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Author(s): Dipasha K. Rao [1]; Bhagyalakshmi Avinash [1]; T. M. Amulya [2]; B. S. Prakash [2]; N. Raghunath [1]; Vidya G. Doddawad (corresponding author) [3] Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), characterized by [...], : BACKGROUND: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is characterized by upper airway dysfunction and is linked to severe health issues. Individuals with SDB have distinct craniofacial morphology for which orthodontists are most suitable for the management due to their dental expertise. AIM: This study aims to discern key differences in dental parameters between individuals with and without SDB. METHODS: The present study is a cross-sectional observational study conducted for 12 months. Out of 70 participants, 35 were placed in the SDB group as per the Berlin questionnaire (BQ) and 35 in the control aged 18-22 years. Criteria excluded individuals with preexisting illnesses, missing teeth, tonsillectomy, orthodontic or jaw surgeries, cleft lip/palate, or craniofacial anomalies. Dental assessments included interdental width, palatal vault depth and shape, molar relation, overjet, and overbite. In addition, self-perceived orthodontic treatment needs were evaluated as a secondary measure. RESULTS: In the SDB group, interdental distances were significantly reduced in the canine, first premolars, second premolars, and molar regions by 2, 3, 4, and 1.8 mm, respectively. A noticeable V-shaped arch was observed. Overjet and overbite increased by 42.85 and 31.42, respectively, with Class 1 malocclusion more prevalent than Class 2. The Berlin questionnaire identified 54.3 as high-risk SDB. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need-Esthetic Component (IOTN-AC) revealed that 68.6 of snoring participants required orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSION: Individuals with SDB exhibit a constricted maxilla and reduced interdental measurements, indicating a moderate risk. The Berlin questionnaire proves valuable in assessing SDB severity. Moreover, individuals displaying signs of SDB often present a high prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs, as indicated by the IOTN-AC. Keywords: Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, mouth breathing, questionnaire, sleep, sleep apnea syndromes, sleep disorder

Background and objectives: Rubber band ligation (BL) is the most widely used technique for treatment of symptomatic internal haemorrhoids (IH) that are refractory to conservative treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of colonoscopic BL as therapy for symptomatic IH. Methods: Patients seen at our center with symptomatic IH who underwent BL between January 2006 and December 2011 were included in this prospective study. The clinical and colonoscopic details were entered in uniform structured data forms. Results: Two hundred and eighteen consecutive patients with symptomatic IH were enrolled in the study. The presentations were rectal bleeding in 150 (69%) and prolapse in remaining 68 (31%) patients. Twenty-four patients (11%) had chronic liver disease (child B-C). Same operator treated all the patients. The severity of the IH was classified by using Goligher grading system. The mean age of patients was 48.3 + 15 years with range of 22 - 85 years. The mean follow up was 3months (range 1 month - 36 months). In 209 patients (96%) there was at least 1 grade reduction in hemorrhoids as well the symptoms were controlled. Two patients required surgery and another 7 patients required repeat session of banding. After banding session 32 (15%) patients had perianal pain and 13 (6%) had mild bleeding. Conclusions: Colonoscopic BL is a safe, and effective outpatient therapeutic procedure for symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Furthermore, the BL is safe and effective in patients of coagulopathy associated with chronic liver disease. (J Dig Endosc 2013;4(1):6–9)

The knowledge on the anatomical variations of the deep flexor muscles is important due to its evolutionary significance. The flexor digitorum profundus is the deep flexor muscle of the forearm. It is a composite muscle with a dual nerve supply. The medial half of muscle is supplied by the ulnar nerve, and lateral half of the muscle is supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve. It flexes the distal phalanges of the medial four digits. In the present case, we observed the presence of extensive cleavage of belly and tendon of flexor digitorum profundus to form flexor indicis profundus on the right side in an adult male cadaver. Flexor indicis profundus muscle is an example of progressive type of variation and it is usually asymptomatic, but it may cause compression of the anterior interosseous nerve, which can lead to compression neuropathy. If it is enlarged, it may simulate a ganglion.

Edentulous maxillary posterior region poses a severe problem of ridge resorption. To restore such a situation for rehabilitation, placement of implants becomes very much difficult . It throws a severe challenge to the clinician when there is insufficient palatal ridge bone height. So, to achieve initial implant stability, palatal bone volume is to be increased which needs sinus membrane elevation. Thus to perform sinus membrane elevation by a least invasive approach, the crestal method is the only option; but being a blind procedure it is quite difficult and needs sufficient practice by hands-on procedures for its refinement, modification and practice to achieve expertise and sound knowledge to minimize the sinus membrane perforations, thus reducing the chances of failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of summer and winter seasons on semen quality and plasma hormone concentrations in cross-bred bulls. Semen was collected by an artificial vagina from eight bulls and microscopically evaluated for quality parameters. Semen volume was higher in summer season (p < 0.05) than winter season, whereas nonsignificant variation (p > 0.05) was observed in mass motility, individual motility, sperm viability, sperm concentration and percentage of membrane-intact and acrosome-intact spermatozoa. Plasma prolactin and testosterone concentration were significantly (p < 0.01) higher in summer season than winter season. Plasma testosterone levels were positively correlated with semen volume and negatively correlated with individual motility (p < 0.05). Prolactin showed a significant positive correlation with semen volume. A well-defined seasonal pattern in semen characteristics was not observed and few correlations existed between plasma hormone levels and semen characteristics in Karan Fries bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mithun (Bos frontalis) is a semi-wild rare ruminant species. A simple sensitive enzymeimmunoassay suitable for assaying FSH in the blood plasma of mithun is not available which thereby limits our ability to understand this species reproductive processes. Therefore, the aim of this article was to develop a simple and sensitive enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for estimation of FSH in mithun plasma and apply the assay to understand the estrous cycle and superovulatory process in this species. To accomplish this goal, biotinylated FSH was bridged between streptavidin-peroxidase and immobilized antiserum in a competitive assay. Forty microlitre mithun plasma was used directly in the EIA. The FSH standards were prepared in hormone free plasma and ranged from 5–1280 pg/well/40 μL. The sensitivity of EIA was 5 pg/well FSH, which corresponds to 0.125 ng/mL plasma and the 50% relative binding sensitivity was 90 pg/well/40 μL. Although the shape of the standard curve was not influenced by different plasma volumes viz. 40 and 80 μL, a slight drop in the OD450was observed with the increasing volume of plasma. Parallelism tests conducted between the endogenous mithun FSH and bovine FSH standards showed good homology between them. Plasma FSH estimated using the developed EIA and commercially available FSH EIA kit in the same samples were correlated (r = 0.98) and showed linearity. Both the Intra- and inter-assay CV were below 6%. Recovery of known concentrations of added FSH showed linearity (r = 0.99). The developed EIA was further validated biologically by estimating FSH in cyclic cows for the entire estrous cycle, in mithun heifers administered with GnRH analogues and in mithun cows during superovulatory treatment with FSH. In conclusion, the EIA developed for FSH determination in mithun blood plasma is simple and highly sensitive for estimation of mithun FSH in all physiological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study related to determiner the micronutrients' status and gonadotrophin profiles during sexual maturity in Indian prolific Black Bengal goats. Topics discussed include transrectal ultrasonographic examination after puberty, assay of blood sample for progesterone to detect luteal function and estimation of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Lactating Murrah buffaloes selected from the institute herd were categorized as hand and machine milking group. Blood samples were collected before milking, after concentrate feeding and teat message, during milking, and after completion of milking. Plasma prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and cortisol (CORT) concentrations were measured. Mean milk fat, protein, lactose and SNF content varied non-significantly between the groups. Milk somatic cell count (SCC), plasma glucose and NEFA concentration was more (P< 0.05) in machine milking group than in hand milking group. Both hand and machine milking operation significantly released plasma PRL (P< 0.01), CORT (P< 0.05) and GH (P< 0.01) hormone. Feeding of concentrate mixture resulted in a significant release in PRL and CORT hormone and their concentration increased further after teat message. Plasma PRL, CORT and GH varied significantly (P< 0.01) before, during and after milking (P< 0.01), and levels were normal 20- minutes post-milking in both the groups. It was concluded that feeding of concentrate mixture, teat message and milking operations either by hand or machine significantly stimulate release of plasma PRL, CORT and GH hormone in Murrah buffaloes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were (a) to establish the occurrence, duration and intensity of behavioral estrus symptoms, and (b) to determine the relationship between behavioral estrus symptoms with the total estrogen profiles in cycling Murrah buffaloes (n=10) subjected to Doublesynch protocol (0 PGF2a, 2 GnRH, 9 PGF2a and 11 GnRH). After both GnRH injections, estrus and its behavioral signs were detected at hourly intervals using visual observations, transrectal examination of genitalia, and bull parading twice a day for 30 min each. Frequent urination (100%) and excitement (100%) were the best indicators of estrus followed by swollen vulva (90%) and bellowing (85%). The longest duration of estrus signs viz. swollen vulva, was observed up to 8.9 ± 0.5 h and 11.1 ± 0.3 post first and second GnRH administrations, respectively. The mean intervals between the onset of estrus symptoms appearance and ovulation were 13.8 ± 0.9 h and 13.4 ± 1.0 h post first and second GnRH inactions, respectively. The mean total estrogen concentrations at the time of both GnRH injections were above the basal level (8.4±1.9 pg/mL; range 2.9-18.4 and 7.9±1.9 pg/mL; range 2.9-17.6 at the time of the first and second GnRH injections, respectively), temporarily increased post GnRH treatments and then gradually declined to its basal level during ovulation time window. Frequent urination, excitement and swollen vulva appeared to be the most notable estrus symptoms after GnRH injections. Our findings also suggest that the AI can be done at a fixed time (once 20 to 24 h posts second GnRH) in buffaloes treated with Doublesynch protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]