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Abstract This emerging infectious disease poses one of the most severe threats to public health in these locations, but there are not many reliable therapies yet. In this work, we developed the Ebola virus dynamics and control factors epidemic model with a piecewise hybrid fractional Operator in time scale measure insight of Mittag–Leffler kernel. Patterns and structures that repeat at various scales are the focus of fractal analysis, which has applications in complex systems such as biological ones. Both qualitatively and statistically, a proposed model with the Lipschitz criteria and linear growth is examined, considering positive solutions, boundedness, and uniqueness at equilibrium points with Leray-Schauder results under time scale ideas. The regulation for linear responses approach will be used by Chaos Control to stabilize the system after its equilibrium points. A fractional-order framework with a controlled design will be considered, where solutions are bounded in the feasible domain of relations of different compartments. Ulam–Hyers stability results in the solution are treated when function (constant or rising) for the component of qualitative inquiry in generalized form. The dynamical behaviors of the suggested model are discussed with the Newton polynomial approach used to implement on model in the sense of classical piecewise and Mittag–Leffler kernel at different fractional order values. The model shows that solutions are stable and confined within a feasible range, ensuring reliability. Through detailed simulations, it effectively captures how different interventions and infection rates influence Ebola spread. This fractional-order model enhances understanding of Ebola transmission, providing a strong basis for predicting outbreaks and planning effective control measures, with practical applications for analyzing real-world data.

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, driving a quest for comprehensive characterization methods. We report a characterization of the ex vivo autofluorescence lifetime fingerprint of colorectal tissues obtained from 73 patients that underwent surgical resection. We specifically target the autofluorescence characteristics of collagens, reduced nicotine adenine (phosphate) dinucleotide (NAD(P)H), and flavins employing a fiber-based dual excitation (375 nm and 445 nm) optical imaging system. Autofluorescence-derived parameters obtained from normal tissues, adenomatous lesions, and adenocarcinomas were analyzed considering the underlying clinicopathological features. Our results indicate that differences between tissues are primarily driven by collagen and flavins autofluorescence parameters. We also report changes in the autofluorescence parameters associated with NAD(P)H that we tentatively attribute to intratumoral heterogeneity, potentially associated to the presence of distinct metabolic subpopulations. Changes in autofluorescence signatures of malignant tumors were also observed with lymphatic and venous invasion, differentiation grade, and microsatellite instability. Finally, we characterized the impact of radiative treatment in the autofluorescence fingerprints of rectal tissues and observed a generalized increase in the mean lifetime of radiated adenocarcinomas, which is suggestive of altered metabolism and structural remodeling. Overall, our preliminary findings indicate that multiparametric autofluorescence lifetime measurements have the potential to significantly enhance clinical decision-making in CRC, spanning from initial diagnosis to ongoing management. We believe that our results will provide a foundational framework for future investigations to further understand and combat CRC exploiting autofluorescence measurements.

Abstract Burn injuries are serious injuries that have a big impact on a person’s health and can even cause death. Incurring severe burns can incite an immune response and inflammation within the body, alongside metabolic changes. It is of utmost importance to grasp the fact that the effects of the burn injury extend beyond the body, affecting the mind and overall well-being. Burn injuries cause long-lasting changes that need to be taken care of in order to improve their quality of life. The intricate process of skin regeneration at the site of a burn wound involves a complex and dynamic interplay among diverse cells, growth factors, nerves, and blood vessels. Exciting opportunities have arisen in the field of stem cells and regenerative medicine, allowing us to explore the development of cell-free-based alternatives that can aid in the treatment of burn injuries. These cell-free-based therapies have emerged as a promising facet within regenerative medicine. Exosomes, also referred to as naturally occurring nanoparticles, are small endosome-derived vesicles that facilitate the delivery of molecular cargo between the cells, thus allowing intercellular communication. The knowledge gained in this field has continued to support their therapeutic potential, particularly in the domains of wound healing and tissue regeneration. Notably, exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be safely administered in the system, which is then adeptly uptaken and internalized by fibroblasts/epithelial cells, subsequently accelerating essential processes such as migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis. Furthermore, exosomes released by immune cells, specifically macrophages, possess the capability to modulate inflammation and effectively diminish it in adjacent cells. Exosomes also act as carriers when integrated with a scaffold, leading to scarless healing of cutaneous wounds. This comprehensive review examines the role of exosomes in burn wound healing and their potential utility in regeneration and repair. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Seasonal influenza poses significant health and economic challenges globally each year, particularly impacting the elderly population (aged ≥ 65 years) with increased rates of hospitalization, and mortality. The population of older adults is steadily increasing in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and is likely to increase even further. In addition, there is a high burden of chronic comorbidities in these countries like diabetes and obesity, which increases the likelihood of severe consequences of influenza infection. The GCC countries also host mass gathering events like Hajj, Umrah pilgrimage, Arba’een (nearby Iraq) pilgrimage, and international sports and business events, which further intensify the risk of outbreaks like influenza. These events facilitate the mixing of visitors from various countries. Thus, influenza activity in this North Hemisphere (NH) geography is usually present even before the availability of NH seasonal influenza vaccine. This is especially problematic for the elderly, whose protection from the previous year’s immunization would have waned. Higher dosages of antigens or adjuvants have been used to improve immunogenicity in older people with superior vaccine effectiveness. Therefore, there is a compelling argument in favor of the implementation of high-dose seasonal influenza vaccines in the GCC countries to improve the protection of individuals aged 65 years and older against influenza infection and associated severe complications.

Abstract This study comprehensively examines the hydro-morphological, topo-hydrological, and physiographic features of the Nandakini catchment in the north-western Himalayas. In the absence of extensive hydrological data, employing morphometric parameters proves to be a crucial and efficient approach for delineating geological structures and assessing hydrodynamic activity in the river basin. Utilizing SRTM DEM, SOI toposheets, and GIS, the study identified twenty watersheds within the catchment, estimating its total area at 540.98 km2. The analysis revealed a 6th-order catchment with a primarily sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage pattern, susceptible to flooding and gully erosion from slow surface runoff. The elongated shape and compactness coefficient indicated delayed peak runoff. Coarse drainage texture and high relief ratio suggested increased vulnerability to erosion. Physiographic indices indicated a later youth stage of basin development, while topo-hydrological indices highlighted significant topographic and spatial variability in water availability, emphasizing erosion potential. This study provides valuable insights for developing sustainable catchment management plans and informing decision-making in water resources management for the Nandakini catchment.

Introduction Pneumococcal diseases pose a significant public health concern in India, with substantial morbidity and mortality, with the elderly and those with coexisting medical conditions being most at risk. Pneumococcus was also seen to be one of the main reasons for co-infection, pneumonia and complications in COVID. Current guidelines recommend vaccination for specific adult populations, but there is a lack of uniformity and guidance on risk stratification, prioritisation and optimal timing. Methods Nation Against Pneumococcal Infections – Expert Panel Opinion (NAP-EXPO) is a panel convened to review and update recommendations for adult pneumococcal vaccination in India. The panel of 23 experts from various medical specialties engaged in discussions and evidence-based reviews, discussed appropriate age for vaccination, risk stratification for COPD and asthma patients, vaccination strategies for post-COVID patients, smokers and diabetics, as well as methods to improve vaccine awareness and uptake. Outcome The NAP-EXPO recommends the following for adults: All healthy individuals 60 years of age and above should receive the pneumococcal vaccine; all COPD patients, regardless of severity, high-risk asthma patients, post-COVID cases with lung fibrosis or significant lung damage, should be vaccinated with the pneumococcal vaccine; all current smokers and passive smokers should be educated and offered the pneumococcal vaccine, regardless of their age or health condition; all diabetic individuals should receive the pneumococcal vaccine, irrespective of their diabetes control. Strategies to improve vaccine awareness and uptake should involve general practitioners (GPs), primary health physicians (PHPs) and physicians treating patients at high risk of pneumococcal disease. Advocacy campaigns should involve media, including social media platforms. Conclusion These recommendations aim to enhance pneumococcal vaccination coverage among high-risk populations in India in order to ensure a reduction in the burden of pneumococcal diseases, in the post-COVID era. There is a need to create more evidence and data to support the recommendations that the vaccine will be useful to a wider range of populations, as suggested in our consensus.

Abstract Cancer patients often undergo rounds of trial-and-error to find the most effective treatment because there is no test in the clinical practice for predicting therapy response. Here, we conduct a clinical study to validate the zebrafish patient-derived xenograft model (zAvatar) as a fast predictive platform for personalized treatment in colorectal cancer. zAvatars are generated with patient tumor cells, treated exactly with the same therapy as their corresponding patient and analyzed at single-cell resolution. By individually comparing the clinical responses of 55 patients with their zAvatar-test, we develop a decision tree model integrating tumor stage, zAvatar-apoptosis, and zAvatar-metastatic potential. This model accurately forecasts patient progression with 91% accuracy. Importantly, patients with a sensitive zAvatar-test exhibit longer progression-free survival compared to those with a resistant test. We propose the zAvatar-test as a rapid approach to guide clinical decisions, optimizing treatment options and improving the survival of cancer patients.

Abtract: Climate change; the most concerning issue throughout the globe, is now considered a major cause of heat stress which is deteriorating agricultural crops. A pot experiment was performed to examine the ameliorative role of melatonin foliar spray on growth attributes, physiological attributes and yield and quality attributes of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive genotypes of tomatoes under heat stress mediated by field environment. The results demonstrated that all the growth parameters of all tomato genotypes such as plant fresh biomass, plant dry biomass, stem girth, leaf area, the number of viable seeds, protein contents as well as physiological attributes including photosynthetic rate, stomatal contents, transpiration rate, chlorophyll contents, water use efficiency (WUE) and synthesis of osmoprotectants including proline and glycine betain (GB) were increased significantly upon foliar application of melatonin @ 25 µM under heat stress except electrolyte leakage (EL), leaf temperature and hydrogen peroxide contents (H2O2) which were decreased in all cultivars of tomato either in heat tolerant or in heat sensitive; as compared to their respective control which remained untreated. Similarly, acivity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutathione reductase (GR), nitrate reductase (NR) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were also improved upon melatonin foliar application under heat stress. However, the maximum improvement in all measured attributes was observed in all types of tomato genotypes grown under both control and 25 µM melatonine foliar spray treatment. All these findings proved that melatonin spray is capable to address the deteriorative impact of high temperature on tomato growth.

To study the dynamical system, it is necessary to formulate a mathematical model to comprehend the dynamics of the diseases that are prevalent around the world by using fractional calculus. A mathematical model is developed with the hypothesis created by adding control and asymptomatic variables to observe the rate of change of pine wilt and the ABC operator is used to turn the model into a fractional ordered model for continuous monitoring. The Boundedness and uniqueness of the developed model are investigated for bounded findings by using Banach space, which are the key properties of such an epidemic model. A newly developed system is examined both qualitatively and quantitatively to determine its stable position, and the verification of flip bifurcation has been made for developed systems. Derived reproductive numbers using the next-generation technique as well as the sensitivity of each involved parameter are verified. The Atangana–Toufik scheme is employed to find the solution for the developed system using different fractional values, which are advanced tools for reliable bounded solutions. Simulations have been made to see the real behavior and effects of pine wilt disease with control and asymptomatic battels in the community. Also, identify the real situation of the spread as well as the control of pine wilt after employing control and asymptomatic battels due to treatment. Such a type of investigation will be useful in investigating the spread of disease as well as helpful in developing control strategies based on our justified outcomes.

Abstract The development of genotypes that can tolerate high levels of salt is crucial for the efficient use of salt-affected land and for enhancing crop productivity worldwide. Therefore, incorporating salinity tolerance is a critical trait that crops must possess. Salt resistance is a complex character, controlled by multiple genes both physiologically and genetically. To examine the genetic foundation of salt tolerance, we assessed 16 F1 hybrids and their eight parental lines under normal and salt stress (15 dS/m) conditions. Under salt stress conditions significant reduction was observed for plant height (PH), bolls/plant (NBP), boll weight (BW), seed cotton yield (SCY), lint% (LP), fiber length (FL), fiber strength (FS), potassium to sodium ratio (K+/Na+), potassium contents (K+), total soluble proteins (TSP), carotenoids (Car) and chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, the mean values for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium contents (Na+), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and fiber fineness (FF) were increased under salt stress. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advancement was observed for NBP, BW, LP, SCY, K+/Na+, SOD, CAT, POD, Car, TSP, FL, and FS. Mean performance and multivariate analysis of 24 cotton genotypes based on various agro-physiological and biochemical parameters suggested that the genotypes FBS-Falcon, Barani-333, JSQ-White Hold, Ghauri, along with crosses FBS-FALCON × JSQ-White Hold, FBG-222 × FBG-333, FBG-222 × Barani-222, and Barani-333 × FBG-333 achieved the maximum values for K+/Na+, K+, TSP, POD, Chlb, CAT, Car, LP, FS, FL, PH, NBP, BW, and SCY under salt stress and declared as salt resistant genotypes. The above-mentioned genotypes also showed relatively higher expression levels of Ghi-ERF-2D.6 and Ghi-ERF-7A.6 at 15 dS/m and proved the role of these ERF genes in salt tolerance in cotton. These findings suggest that these genotypes have the potential for the development of salt-tolerant cotton varieties with desirable fiber quality traits.

Background & Aims: One of the most popular Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) among athletes and teenagers is Nandrolone Decanoate (ND), a synthetic testosterone analog. Chronic AAS consumption raises the risk of cardiovascular problems in athletes, however the mechanism causing such changes is not known. This experimental research aims to investigate the impact of nandrolone decanoate administration on heart in white male albino rats. Materials & Methods: Twenty male Albino rats, split into two groups, were used in the study. Group A served as a control, getting peanut oil injections, while Group B received decanoate injections at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight weekly for eight weeks. After the eighth week, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia in accordance with the recommendations issued by the Ethical Committee. Following sacrifice, the rats were dissected and their tissues processed using normal histology procedures. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and microscopic observations were recorded in groups. In order to properly label and analyze the photos, photographic microscopy was used. Results: After Eighth week, the control group's heart showed no obvious changes under microscopic examination, whereas the ND treated group showed intermuscular hemorrhages, congested myocardial vessels, widely separated cardiomyocytes, fragmented muscle fibers, and cardiomyocytes showing vesicular nuclei and few degenerative changes. These results suggest that ND treatment may cause particular cardiac structural changes in white male albino rats. Conclusion: The study suggests that Nandrolone abuse can lead to cardiac problems such as severe degeneration, myocardial vascular congestion, and intermuscular hemorrhages. The study emphasizes the significance of investigating the long-term effects of these medications, as well as the importance of well-designed studies and proper dosage considerations.

Myocardial infarction (MI) can be tackled by implanting cardiac patches which provide mechanical support to the heart. However, most tissue-engineered scaffolds face difficulty in attenuating oxidative stress, maintaining mechanical stability, and regenerating damaged cardiomyocytes. Here, we fabricated elastic cryogels using polyurethane modified with antioxidant gallic acid in its backbone (PUGA) and further coated them with decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) to improve adhesiveness, biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. The scaffold was functionalized with exosomes (EXO) isolated from adipose-derived stem cells having regenerative potential. PUGA-dECM + EXO was tested in a rat model with induced MI where echocardiography after 8 weeks of implantation showed significant recovery in treatment group. Histological analysis revealed a decrease in fibrosis after application of patch and promotion of angiogenesis with reduced oxidative stress was shown by immunostaining. Expression of cardiac tissue contractile function marker was also observed in treatment groups. Thus, the proposed biomaterial has a promising application to be utilized as a patch for cardiac regeneration. More detailed studies with larger animal species are needed for using these observations for specific applications.

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken the world by a storm, posing a gruelling challenge to the medical fraternity globally. Besides its very high infectivityinfectivity, significant organ dysfunction occurs in critically ill COVID-19 patients, leading to severe morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary involvement is the leading cause of death in these patients to be followed by the cardiovascular involvement. Kidney involvement due to COVID-19 is becoming more discernible with AKI adversely affecting the outcome. Besides AKI, a few cases of collapsing FSGS in genetically vulnerable patients and thrombotic microangiopathies have been reported as well. We report a case of AA amyloidosis of the kidney with a rapidly progressive renal failure and congestive heart failure with preserved left ventricular functions, which complicated a moderate COVID-19 pneumonia providing some clues to a possible association of this novel virus disease with this complication, which needs to be confirmed in future studies.

Microplastics (MPs) have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants, eliciting concerns about their negative impacts on terrestrial and agroecosystems. However, employing sustainable remediation approaches holds the potential to mitigate these negative impacts and bolster MPs tolerance in both the seeds and vegetative structures of plants. The current investigation explores the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and synthetic bacterial community (SynCom) as potential alleviators of MP-induced stress. Results exhibited that co-applied SynCom and AMF, resulted in the highest plant biomass, leaf area, pod per plant, and 100-seed weight under control (no MPs) and MPs stress. The combined application of SynCom and AMF enhanced colonization, association, and arbuscule abundance in the non-stressed plants (no MPs) as compared to stressed plants. The sole or co-application of SynCom and AMF enhanced the primary metabolites content and mitigated the MPs-induced reduction in soluble sugars, lipids, protein, and oil contents. Soybean inoculation stimulated the genes expression involved in lipid and protein biosynthesis, while a contradictory drift was noted for genes associated with lipid and protein degradation, underpinning the observed increment in protein and lipid content. Soybean inoculated with AMF exhibited the utmost α-amylase and β-amylase activities, demonstrating enhanced osmolyte (soluble sugar) production, mainly under MPs stress. Remarkably, sole or co-application further reinforces the positive effect of MPs stress on the osmoprotectants and antioxidant levels, for instance, phenol, flavonoid, glycine betaine contents, and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Subsequent to the stress release, a stress hormones known as abscisic acid (ABA) reduced in the seeds of inoculated soybean while gibberellin (GA), trans-zeatin riboside (ZR), and indole acetic acid (IAA) were increased. Therefore, it is concluded that the combined application of SynCom and AMF protected the soybean plants from MPs-induced oxidative damage by upregulating osmoprotectants and antioxidant levels. This study provides insights into the potential of sustainable remediation approaches in alleviating the complex impact of MPs on soybean, contributing to future strategies for environmental sustainability. Future studies could explore the optimization of SynCom and AMF formulations for different crops and environmental conditions, potentially leading to practical applications in sustainable agriculture and pollution management.

The exponential rise in Cd in the environment has raised concerns for its adequate remediation worldwide. Its non-biodegradable nature and highly migratory feature make it more toxic. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown great potential in the remediation of Cd-polluted agricultural lands. PGPR is comparatively efficient, convenient and economical. PGPR application enhances plant growth and development by conferring direct and indirect benefits. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial strains, Pseudomonas putida (Pp) and Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), for their PGPR traits, soil physiochemical analyses, and physiological and anatomical traits of B. juncea under Cd stress. Results showed that both microbial strains shared positive interaction and had minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.8mM and 0.6mM values for Pp and Pf respectively. P. fluorescens displayed better anti-phytopathogenic activity against pathogenic fungal strains (Alterneria brassicae, Alterneria brassicola, Verticillium longisporum, Fusarium oxysporum) than P. putida. They also synthesised plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as IAA (0.146,0.156μg/ml) and GA (2.062, 2.074 μg/ml). The co-inoculation of strains improved soil organic C, P, N, and K by 283.01 %, 100.42 %, 8.89 % and 40.38 %. Also, the interactive effect of Pp and Pf recovered dry matter content (DMC) by 18.13 % in comparison to Cd-stressed plants. Moreover, the strains reduced Cd-induced H2O2 production by DAB (340.38’-3’ diaminobenzidine) staining and hence restored membrane integrity. Also, in Cd-treated B. juncea plants, the anatomical characteristics were negatively affected. However, inoculated strains induce maximum recovery as indicated by well-developed vascular elements. Genes associated with PGPR traits were mined from the NCBI database. The information compiled thereafter indicated that the genes, galU, CadR, and pgl were responsible for biofilm formation, Cd resistance and lactone synthesis. In conclusion, we reported a promising consortium having PGPR traits, that improve soil and B. juncea health under Cd toxicities. Hence, the use of such bioinoculants can be a safer substitute for chemical fertilizers.

Objective: To compare the hemodynamic effects of spinal anesthesia in sitting vs. lateral maternal positions in terms of patient comfort and anesthetist convenience. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anesthesia, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Dec 2018. Methodology: Two hundred and sixteen patients admitted for Cesarean deliveries were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 108 each for spinal anesthesia in sitting (S-Group) or lateral (L-Group) positions. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure were recorded and readings for both were measured after every two minutes for 15 minutes. Hypotension and bradycardia were noted and treated. Patients were interviewed afterwards for comfort in sitting or lateral position and the number of spinal anesthesia attempts made were also recorded. Results: In L-Group, 36(33%) patients had hypotension while 60(55.5%) had hypotension in S-Group. In L-Group, 4(3.7%) patients and 8(7.4%) patients in S-Group had bradycardia. Six patients (5.5%) in the Lateral-Group and 13(12%) in Sitting-Group required therapy for which the p-value came out to be significant. In Lateral-Group, 98 patients (90.7%) were comfortable and 9(8.3%) were uncomfortable, 1(0.97%) was agitated whereas in Sitting-Group 78(72%) were comfortable, 25(23%) were uncomfortable and 5(5%) were agitated. Subarachnoid puncture was 87% successful in S-Group and 74% successful in L-Group in 1st attempt. Conclusion: Lateral spinal position was more comfortable with better hemodynamics however sub arachnoid puncture was easier in sitting position.

Cadmium (Cd), which accumulates in tobacco leaves, enters the human body through inhalation of smoke, causing harmful effects on health. Therefore, identifying the pivotal factors that govern the absorption and resistance of Cd in tobacco is crucial for mitigating the harmful impact of Cd. In the present study, four different Cd-sensitive varieties, namely, ZhongChuan208 (ZC) with resistance, ZhongYan100 (ZY), K326 with moderate resistance, and YunYan87 (YY) with sensitivity, were cultivated in hydroponic with different Cd concentrations (20 µM, 40 µM, 60 µM and 80 µM). The results indicated that plant growth was significantly decreased by Cd. Irrespective of the Cd concentration, ZC exhibited the highest biomass, while YY had the lowest biomass; ZY and K326 showed intermediate levels. Enzymatic (APX, CAT, POD) and nonenzymatic antioxidant (Pro, GSH) systems showed notable variations among varieties. The multifactor analysis suggested that the ZC and ZY varieties, with higher levels of Pro and GSH content, contribute to a decrease in the levels of MDA and ROS. Among all the Cd concentrations, ZC exhibited the lowest Cd accumulation, while YY showed the highest. Additionally, there were significant differences observed in Cd distribution and translocation factors among the four different varieties. In terms of Cd distribution, cell wall Cd accounted for the highest proportion of total Cd, and organelles had the lowest proportion. Among the varieties, ZC showed lower Cd levels in the cell wall, soluble fraction, and organelles. Conversely, YY exhibited the highest Cd accumulation in all tissues; K326 and ZY had intermediate levels. Translocation factors (TF) varied among the varieties under Cd stress, with ZC and ZY showing lower TF compared to YY and K326. This phenomenon mainly attributed to regulation of the NtNramp3 and NtNramp5 genes, which are responsible for the absorption and transport of Cd. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the selection and breeding of tobacco varieties that are resistant to or accumulate less Cd.

Sustainable agriculture is the backbone of the country, providing food, shelter and employment, along with economic support. Plants are indispensable to life, providing food and medicine to human beings since ancient times. Sesamum indicum, commonly known as sesame or “Till”, having tremendous food medicinal and nutraceutical properties. Sesame contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids along with lignan, vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates, providing an array of health benefits for humans. 21st century is known as the era of nanotechnology, having tremendous applications which have revolunalized the scientific community. Nanoparticles of different types have the ability to modify the phytochemistry and metabolic profile of the plants, either resulting in new metabolites or increasing the concentration of the existing ones. As most of the research is done with cereal crops which have enough data, but the oil seed crops and especially sesame is ignored. This review provides the nutraceutical and health benefits of sesame along with the potential of nanotechnology to improve oil seed crops especially of sesame. Most of the reviews only provides medicinal benefits of sesame, but this review is aimed to provide a way to improve those nutraceutical properties along the oil yield.

Scientists and epidemiologists have been developing vaccines and immunizing people to stop the spread of COVID-19. Unfortunately, because of the emergence of new strains and persistent infections in different nations, the global effort to combat the disease is still only partially successful. This investigation calculates the epidemiological impact of COVID-19 under mitigation scenarios, which include non-pharmaceutical interventions. In this work, we develop a time-fractional COVID-19 pandemic model using a generalized Mittag-Leffler kernel. The fractal-fractional operator is used to analyze the fluctuation of the infection rate in society. The existence and uniqueness of the proposed scheme are addressed by applying the Banach contraction principle. The Ulam-Hyers stability of the fractal-fractional operator has been confirmed. In the end, numerical simulations of the COVID-19 model of fractional-order are carried out to lower the risk of negative effects of disease on society. As the fractional orders approach 1, the results approach the classical situation, in contrast to all other solutions, which differ and show the same behavior. Consequently, the fractal-fractional order COVID-19 model provides deeper insights into epidemic disease. Such research will help understand the behavior of the virus and help develop COVID-19 prevention strategies for a population.