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This article explores the theology of grace in the writings of Gregory the Great, specifically examining his synthesis of the views of Augustine and John Cassian. The author argues against the mistaken view that Gregory's theology of grace is a moderated Augustinianism, instead asserting that Gregory achieves a synthesis of Augustine's and Cassian's theologies. The article critiques the views of scholars such as Adolf von Harnack, Frederick Dudden, and Carole Straw, who claim that Gregory's views on grace lean towards a Pelagian notion of creaturely initiative. The author aims to show that Gregory's theology of grace is compatible with both speculative concerns about God's providence and the practical concerns of Christians striving for holiness. [Extracted from the article]

The article explores St. Augustine's views on the care of dead bodies in Christian practices. Augustine argues that relics, such as bones or clothing, can be understood as visible signs of the Church's unity across time and space. He also discusses the role of ad sanctos burial and the intercessory powers of saints. Augustine emphasizes the importance of love and unity in the Church and suggests that the prayers and actions of the living can aid the souls of the dead. He distinguishes between the worship of the Lord and the honor and veneration paid to the saints and their relics, emphasizing that the saints' power is derived from God. The Catholic Church embraces the practice of veneration of saints while acknowledging the potential for confusion. The text also discusses Gregory of Nyssa's alternate view on the efficacy of relics based on the persistent connection between the soul and the body. The text concludes by discussing the theology of icons and their connection to the Cross. Icons and relics serve as mediators of the unity of the Church and can be recognized as objects of holiness. [Extracted from the article]

Meltwater routing through ice masses exerts a fundamental control over glacier dynamics and mass balance, and proglacial hydrology. However, despite recent advances in mapping drainage systems in cold, Arctic glaciers, direct observations of englacial channels and their flow conditions remain sparse. Here, using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys of the main englacial channel of cold‐based Austre Brøggerbreen (Svalbard), we map and compare an entrance moulin reach (122 m long) and exit portal reach (273 m long). Analysis of channel planforms, longitudinal profiles, cross‐sections and morphological features reveals evidence of spatial variations in water flow conditions and channel incision mechanisms, and the presence of vadose, epiphreatic and phreatic conditions. The entrance reach, located at the base of a perennial moulin, was characterized by vadose, uniform, channel lowering at annual timescales, evidenced by longitudinal grooves, whereas the exit portal reach showed both epiphreatic and vadose conditions, along with upstream knickpoint migration at intra‐annual timescales. Fine‐scale features, including grooves and scallops, were readily quantified from the TLS point cloud, highlighting the capacity of the technique to inform palaeoflow conditions, and reveal how pulses of meltwater from rainfall events may adjust englacial conduit behaviour. With forecasts of increasing Arctic precipitation in the coming decades, and a progressively greater proportion of glaciers comprising cold ice, augmenting the current knowledge of englacial channel morphology is essential to constrain future glacier hydrological system change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community programs developed as part of the Healthy Children Program demonstrate that cost-effective models for accessible health care exist. A communications strategy to disseminate knowledge about improving health care is recommended. (SLD)

In a warming Arctic, as glacier snowlines rise, short‐ to medium‐term increases in seasonal bare‐ice extent are forecast for the next few decades. These changes will enhance the importance of turbulent energy fluxes for surface ablation and glacier mass balance. Turbulent energy exchanges at the ice surface are conditioned by its topography, or roughness, which has been hypothesized to be controlled by supraglacial hydrology at the glacier scale. However, current understanding of the dynamics in surface topography, and the role of drainage development, remains incomplete, particularly for the transition between seasonal snow cover and well‐developed, weathered bare‐ice. Using time‐lapse photogrammetry, we report a daily timeseries of fine (millimetre)‐scale supraglacial topography at a 2 m2 plot on the Lower Foxfonna glacier, Svalbard, over two 9‐day periods in 2011. We show traditional kernel‐based morphometric descriptions of roughness were ineffective in describing temporal change, but indicated fine‐scale albedo feedbacks at depths of ~60 mm contributed to conditioning surface topography. We found profile‐based and two‐dimensional estimates of roughness revealed temporal change, and the aerodynamic roughness parameter, z0, showed a 22–32% decrease from ~1 mm following the exposure of bare‐ice, and a subsequent 72–77% increase. Using geostatistical techniques, we identified 'hole effect' properties in the surface elevation semivariograms, and demonstrated that hydrological drivers control the plot‐scale topography: degradation of superimposed ice reduces roughness while the inception of braided rills initiates a subsequent development and amplification of topography. Our study presents an analytical framework for future studies that interrogate the coupling between ice surface roughness and hydro‐meteorological variables and seek to improve parameterizations of topographically evolving bare‐ice areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes and develops a methodology for estimating workers'"potential earnings," a previously unobservable element required to solve human capital equations that are designed to permit analysis of the return, measured in earning power, on investments in on-the-job training. (PGD)

This paper reports on 30 years of data collected concerning the level of knowledge about Africa University of Minnesota junior- and senior-level students had. The data show the dominance of the Middle East in Western media and the level of confusion and lack of knowledge shown by most students. Concludes with recommendations concerning geography instruction. (JDH)