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This document is an editorial that discusses the current state of human-computer interaction (HCI) in the Metaverse, a virtual-real fusion space. HCI is seen as a crucial technology in the Metaverse, with a focus on developing natural user interfaces (NUI) for more intuitive communication with computers. The document also includes summaries of research papers that cover various topics related to the Metaverse, such as foundational technologies, user motivations, augmented reality in rehabilitation, user motion performance regulation, and the convergence of the Metaverse with computer games and blockchain technology. These papers offer valuable insights into the development and application of HCI technologies in the Metaverse, including methods to enhance object manipulation, affordable gesture recognition devices, the impact of gig work, and the potential benefits of virtual reality for mental health. [Extracted from the article]

INTRODUCTION Like many other administrative agencies, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has significant power to regulate an important sector of the economy--in the SEC's case, the securities markets. Critics [...]

As investors have become more concerned about the risk that corporate wrongdoing will impact a company's stock price, the SEC and private plaintiffs are increasingly bringing cases alleging that a company misrepresented a risk relating to an Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) matter. The courts have been skeptical of such claims because of the perception that the scope of securities fraud liability would be too broad if it policed disclosure relating to the myriad of ESG risks facing public companies. They have thus often used the puffery doctrine to find that broadly worded statements concerning ESG risk are not misrepresentations. This Article argues for a different focus in the evaluation of ESG securities fraud cases. The key question in such cases is whether the ESG risk at issue was sufficiently material so that the company's disclosures that failed to acknowledge such risk were misleading. Courts should assess the materiality of ESG risk by applying the probabilitymagnitude test set forth by the Supreme Court in Basic Inc. v. Levinson. In doing so, they should consider facts relating to whether the probability of the risk at issue is subject to reasonable calculation or whether it is an uncertainty. Screening cases primarily based on the materiality of ESG risk would be a more effective way for courts to identify meritorious cases than rigid application of the amorphous puffery doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to articles in the issue which focuses on Sarbanes-Oxley Act 20 years after it was enacted in 2002, is presented, including topics on events that prompted the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley, the federalization of U.S. corporate governance in the decades after the passage of the Act, and how Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley impacted the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as an administrative agency.

During the managerialist period, managers of large public companies were not pressured to maximize profits and had more discretion to consider the interests of stakeholders. According to the conventional story, managers began maximizing shareholder wealth as ideology changed to favor shareholders. This Article argues that a more significant cause of the decline of managerialism was a fundamental shift in the way that investors valued companies. As public companies became larger and more complex, professional managers developed budgets and forecasts that could be used to allocate resources within internal capital markets. External capital markets began relying on such information to generate predictions of future revenue and earnings. As investors increasingly valued public companies based on such projections, it became important for managers to consistently meet market expectations. Rather than ideology, public companies generally prioritize shareholder wealth maximization because they face pressure to validate prior predictions of their financial performance. Understanding the role of valuation in shaping the incentives of the public corporation provides a new lens for understanding corporate purpose. If the transition to shareholder wealth maximization was driven by changes in valuation, it is possible that shifts in valuation methods could result in a new managerialism where managers of some companies can make meaningful commitments to consider stakeholder interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: 3′,3′‐cyclic GMP‐AMP (cGAMP) is the third cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) to be discovered in bacteria. No activators of cGAMP signaling have yet been identified, and the signaling pathways for cGAMP have been inferred to display a narrow distribution based upon the characterized synthases, DncV and Hypr GGDEFs. Here, we report that the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is an activator of the Hypr GGDEF enzyme GacB from Myxococcus xanthus. Furthermore, we show that GacB is inhibited directly by cyclic di‐GMP, which provides evidence for cross‐regulation between different CDN pathways. Finally, we reveal that the HD‐GYP enzyme PmxA is a cGAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase (GAP) that promotes resistance to osmotic stress in M. xanthus. A signature amino acid change in PmxA was found to reprogram substrate specificity and was applied to predict the presence of non‐canonical HD‐GYP phosphodiesterases in many bacterial species, including phyla previously not known to utilize cGAMP signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insider trading regulation has been primarily shaped by two theories. The first argues that unequal access to material information corrupts the integrity of securities markets. The second contends that insider trading misappropriates corporate property. The dominance of the market integrity and property frameworks has obscured an important reason to regulate insider trading--it can undermine the integrity of the disclosure mandated by the securities laws. Such disclosure is meant to benefit all investors and should not be exploited by a few. Insider trading is particularly problematic in a periodic disclosure system where the release of significant information is deliberately delayed so it can be analyzed and verified. This Article argues that protecting the integrity of mandatory disclosure is a compelling reason for insider trading regulation. This disclosure approach suggests clearer limits to the reach of insider trading law and enforcement than the market integrity and property theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults. Diagnostic cutoff values for defining anemia vary with age, sex, and possibly race. Anemia is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on laboratory testing. Patients may present with symptoms related to associated conditions, such as blood loss, or related to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity, such as weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Causes of anemia in older adults include nutritional deficiency, chronic kidney disease, chronic inflammation, and occult blood loss from gastrointestinal malignancy, although in many patients the etiology is unknown. The evaluation includes a detailed history and physical examination, assessment of risk factors for underlying conditions, and assessment of mean corpuscular volume. A serum ferritin level should be obtained for patients with normocytic or microcytic anemia. A low serum ferritin level in a patient with normocytic or microcytic anemia is associated with iron deficiency anemia. In older patients with suspected iron deficiency anemia, endoscopy is warranted to evaluate for gastrointestinal malignancy. Patients with an elevated serum ferritin level or macrocytic anemia should be evaluated for underlying conditions, including vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and malignancy. Treatment is directed at the underlying cause. Symptomatic patients with serum hemoglobin levels of 8 g per dL or less may require blood transfusion. Patients with suspected iron deficiency anemia should be given a trial of oral iron replacement. Lower-dose formulations may be as effective and have a lower risk of adverse effects. Normalization of hemoglobin typically occurs by eight weeks after treatment in most patients. Parenteral iron infusion is reserved for patients who have not responded to or cannot tolerate oral iron therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public companies in the United States must comply with both federal securities law and state corporate law. This division of labor is premised on the assumption that there is a meaningful distinction between securities and corporate law. The most common view is that securities law is characterized by its use of disclosure, while corporate law sets forth substantive requirements. Critics respond that securities law is really just a federal version of corporate law. They argue that the federal policy of investor protection justifies preempting state corporate law to address corporate mismanagement. While investor protection concerns have been invoked as a reason for unifying corporate and securities law, this Article contends that corporate and securities law can be distinguished based on the type of protection they provide to investors. Both corporate and securities law serve to protect investors, but they do so at two different phases of the investment process. First, when purchasing or selling a stock, a trading investor is vulnerable to transacting at an unfair price. Second, during the period when an investor owns a stock, he is vulnerable to new corporate misconduct that reduces the value of the company. Simply put, securities law protects investors as traders while corporate law protects investors as owners. Distinguishing between trading and ownership protection provides a strong basis for regulating securities and corporate law in different ways. Securities law is uniform and mandatory because investors have a common interest in fair valuation when trading. Corporate law is diverse and enabling because the ownership interests of investors are more difficult to reconcile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some corporate law scholars have concluded that auditors do not have sufficient legal incentive to detect securities fraud and should be governed by a strict liability standard. This study assesses this argument by examining a dataset of 554 class actions alleging an accounting restatement filed from 1996 through 2007. Because some but not all of these restatement cases named an auditor defendant, it is possible to analyze whether variables such as the liability standard affect both the decision to name an auditor defendant as well as the outcome of the case. Despite the narrowing of auditor liability under Rule 10b-5, auditors are still often named as defendants and pay substantial settlements in Rule 10b-5 cases. A more restrictive liability standard is associated with a modest reduction in the rate at which auditors are named as defendants and the rate at which auditor cases end in settlement. If a Rule 10b-5 case against an auditor is strong enough to result in a settlement, the legal standard does not affect the size of the settlement. The auditor's payment is correlated with nonlegal factors such as whether the issuer is bankrupt and the issuer's market capitalization. These results are best explained by the tendency of judges to read narrow liability provisions broadly in cases where the size and impact of the alleged fraud are significant. The evidence thus does not support the conclusion that a strict liability standard is necessary to generate sufficient incentives for auditors to detect substantial frauds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the economic impact of securities fraud to the inflation of the price investors pay for the stock as well as the integrity of public stock markets in the U.S. It examines the regulatory structure governing the publicly traded corporation. It also cites the influence of securities laws to the public markets.

The article discusses the legal aspects of bondholders and various securities class action proceedings which took place in America between 1996 and 2005, focusing on common stock and securities fraud laws in the U.S. According to the article, the most prominent case where bondholders achieved a recovery through America's securities laws involved the WorldCom Inc. telecommunications firm and accounting fraud litigation in 2002. U.S. corporate laws and fiduciary duties are also examined.