelian classification of rhetoric. In analysing Invention, Biden's logical, ethical, and emotional appeals to the audience will be investigated. The analysis reveals that by using the first-person pronouns 'I' and 'we' Biden morally tries to engage the audience. The quantitative study demonstrates that the inclusive pronoun 'we' is the most frequently used pronoun in the corpus to build a bond with the audience. The pronoun 'I' is the second most common pronoun in the corpus for establishing the credibility, competence, and reliability of the speaker. The President tries to disseminate the good sentiments of hope and love, which are the most common lexical terms in the corpus relating to emotions. Biden also uses numerous logical appeals to persuade the audience, such as employing statistics and numbers, citing authoritative individuals and sources such as the Bible, and argument from a predicament, in order to deliver compelling arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his 2013 monograph on Structure and Method in Aristotle's Meteorologica, Malcolm Wilson has shown both that Aristotle conceived of meteorological phenomena as analogous to the bodily processes of animals, and that for the Stagirite the sublunar world should not be seen as a single body, but rather as composed of many different individuals. However, Wilson did not articulate the relationship between these two theories--that is, he did not answer the following question: how is it possible for the Earth to behave like an animal if it is not a single body? This paper argues that the answer to this question lies in the Aristotelian statement about the different paschein of the Earth and animals. In fact, in the chapter of Meteorology dedicated to climatic changes (1.14), Aristotle, after comparing such changes to the maturing and ageing of living organisms, states that 'only, in the case of the bodies of plants and animals being affected does not occur in each part separately, but it is necessary for the being to mature and decay all at once, whereas in the case of the Earth this occurs in each part separately, due to cooling and warming' (351a.28-31). In his commentary, Alexander ofAphro-disias reiterates that the difference between the changes of the Earth and those of living organisms concern the way in which these different subjects undergo affections (pathê). The concept of paschein/pathos is thus fundamental to understanding how Aristotle conceives of biological analogies, which play a key role in his meteorology: as the affections of maturing and corruption show, parallels with organic processes can be found in meteorological phenomena, but always at the level of the individual parts of the Earth. Although the sublunary world can be understood in organic terms, this world is not a 'cosmic animal', but rather a multiplicity of 'regional animals'. To corroborate this thesis, this paper addresses several related questions, including: the mechanics of environmental changes according to Aristotle; the differences between the regions of the Earth; the lexicon used in Meteorology to refer to the transformations of the Earth; the personal notes that Alexander adds to Aristotle's discussion. Finally, the first modern translation of the relevant section of Alexander's commentary is also provided here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emotional rhetoric of the populist radical right parties in Slovakia - the Slovak National Party (SNS) and the People's Party Our Slovakia (ĽSNS) - in their 2016 and 2020 election manifestos. Emotional rhetoric, or pathos, consists of emotional appeals, and this article looks specifically at four discrete appeals to emotions: retrospective anger and enthusiasm; and prospective fear and hope, and connects these emotional appeals with topics according to their relevance. This research utilises qualitative content analysis drawing categories from the field of political psychology. Unexpectedly, it is found that positive emotional appeals are generally more common than negative ones in the election manifestos of the populist radical right. The second finding is that populist radical right parties with government experience apply a very different strategy in their emotional rhetoric. The more extreme ĽSNS, without government experience, relies more on the negative emotional appeal of anger, and SNS, with extensive government experience, relies on the positive emotional appeals of hope and enthusiasm. Furthermore, these cases confirm the hypothesis that a populist radical right party that uses more appeals to anger has greater success in general elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let T be a tree of order n (n ≥ 2). A pathos degree prime graph of T, written PDP(T), is a graph whose vertices are the vertices and paths of a pathos of T, with two vertices of PDP(T) adjacent whenever the degree of the corresponding vertices of T are unequal and relatively prime; or the corresponding paths P'i and P'j (i 6= j) of a pathos of T have a vertex in common; or one corresponds to the path P' and the other to a vertex v and P' begins (or ends) at v such that v is a pendant vertex in T. We look at some properties of this graph operator. For this class of graphs we discuss the pla-narity; outerplanarity; maximal outerplanarity; minimally nonouterplanarity; Eulerian; and Hamiltonian properties these graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to identify the emerging patterns of emotional reformation in media advertisements in Pakistan. Aristotle’s rhetorical triangle model provided theoretical implications to fathom the incessant communication strategies in top 8 advertisements — selected through purposive sampling — aired on Pakistani mainstream media during the post-noughties period. The qualitative content analysis ascertained a paradigm shift from rational advertising strategy to emotional strategy in the form of Dastak's “Split the Plate”, Pepsi's “Liter of Light”, Coke's “Small World Machine”, Surf Excel's “All Age Home”, “Bottle of Change” of Coke, Jam e Shirin‘s “Goodness Within”, and “Others Before Self” of Surf Excel in the advertising industry of Pakistan. This study found that pathos is the incessant rhetorical appeal in all these ads which acts as a potent force in ameliorating the consumer attitude. It further validates the direct affect-transfer hypothesis — the emotional elements in the advertisement enhance its likelihood to catch more eyeballs. Nonetheless, this study suggested that there's little margin between intriguing and triggering the desired audience. Hence, advertisers are advised to take every step of the way prudently while dealing with emotionally brimmed campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Shakespeare’s insults are ambivalent creatures that oscillate between humour and pathos. That is what this article aims to show. It focuses on the part insults play in the articulation of humour and pathos in Shakespeare’s plays, Falstaff and his reference to “a jest with a sad brow” appearing as a case in point. Through examples taken from Much Ado About Nothing, Love’s Labour’s Lost, King Henry IV, Hamlet, Othello, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the article explores how insults and moments of insult convey the complex and fragile balance between humour and pathos. It shows that Shakespeare’s theatre of insult is based on the tension between laughter and tears, between the ludic and the serious modes or humours of insult, at a time when the word ‘humour’ was mainly conceived in the plural and still referred to fluid(s) rather than wit. This article first analyses how Shakespeare’s plays reveal a breach between humour and pathos by dramatizing, on the one hand, what is called “skirmish[es] of wit” in Much Ado About Nothing, and, on the other hand, what is called “heart-struck injuries” in King Lear. After dissociating comic and tragic insults, the article then shows how Shakespeare cultivates moments of insult when the spectators do not know whether they should laugh or cry, moments when insults waver between humour and pathos, between mirth-making and grief-making, moments in which insults hurt even when they are supposed to be humorous. This ambivalence is related to the ambivalence that is at the heart of the way the tongue is represented in Shakespeare’s world which points to its essential volatility, unpredictability and instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between philosophy and literature in the dialogues of Cicero. It argues that Cicero was a sceptic Roman philosopher who used the freedom permitted by his epistemological point of view to systematically present the doctrines of all the Hellenistic schools of thought without open polemics in an almost neutral and rather new way. In presenting the doctrines of the different Hellenistic schools of thought, Cicero, on the one hand, devaluates only the philosophy of Epicurus by means of rhetoric. On the other hand, he allows his reader, and even stimulates him, to make a rational choice between different philosophical options such as either the ethics of Stoicism or of the Peripatetic school. To this end, Cicero depicts his fellow citizens and himself in the situation or process of theoretical (and practical) decision-making between different philosophical points of view or even different ways of life.

In 2020, Covid-19 was the primary subject of discussion in the international media. Numerous news articles have been written about it, making it worthy for scholars and researchers to investigate in order to elucidate the linguistic characteristics that are used in such news. Accordingly, this study aims at presenting the theoretical aspects of persuasion and rhetoric. In addition, it demonstrates Lucas’ (2009) three persuasive appeals – ethos, logos, and pathos – as well as identifies and reveals their use and efficiency in Iraqi Covid-19 news articles published by Almada Newspaper and BAGHDADTODAY.NEWS. The findings of the present study suggest that the three rhetorical appeals are employed differently in the two types of data. More importantly, the three appeals are much more effective in the English data than in the Arabic data.

This review of Jerusalem Story (www. jerusalemstory.com), a website created by Qatar’s Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, doubles as a measured critique of philosophical, historical, and existential affects including fatalism, teleology, and pathos. The website project may have arisen out of the once and future unification of Palestinian resistance around Shaykh Jarrah in 2021, which encapsulated the overarching centrality of Jerusalem to Palestine’s past, present, and future. Heacock notes that while the site has multiple entrance points and is brilliantly illustrated, the question remains whether the population studied is sufficiently inclusive. Certain issues are skirted, probably due to the multiplicity of themes it already evokes. The review compares Jerusalem Story to two notable existing websites, the Institute for Palestine Studies/Palestinian Museum’s “Interactive Encyclopedia of the Palestine Question” – Palquest, and Palestine Remembered, and places it alongside other sources, written, oral, and pictorial. The reviewer sees in the website a tendency to evaluate essential milestones (Jordan’s severance of ties in 1988, the Oslo accords, the apartheid wall) teleologically as cynical, failed, or sadistic decisions from the start. Such interpretations are treated as axioms, rather than hypotheses requiring sober analysis. Absent are Jerusalemites’ issues involving each other in addition to their colonial oppressor. Despite the site’s discursive tendency to treat their condition as one of sheer suffering bereft of that dynamic agency which has kept them firmly resilient and fiercely resistant, the review concludes that the site adds a great deal to our knowledge and empathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private photography is one of the types of source material most readily available to historians of the past century. Yet scholars rarely exploit this vast reservoir of visual documents. This article proposes a path toward a more systematic reading of private photography in historical inquiry, which highlights the modes of expression established in the photographs and in the albums. Regardless of the (undocumented) intentions of the photographers—and of the compilers of the albums—these modes disclose their position vis-à-vis the reality they captured, preserved, and arranged in the album. Rather than presenting an obstacle, the "banality" of the scenes is central to my reading of the photographs' value to historians. As a case study, I consider here private photographs of Jews in Germany of the 1930s. While the Jewish experience in the face of Nazism is hardly an overlooked topic, I argue that analysis of private photography discloses intricacies that have been disregarded or marginalized by historians. In particular, Jewish photographers' recurrent use of the two modes, pathos and irony, reveals a plethora of understudied reactions both to their growing exclusion from German society and to major trends in the German-Jewish identity discourse of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metaphorical appropriation of quantum entanglement (non‐local relational holism) helps to conceptualize the physical relationship of God to creation in a way which can support the understanding of deep incarnation. The relational holism of Divine entanglement helps clarify how deep incarnation is possible. Deep incarnation in turn assists with the understanding of God's connectivity and ongoing relationality to a suffering world, bringing hope and love in the midst of the pain and loss of evolutionary biology gone awry, including in cancer. The Logos of creation is also a suffering Logos, a Logos Pathos, that makes hope possible at such times and gives rise to what may be referred to as an Analeptic Cross, the cross embracing and "taking up" all of evolutionary suffering from the beginning. The Analeptic Cross is a way of revealing or making manifest the Logos Pathos. The article concludes with the role of faith in grounding hope in the midst of loss, providing resilience and courage in the midst of uncertainty. Deep incarnation means that God is with us even in the midst of malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) continues to evolve as multiple ongoing and recently completed clinical trials investigate the role of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Current trials are investigating transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in treatment de-escalation protocols in an effort to optimize quality of life, while maintaining historical survival rates. The advantage of TORS is its minimally invasive approach to primary resection of the tumor as well as valuable pathologic staging. The ORATOR trial reported poorer quality of life in patients treated with TORS compared to primary radiotherapy though this was not a clinically meaningful difference. The recently published ECOG 3311 trial showed that surgery can be used to safely de-escalate the adjuvant radiation dose to 50 Gy in intermediate-risk patients. In this review, we summarize and discuss the past and current clinical trials involving surgery in the treatment of HPV-positive OPSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]