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Abstract Objective To determine what firearm policies New Jersey residents believe will prevent school shootings and the extent to which this varies by sex, firearm ownership status, and political affiliation. Methods A representative sample of New Jersey residents (N = 1,018) was collected via the Eagleton Center on Public Interest Polling (ECPIP). Data were weighted to reflect the state's population. Participants were asked to rate how helpful they perceived different firearm-related policies to be for preventing school shootings. Results Findings indicate that participants perceived universal and expanded background checks, increased mental health funding, and requiring a license for firearm purchases as most effective for preventing school shootings. Arming school personnel, prayer in schools, decreasing the number of entrances at schools, and secure storage requirements were viewed as less effective. Firearm ownership, sex, and political affiliation significantly influenced perceptions of the effectiveness of these policies. Conclusion The study examined the perceived effectiveness of policies to prevent school shootings. The study highlights disparities and commonalities in policy support among different groups, emphasizing the importance of collective efforts to address gun violence in schools.

Abstract Background Suicide, especially by firearm, remains a leading cause of death in military populations in the USA. Reducing access to firearms, especially during high risk times, may help prevent suicide and other forms of violence. The purpose of this study was to adapt a promising existing lethal means safety intervention (Project Safe Guard, PSG) for cross-cutting violence prevention and peer support in active-duty service communities using community engagement methods. Methods A two-pronged community-engaged research approach was employed, including the Community Translation (CT) process that engaged 15 Service Members from one installation to help adapt PSG successfully. In addition, qualitative data was collected from 40 active-duty service members and military violence prevention specialists through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Results Qualitative data and CT feedback led to site-specific PSG adaptations. Participants emphasized the importance of peer-to-peer discussions and highlighted resource allocation, leadership support, and stigma on firearm ownership as potential implementation challenges. Conclusions Findings demonstrate the feasibility of community-engaged research to adapt lethal means safety interventions within military populations. PSG implementation should consider resource allocation, leadership support, and addressing stigma. This study has implications for future policies and standards for performing research on sensitive topics, particularly among military populations.

Abstract Hybrid metamaterials (HMs) have attracted significant research interests owing to their unique optical properties and their ability to manipulate light‐matter interaction in a novel and controlled fashion beyond what any single material offers. Especially 3D HMs are of great interest due to their potential to provide advanced and precise control of such light‐matter interaction in nanoscale. In this study, a set of 3D HM nanocomposite films are designed by integrating three phases, i.e., vertically aligned CoFe2 nanosheets within the matrix of TiN/TaN multilayers. By increasing the number of TiN/TaN multilayers from 2 to 19, a high degree of tunability in optical property has been demonstrated, including well‐tailored optical permittivity, and tunable hyperbolic dispersion from Type‐II to Type‐I. Ferromagnetic CoFe2 nanosheets introduces novel magnetic responses, such as magnetic anisotropy and enhanced coercivity. Furthermore, in situ heating X‐ray diffraction (XRD) suggests good thermal stability of the 3D nanocomposite films up to the measured temperature of 600 °C. This three‐phase 3D nanocomposite design offers more flexibility in HM designs, multifunctionalities, and phase stability, compared with the typical two‐phase HMs toward future metamaterials by design.

Abstract Introduction The aim of this sub-study was to evaluate the relationship between echocardiography (echo) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) variables and to utilize echo to assess the effect of macitentan on right ventricle (RV) structure and function. Methods REPAIR (NCT02310672) was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm, open-label, 52-week, phase 4 study in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients, which investigated the effect of macitentan 10 mg as monotherapy, or in combination with a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on RV structure, function, and hemodynamics using cMRI and right heart catheterization. In this sub-study, patients were also assessed by echo at screening and at weeks 26 and/or 52. Post hoc correlation analyses between echo and cMRI variables were performed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and Bland–Altman analyses. Results The Echo sub-study included 45 patients. Improvements in echo-assessed RV stroke volume (RVSV), left ventricular SV (LVSV), LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), RV fractional area change (RVFAC), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), and in 2D global longitudinal RV strain (2D GLRVS) were observed at weeks 26 and 52 compared to baseline. There was a strong correlation between echo (LVSV, 2D GLRVS, and LVEDV) and cMRI variables, with a moderate correlation for RVSV. Bland–Altman analyses showed a good agreement for LVSV measured by echo versus cMRI, whereas an overestimation in echo-assessed RVSV was observed compared to cMRI (bias of − 15 mL). Hemodynamic and functional variables, as well as safety, were comparable between the Echo sub-study and REPAIR. Conclusions A good relationship between relevant echo and cMRI parameters was shown. Improvements in RV structure and function with macitentan treatment was observed by echo, consistent with results observed by cMRI in the primary analysis of the REPAIR study. Echo is a valuable complementary method to cMRI, with the potential to non-invasively monitor treatment response at follow-up. Trial registration number REPAIR NCT02310672. Graphical Abstract

In Huntington disease (HD) the prodromal phase has been increasingly investigated and is currently in focus for early interventional treatments. Also, the influence of sex on disease progression and severity in patients is under discussion, as a sex-specific impact has been reported in transgenic rodent models for HD. To this end, we have been studying these aspects in Sprague Dawley rats transgenic for HD. Here, we took up on the congenic F344tgHD rat model, expressing a fragmented Htt construct with 51 CAG repeats on an inbred F344 rat background and characterized potential sexual dimorphism and gene-dosage effects in rats during the pre-symptomatic phase (1–8 months of age). Our study comprises a longitudinal phenotyping of motor function, emotion and sensorimotor gating, as well as screening of metabolic parameters with classical and automated assays in combination with investigation of molecular HD hallmarks (striatal cell number and volume estimation, appearance of HTT aggregates). Differences between sexes became apparent during middle age, particularly in the motor and sensorimotor domains. Female individuals were generally more active, demonstrated different gait characteristics than males and less anxiolytic-like behavior. Alterations in both the time course and affected behavioral domains varied between male and female F344tgHD rats. First subtle behavioral anomalies were detected in transgenic F344tgHD rats prior to striatal MSN cell loss, revealing a prodromal-like phase in this model. Our findings demonstrate that the congenic F344tgHD rat model shows high face-validity, closely resembling the human disease’s temporal progression, while having a relatively low number of CAG repeats, a slowly progressing pathology with a prodromal-like phase and a comparatively subtle phenotype. By differentiating the sexes regarding HD-related changes and characterizing the prodromal-like phase in this model, these findings provide a foundation for future treatment studies.

Transcriptomes and proteomes can be normalized with a handful of RNAs or proteins (or their peptides), such as GAPDH, β-actin, RPBMS, and/or GAP43. Even with hundreds of standards, normalization cannot be achieved across different molecular mass ranges for small molecules, such as lipids and metabolites, due to the non-linearity of mass by charge ratio for even the smallest part of the spectrum. We define the amount (or range of amounts) of metabolites and/or lipids per a defined amount of a protein, consistently identified in all samples of a multiple-model organism comparison, as the normative level of that metabolite or lipid. The defined protein amount (or range) is a normalized value for one cohort of complete samples for which intrasample relative protein quantification is available. For example, the amount of citrate (a metabolite) per µg of aconitate hydratase (normalized protein amount) identified in the proteome is the normative level of citrate with aconitase. We define normativity as the amount of metabolites (or amount range) detected when compared to normalized protein levels. We use axon regeneration as an example to illustrate the need for advanced approaches to the normalization of proteins. Comparison across different pharmacologically induced axon regeneration mouse models entails the comparison of axon regeneration, studied at different time points in several models designed using different agents. For the normalization of the proteins across different pharmacologically induced models, we perform peptide doping (fixed amounts of known peptides) in each sample to normalize the proteome across the samples. We develop Regen V peptides, divided into Regen III (SEB, LLO, CFP) and II (HH4B, A1315), for pre- and post-extraction comparisons, performed with the addition of defined, digested peptides (bovine serum albumin tryptic digest) for protein abundance normalization beyond commercial labeled relative quantification (for example, 18-plex tandem mass tags). We also illustrate the concept of normativity by using this normalization technique on regenerative metabolome/lipidome profiles. As normalized protein amounts are different in different biological states (control versus axon regeneration), normative metabolite or lipid amounts are expected to be different for specific biological states. These concepts and standardization approaches are important for the integration of different datasets across different models of axon regeneration.

Abstract Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in clinical MRI since the mid-1980s. Recently, concerns have been raised that trace amounts of Gadolinium (Gd), detected in brains even long time after GBCA application, may cause yet unrecognized clinical consequences. We therefore assessed the behavioral phenotype, neuro-histopathology, and Gd localization after repeated administration of linear (gadodiamide) or macrocyclic (gadobutrol) GBCA in rats. While most behavioral tests revealed no difference between treatment groups, we observed a transient and reversible decrease of the startle reflex after gadodiamide application. Residual Gd in the lateral cerebellar nucleus was neither associated with a general gene expression pathway deregulation nor with neuronal cell loss, but in gadodiamide-treated rats Gd was associated with the perineuronal net protein aggrecan and segregated to high molecular weight fractions. Our behavioral finding together with Gd distribution and speciation support a substance class difference for Gd presence in the brain after GBCA application.

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of liver disease. There are limited studies on the epidemiology of alcohol use and its effects on Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) in adulthood. Methods: In this single-center prospective cohort study, patients were enrolled from the Fontan clinic between November 2019 and November 2020, excluding those with chronic hepatitis C or B. Alcohol consumption was quantified by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire and a supplementary questionnaire. Participants were stratified into alcohol consumers and non-consumers. Alcohol consumption was correlated to the magnitude of fibrosis on liver biopsy and the varices, ascites, splenomegaly, and thrombocytopenia (VAST) score. Results: Forty-three patients (age 30 ​± ​6.5 years) were enrolled, and most were in NYHA FC 1 or 2. Twenty-six (60.5%) participants consumed alcohol regularly in the past year (twenty with low-risk consumption and six with hazardous consumption). Alcohol consumers were more likely to have better NYHA FC. Of those, half reported alcohol consumption for longer than one year before enrollment. Eleven (25.6%) participants reported underage drinking. After multivariable adjustment, male sex was associated with increased severity of liver fibrosis (OR 3.7 [1.0 to 13.6]). Alcohol consumption was not associated with liver fibrosis (OR 1.2 [0.3 to 4.9]) or VAST scores (OR 1.2 [0.01 to 2.2]). Conclusions: Alcohol consumption is prevalent among adults with the Fontan circulation but does not correlate with FALD. However, further studies are required to validate the results in cohorts with heavier alcohol consumption. Underage drinking was prevalent and warrants screening in pediatrics.

Background Recent literature reports a strong thrombotic tendency in patients hospitalized for a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection. This characteristic is unusual and seems specific to COVID‐19 infections, especially in their severe form. Viral infections can trigger acquired thrombophilia, which can then lead to thrombotic complications. We investigate for the presence of acquired thrombophilia, which could participate in this phenomenon, and report its prevalence. We also wonder if these thrombophilias participate in the bad prognosis of severe COVID‐19 infections. Methods and Results In 89 consecutive patients hospitalized for COVID‐19 infection, we found a 20% prevalence of PS (protein S) deficiency and a high (ie, 72%) prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies: mainly lupus anticoagulant. The presence of PS deficiency or antiphospholipid antibodies was not linked with a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time nor with D‐dimer, fibrinogen, or CRP (C‐reactive protein) concentrations. These coagulation abnormalities are also not linked with thrombotic clinical events occurring during hospitalization nor with mortality. Conclusions We assess a high prevalence of positive tests detecting thrombophilia in COVID‐19 infections. However, in our series, these acquired thrombophilias are not correlated with the severity of the disease nor with the occurrence of thrombotic events. Albeit the strong thrombotic tendency in COVID‐19 infections, the presence of frequent acquired thrombophilia may be part of the inflammation storm of COVID‐19 and should not systematically modify our strategy on prophylactic anticoagulant treatment, which is already revised upwards in this pathological condition. Registration URL: https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04335162.

Background: Social anxiety disorder (SAD) typically onsets in adolescence and is associated with multiple impairments. Despite promising clinical interventions, most socially anxious adolescents remain untreated. To address this clinical neglect, we developed a school-based, 12-week group intervention for youth with SAD, "Skills for Academic and Social Success" (SASS). When implemented by psychologists, SASS has been found effective. To promote dissemination and optimize treatment access, we tested whether school counselors could be effective treatment providers. Method: We randomized 138, ninth through 11th graders with SAD to one of three conditions: (a) SASS delivered by school counselors (C-SASS), (b) SASS delivered by psychologists (P-SASS), or (c) a control condition, "Skills for Life" (SFL), a nonspecific counseling program. Blind, independent, evaluations were conducted with parents and adolescents at baseline, post-intervention, and 5 months beyond treatment completion. We hypothesized that C-SASS and P-SASS would be superior to the control, immediately after treatment and at follow-up. No prediction was made about the relative efficacy of C-SASS and P-SASS. Results: Compared to controls, adolescents treated with C-SASS or P-SASS experienced significantly greater improvement and reductions of anxiety at the end of treatment and follow-up. There were no significant differences between SASS delivered by school counselors and psychologists. Conclusion: With training, school counselors are effective treatment providers to adolescents with social anxiety, yielding benefits comparable to those obtained by specialized psychologists. Questions remain regarding means to maintain counselors' practice standards without external support.

Characterizing gait is important in the study of movement disorders, also in clinical mouse models. Gait data are therefore necessary for the development of gait analysis methods and the study of diseases. This article presents gait data of two α-synucleinopathic transgenic mouse models and their non-transgenic littermate, backcrossed into the C57BL/6N genetic background. The animal gait was recorded using CatWalk system, which provides the information for each run about the paw positions, paw print sizes, and paw intensities as a function of time or video frame. A total of 90 run data files are provided in this article.

Acute myocarditis (AM) is a rare but severe disease affecting patients of all age. Large multicentric data comparing children and adults are lacking. We aimed to elucidate differences in presentation, management, and outcomes of AM across age groups. A comprehensive French national cohort study, encompassing 53 pediatric and adult units from March 2020 to November 2021, was analysed. Baseline characteristics and evolution, management and in-hospital complications were collected. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) within 30 days included all-cause death, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmias, or complete AV block. We included 745 AM patients (328 children and 417 adults), mainly male (73.4%) with a median age of 19.8 years [IQR: 12.5–30.9]. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) was more prevalent among pediatric cases (69.8%), whereas infectious aetiology dominated in adults (13.4 vs. 52.4%). Children exhibited a more severe clinical presentation, with increased risk of heart failure (15.9 vs. 7.2%) and cardiogenic shock (14.4 vs. 6.9%), requiring higher use of inotropes (25.0 vs. 9.4%), vasopressors (12.0 vs. 6.2%), and ventilatory support (12.5 vs. 7.7%). Cardiac treatments such as beta-blockers (33.4 vs. 84.4%) or ACE/ARB (37.3 vs. 63.1%) were less often used in children whereas corticosteroids (68.3 vs. 14.3%) and immunomodulators (65.1 vs. 4.5%) were more often used. MACE occurrence was substantial but not significantly different between children and adults (18.1 vs. 13.4%). Extra-cardiac manifestations at admission were significant predictors of MACE (aOR: 2.40 [1.43–4.38]), regardless of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) status. AM exhibits variations in presentation, aetiologies, and management, but shares a comparable 30-day prognosis in children and adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School-based prevention and promotion interventions (SBPPI) improve desirable outcomes (e.g., commitment to school and attendance) and reduce undesirable outcomes (e.g., suspensions and violence). Unfortunately, our understanding of how to effectively implement and sustain SBPPI outside of well-controlled conditions is lacking. To bridge this science/"real world" practice gap, a system of sustainable implementation, which merges implementation strategies and sustainability strategies, is proposed for SBPPI. Ecological levels and phases affect this system. This conceptualization is supported by analyses from a diverse sample of 157 schools implementing Social-Emotional Character Development, a type of SBPPI. The system of sustainable implementation was measured using the Schools Implementing Towards Sustainability (SITS) scale, which was designed to be "user-friendly" in field settings by being viable and scalable. The SITS demonstrated strong reliability as well as promising concurrent and construct validity. Implications are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)

Developments in American policy, research and professional development to promote social and emotional learning in schools have drawn on work carried out by the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL), encouraged by the popular and political catalyst of Daniel Goleman's work on emotional intelligence. Based on CASEL's exploration and articulation of the implications of emotional intelligence for schools, this article defines "social and emotional learning" as part of character development and draws on empirical studies of successful implementation to outline principles of effective intervention. In a context where, despite political rhetoric about a flourishing and progressive education system, a seemingly intractable achievement gap affects particular social and ethnic groups, the article evaluates key influences and ongoing barriers to successful realisation of the goals of social and emotional learning in American schools. (Contains 1 table.)

Introduction In France, over recent years, the prescription rate of antipsychotic (AP) remained stable in children and adolescents. Prescription of second-generation antipsychotics increased, whereas prescription of first-generation antipsychotics decreased. Off-label prescriptions are very frequent in this population. Adverse events (AEs) in youth treated with AP are common and may be severe. AEs have hitherto been poorly monitored in naturalistic studies independent from industry.Method and analysis We describe a French prospective multicentre study in an AP-naïve paediatric population named Etude de la Tolérance des AntiPsychotique chez l'Enfant (ETAPE). The study started in April 2013. So far, 200 patients have been included. The inclusion criteria are: male or female inpatients aged from 6 to 18 years, treated with an AP drug for less than 28 days, never been treated or having received AP for less than 3 months, discontinued at least 6 months prior to inclusion. These assessments of AE are performed at inclusion, as well as at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the introduction of the AP. The monitoring period will end in May 2016.Ethics and dissemination The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee ‘Sud Méditerrané V’ (number 12.082) and by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (number 2012-004546-15). All patients and their parents signed informed consent on enrolment in the study. We will submit the results of the study to relevant journals and offer national and international presentations. This study will enable better characterisation of the prescription of AP drugs. The results will further help to develop quality standards and recommendations for monitoring AE during the prescription of AP.Trial registration number NCT02007928.

The authors describe a program implemented in Red Bank Middle School in New Jersey to help at-risk, minority middle school girls realize their leadership potential. The GLO (Girls Leading Outward) program was developed by the Developing Safe and Civil Schools Project at Rutgers University and is facilitated by university students. Selected middle school girls who have academic, social, or emotional challenges attend after-school sessions in which they learn problem-solving, emotional recognition and regulation, communication and assertiveness, and teamwork. At the end of the sessions, they design and implement a service project. Stories of some of the participants illustrate how the program has improved their self-image and helped prepare them for a more successful transition to high school.

The purpose of this paper is to further elucidate the importance of social relationships and social connectedness with aging in place and in developing elder-friendly communities. The process used in this study was inclusive of younger adults (age 40–65) as well as older adults (65+) in order to further understand how they envision a community that could support their own aging in place. A community forum, using the World Café format, was conducted in order to engage community members, 40 years and older, in conversation about the importance of social connectedness in elder-friendly communities. A second purpose of this forum was to obtain data on what would keep aging boomers in their community as they age. Three major themes emerged from qualitative analysis of the forum: social reciprocity, meaningful interactions, and structural needs/barriers. The results of this study reinforce the importance of social connectedness in creating and maintaining elder-friendly communities for older adults, as well as soon-to-be retired individuals, wishing to maintain life connectedness to their community. The study suggests the possibility of using more nontraditional research techniques (such as the World Café process) for gathering community level data.

Acute myocarditis (AM) is a rare but severe disease affecting patients of all age. Large multicentric data in children and comparison with adult are lacking. We aim to compare AM presentation, management, and outcomes according to age of the patients at admission and to identify factors associated with 30-day prognosis. All cases of AM were included between March 2020 and November 2021 in 64 adults and children centres in France. We collected baseline data, AM presentation and evolution, in-hospital management and in-hospital complications. All-cause death and major cardiovascular events (MACE) (acute pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest) were investigated with a 30-day systematic follow-up. NCT04375748 In total, 745 AM patients (417 adults and 328 children) were included, mainly men (73.4%) with a median age of 19.8 [12.5–30.9] years old. Children had more extra-cardiac manifestations (78.3% vs. 24.0%, P < 0.01), more clinical signs of heart failure (14.9% vs. 7.0%, P < 0.01) and shock (47.9% vs. 12.7%, P < 0.01). They also had lower left and right ventricular function on TTE. The main aetiology of AM was viral myocarditis (32.6% of the overall population) with a predominance in adults (50 vs. 20% in children). Children had less toxic myocarditis (0 vs. 2.6%, P < 0.01), immunologic myocarditis (1.0 vs. 7.0%, P < 0.01), vaccine-related myocarditis (5.0 vs. 9.0%, P < 0.01) and idiopathic AM (9.0 vs. 28.0%, P < 0.01). Multisystem inflammatory syndrome was predominant in children (66.0 vs. 1.0%, P < 0.01). Cardiac treatments as beta blockers (84.4 vs. 33.4%, P < 0.01) or ACE/ARB2 (63.1 vs. 37.3%, P < 0.01) were significantly more often used in adults. On the contrary, corticosteroids (68.3 vs. 14.3%, P < 0.01) and immunomodulators including antiviral and/or IGIV were significantly more used in children (65.1 vs. 4.5%, P < 0.01). In-hospital complications occurred more in children (23.8 vs. 14.3, P < 0.01) especially acute kidney injury (11.0 vs. 5.3%, P < 0.01) and cardiogenic shock (15.2 vs. 8.1%, P < 0.01). At 30-day, adults presented more composite endpoint including death, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, and acute pulmonary oedema (3.4 vs. 0.9% respectively in adults and children, P < 0.03) AM presentation, aetiologies and management differs according to age. Despite higher rate of in-hospital complications in children, the 30-day prognosis is worse in adult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Electrical cardioversion is the first-line rhythm control therapy for symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Contemporary use of biphasic shock waveforms and anterior-posterior positioning of defibrillation electrodes have improved cardioversion efficacy; however, it remains unsuccessful in >10% of patients.Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of applying active compression on defibrillation electrodes during AF cardioversion.Methods: We performed a bicenter randomized study including patients referred for persistent AF cardioversion. Elective external cardioversion was performed by a standardized step-up protocol with increasing biphasic shock energy (50-100-150-200 J). Patients were randomly assigned to standard anterior-posterior defibrillation or to defibrillation with active compression applied over the anterior electrode. If sinus rhythm was not achieved at 200 J, a single crossover shock (200 J) was applied. Defibrillation threshold, total delivered energy, number of shocks, and success rate were compared between groups.Results: We included 100 patients, 50 in each group. In the active compression group, defibrillation threshold was lower (103.1 ± 49.9 J vs 130.4 ± 47.7 J; P = .008), as well as total delivered energy (203 ± 173.3 J vs 309 ± 213.5 J; P = .0076) and number of shocks (2.2 ± 1.1 vs 2.9 ± 1.2; P = .0033), and cardioversion was more often successful (48 of 50 patients [96%] vs 42 of 50 patients [84%]; P = .0455) than that in the standard anterior-posterior group. Crossover from the compression group to the standard group was not successful (0 of 2 patients), whereas crossover from the standard group to the compression group was successful in 50% of patients (4 of 8).Conclusion: Active compression applied to the anterior defibrillation electrode is more effective for persistent AF cardioversion than standard anterior-posterior cardioversion, with lower defibrillation threshold and higher success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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