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In this study, we investigated the effects of different Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in the water column on the growth and molting of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. We used three concentrations of both Ca2+ and Mg2+ and tested these in culture experiments over a period of four complete molting cycles. Analyses revealed that increasing concentrations of Ca2+ in the water led to a gradual reduction in the expression levels of MIH and a gradual increase in the expression levels of EcR and chitinase, thus accelerating molting frequency and shortening the molting cycle. However, high concentrations of Ca2+ significantly reduced the survival rate of M. rosenbergii. Increasing concentrations of Mg2+ in the water column led to a significant increase in heart beat count (P < 0.05); in addition, malate dehydrogenase activity during postmolt A and intermolt C tended to increase, and energy metabolism was accelerated. Furthermore, increased Ca2+ concentrations in the water column promoted an increase in the Ca2+ content of muscles and shells. In contrast, as the Mg2+ concentration in the water column increased, the Mg2+ content in the muscles and shells showed different patterns of change. Too low or too high Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in the external environment had differing degrees of negative effects on the gill tissue such as edema and necrosis. In summary, low levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the external environment reduced ion levels in the muscle and shell; inhibited growth, molting, and survival; and exerted negative effects on the gill tissue. Furthermore, high concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ may accelerate molting rate and energy metabolism, but can cause more serious damage to gill tissue and reduce the survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a major debt crisis occurs in a listed company, the stock prices of related enterprises may also fluctuate sharply, resulting in the spread of debt risk to more enterprises. Taking the stocks of listed companies as network nodes, we constructed a complex stock market network over three periods of time through the logarithmic return rate of stocks for the three periods of prophase, metaphase, and anaphase of the debt crisis. We studied the topological characteristics of the network and destructiveness over the three periods. Finally, the minimum spanning tree was used to construct a network and the community structure of the network. The empirical analysis took the debt crisis of the China Evergrande Company as an example to analyze the impact of its major debt crisis on the Chinese stock market. The research findings were as follows: First, the debt crisis increased the inter-industry connections within the network, that is, the correlations between enterprises in different industries was enhanced. Second, the closeness of the cross-industry connections increased the connectivity efficiency of the network, but compared with the other two periods, the debt crisis in the metaphase was less stable. Third, community research showed that in the metaphase of the debt crisis, the enterprises became the core nodes of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a major debt crisis occurs in a listed company, the stock prices of related enterprises may also fluctuate sharply, resulting in the spread of debt risk to more enterprises. Taking the stocks of listed companies as network nodes, we constructed a complex stock market network over three periods of time through the logarithmic return rate of stocks for the three periods of prophase, metaphase, and anaphase of the debt crisis. We studied the topological characteristics of the network and destructiveness over the three periods. Finally, the minimum spanning tree was used to construct a network and the community structure of the network. The empirical analysis took the debt crisis of the China Evergrande Company as an example to analyze the impact of its major debt crisis on the Chinese stock market. The research findings were as follows: First, the debt crisis increased the inter-industry connections within the network, that is, the correlations between enterprises in different industries was enhanced. Second, the closeness of the cross-industry connections increased the connectivity efficiency of the network, but compared with the other two periods, the debt crisis in the metaphase was less stable. Third, community research showed that in the metaphase of the debt crisis, the enterprises became the core nodes of the network.

The research highlights the importance of use of ICT in contemporary higher education system. Due to the development of technology enhanced learning the quality of higher education becomes competitive in the European labor market. Meeting the high standards, it requires considerable changes within the University education practice, basically in the normative organization structure. The normative organization documents are to regulate e-learning within particular higher education establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management control system (MCS) constitutes one of the critical functions of management in organizations. However, little or no attention has been given to design and use of this very important function of management. Many mechanisms or techniques acknowledged to be in use to carry out management control function are limited to accounting-based control techniques which have been criticized to have behavioral dysfunctional consequences such as lack of direction, efforts aversion and other self-interested behaviors. In response to the limitations of accounting control system, the need to broaden the scope of MCS and humanize its role becomes imperative. In view of the foregoing, the study investigated how Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises engage in the practice of MCS and its effect on performance. The study employs quantitative method to obtain survey data from randomly selected 262 of small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in Lagos State respectively. The obtained quantitative data was subjected Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) analysis. The findings of the study revealed that variation in performance of Small and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises (SMMEs) was attributed to four management control mechanisms: compensation (β=0.225,P

Increasing risks about deficient communication and difficulties in communication management in multinational projects lead to the deployment of project coordinators (PCs). The role of coordinators and their responses to communication issues differ with the organization structure. This study focuses on the communication tendencies in different organization structures to facilitate the work of PCs. Based on the literature review, this study identified representative communication risks and organization structures in multinational projects. Thereafter, a survey and semi-structured interviews with 30 PCs were conducted to understand their perceptions, which were then analyzed by applying text-mining. Cultural and linguistic risks, such as differences in terminology, nuances, and visual gestures, occur frequently in communication. The resulting construction and design changes may lead to conflicts among stakeholders. To alleviate these risks, PCs in functional, projectized, and matrix organizations must consider the hierarchy, expert presence, and systematic approach adoption, respectively. PCs typically prefer matrix organizations, in which each department acts as a team to deliver information uniformly, and the personnel must adapt to differences in the terminology and behavioral cultures of multinational stakeholders. The systematic deployment of PCs with experience and knowledge of multinational projects in each team can help set unified goals among stakeholders. By coordinating the communication of PCs, the technology and resources of participating countries can be timely utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering rapid climate change and its effects, an increasing number of enterprises are paying more attention to environmental protection behavior in order to realize their green innovation activities. However, environmental leadership is critical for delivering green innovation in business and industry. As such, can environmental leadership promote the green innovation performance of enterprises? If so, what is the influence mechanism? In the previous research on environmental leadership, the impact of environmental leadership on the green innovation performance of enterprises had not yet been effectively explored. Therefore, drawing on a resource-based view, this study explored the mechanism through which environmental leadership influences a firm's green innovation performance. In this study, with the help of the mature scale at home and abroad, variables were measured, and the relationship between variables was verified by multiple regression analysis using samples collected from 224 heavy-polluting enterprises in western China at multiple time points. It was found that (1) environmental leadership has significant positive effects on green product innovation performance and green process innovation performance; (2) proactive environmental strategies partly mediate the relationships between environmental leadership and green product, as well as green process innovation performance; and (3) a firm's organizational structure positively moderates the relationship between environmental leadership and proactive environmental strategies. Therefore, the results of our study provide theoretical and practical contributions for research on environmental leadership and proactive environmental strategies.

During negotiations in the initial stage of multinational megaprojects, technical issues are underemphasized compared to diplomatic or political perspectives despite varying relevant standards of participating countries. If the organization structures are established soundly while overcoming heterogeneous aspects of involved countries, decision making among countries satisfying both could be made timely and properly. With the aim of positive multilateral relationships and negotiations concerning engineering factors collectively, a framework is presented for identifying the roles and responsibilities of multinational joint clients with a hierarchical organization structure composed of a decision maker, senior responsible owner, project sponsor, and project manager. US forces relocation program in the Republic of Korea, a $1.4 billion megaproject, was analyzed where political and cultural aspects were attempted to melt down in a hierarchical organization. Results from interviewing high-level decision makers from both countries show that upper-level participants focus on political issues, while lower-level practitioners aim to achieve satisfactory technical quality. The involvement of engineers in earlier negotiation stages with upper-level counterparts is essential in establishing realistic goals. The uniqueness of the framework compared to previous factor-driven perspectives between different joint-client structures are as follows: Identical hierarchy of level from the countries supports defining roles with integrated scope management, and neutral consultative body for arbitrating conflict between countries and in-house departments within a country is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of technical and vocational education would depend on several factors among which are: the quality of management, the management adopted philosophy, the organization structure, the quality of workshops and laboratories, the competencies of academic and managerial staff, the level of interactions with related industries, health and safety codes and conducts, and the quality of high school graduates who are interested in joining technical and vocational institutions. However, the quality of management is considered the main dominate in the success or failure of technical and vocational education in producing graduates with the require knowledge, skills, and attitude that are mostly needed by industries. In other word, it is the mentality, philosophy, and practice that is being adopted by the management of technical and vocational education that would determine the quality of the outcomes which would consequently contributes in the reduction of the level of dependence on expatriates particularly in essential sectors of the Kuwaiti economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, health sector, communications, and navigations). In this paper, a model is introduced to reconstruct the management philosophy, practice, and organization structure at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, Kuwait. The aim is to tackle the weakness of the present management philosophy, practice, and organization structure and proposed instead an effective and efficient management philosophy, practice and organization structure that would enhance the quality of technical and vocational graduates. The outcomes of this paper would significantly contribute in creating a general awareness of the real notion and application of technical and vocational education and the requirements that would, without any doubt, allows a better and efficient utilization of human and material resources in achieving the overall country's manpower plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study are to investigate the influence of leadership style and organizational structure on employees' performance and organization and the impact of leadership style, organizational structure, and motivation on an organization's overall performance. A quantitative method was used in this study, involving all employees from the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A set of questionnaires was distributed to all 200 employees of the faculty, but only 115 employees completed and returned the questionnaire, reducing our sample size to 115. The data collected was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results show that leadership style has an influence on the performance of staff members of the Teacher Training and Education Faculty at Syiah Kuala University. The organizational structure that affects the performance of the institution's staff members is related to the management within the organization. Additionally, work motivation affects the performance of the staff members of the institution. It can be concluded that leadership style and organizational structure have a significant effect on employees' work motivation in an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundOrganizational commitment is important for job performance and employee retention. However, studies on the level of organizational commitment and its related factors among emergency physicians in China are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors associated with organizational commitment among emergency physicians in China.MethodsA national cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 among emergency physicians in China. Data were collected from 10,457 emergency physicians using a standard structured anonymous questionnaire, including demographic characteristics, organizational structure factors and work environment factors. A generalized linear model was used to explore the correlation between the independent variables and organizational commitment.ResultsIn this study, 55.3% of emergency physicians reported a moderate level of organizational commitment. The physicians who were male, younger than 40 years old, had a mid-level title and had a lower average monthly income were more likely to show lower organizational commitment levels. Conversely, the organizational commitment was higher among physicians who perceived that promotion is easy and the number of emergency physicians meet their daily work or had not experienced workplace violence in the last year.ConclusionsThe study showed that organizational commitment among Chinese emergency physicians was moderate and related to gender, age, monthly income, frequency of daily visits, departmental promotion mechanism and workplace violent. Targeted interventions are needed to improve the organizational commitment of emergency physicians in a comprehensive way.

The future organizational landscape may change drastically by mid-century as a result of widespread implementation of 3D printing. This article argues that global will turn local; mega (factories, ships, malls) will become mini; long supply chains will shrink; many jobs will be broadened to combine design, consulting, sales, and production roles; and large organizations will make room for smaller ones. "A once-shuttered warehouse is now a state-of-the art lab where new workers are mastering the 3D printing that has the potential to revolutionize the way we make almost everything." [President Obama, State of the Union Address, 2013]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some time, the term resilience has been used in project management research to address the ability to organize under a variety of scenarios of uncertainty and sudden change, including disruptions in the form of shocks or stressors. This paper examines the prerequisites in projects, organizations, and teams as well as individuals for resilient management of projects based on two complementary empirical sources First, the results of eight case vignettes based on semi-structured online interviews with project management practitioners are presented. Subsequently, results were reviewed and enriched with the experiences of experienced project managers in a group discussion. Findings highlight the importance of preparation and awareness, diversity and equality in the team and information relationships. On the other hand, resilient organizations are characterized more formalization, centralized and individualistic decision-making. Above all project managers acting prudently and flexibly along the time axis from incubation to coping and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The increase in the competitiveness on the sports market forces elaboration of the proper organization structure in sports clubs. In 2011 Lech Poznan Club found itself in a situation which was inadequate to its ambition. The aim of this work is to present the influence of the implemented organization structure changes on the process of club management. Material and methods: The subject of the research was the Lech Poznan club and its organization structure between 2011 and 2014. The applied research methods were the interview and the survey questionnaire. Results: The introduction and the strategy realization, as well as the clear distribution of tasks were visible in the process of the changes in the organization structures. The success of those actions may be verified on the basis of the results of the end of season 2014/15. Conclusions: The conducted research shows that the Lech Poznan football club experienced transformation between 2011 and 2014. This transformation was adequate to the current trends of the sports club management, and it has permitted the club to win the Polish football championship.

Copyright of International Journal on Criminology is the property of Policy Studies Organization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was an attempt to scrutinize the association of leadership styles (transactional and transformational), organizational culture factors (collaboration, trust and learning), and psychological capital on knowledge management effectiveness (Efficiency, innovativeness and adoptability). The said relationship was also tested with the presence of moderator organization structure. The study was carried out in higher educational institutions of Pakistan. The population of the study was public sector universities situated in Islamabad. The sampling frame consists of faculty members of all public sector universities. Through stratified random sampling, 400 teachers were selected. Data from the respondents were collected through an adapted scale having a Likerttype scale. The validity and reliability of the scale were ensured. A total of 323 responses were received back, with a response rate of 80.75%. The study found that both leadership styles, i.e., transactional and transformational have a positive and significant relationship with KM effectiveness, i.e., Efficiency, innovativeness and adoptability. The study also found that psychological capital has a significant association with KM effectiveness, i.e., Efficiency, innovativeness and adoptability. Furthermore, it was also found that organizational culture factors, i.e., trust, collaboration, and learning, have a positive and substantial relationship with both dimensions of KM effectiveness. The study found that artificial intelligence did not moderate the relationship of leadership styles and KM effectiveness. However, artificial intelligence moderates the relationship between organizational culture factors and KM effectiveness. Keeping in view the results, it is suggested that organizations should strive to achieve KM effectiveness through effective utilization of their leadership styles, psychological capital, and cultural factors. Implications and future directions are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) of Taiwan and Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) of Korea are among the most acknowledged public research institutes in East Asia. This paper applies the evolutionary perspective for a comparative case study, emphasizing the path dependence with the innovation system context. Also, this paper elucidates the factors that configured the dynamics of ITRI and KIST in populating spin-offs and advancing biotechnology, respectively. It sheds new light on what particular organizational structures and routines would posit functionality in propagating certain activities and outcomes. The case of ITRI implies a strong mechanistic push in its organization to expedite its research activities and spin-offs. Meanwhile, KIST is endowed with patient capital and instituted service seniority in its career ladder, thus enabling it to develop science-based technologies and to evolve into a university-like institute. The structures and routines of the two PRIs are profound and productive in advancing their respective desired research agendas. However, their instituted routines might limit their pursuit of other kinds of growth ventures. This paper shows a depiction of organizational career ladders and spin-off mechanisms, which provides a useful guide for a government aspiring to construct similar structures and routines for certain outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) is an important cultured marine fish species in southern China. It is characterized by fast growth. Due to the effects of climate change on water oxygen levels and seawater temperatures, the understanding of the influence of environmental changes on cobia culture has become important. In this study, to explore the stress and adaptability of cobia under hypoxia-reoxygenation conditions, the fish were exposed to an oxygen-deficient environment with dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 2.64 ± 0.25 mg/L. Serum liver function target, lipid metabolism-related enzymes and the serum antioxidant capability were detected in cobia under acute hypoxic stress after which fish returned to normal DO level (6.34 ± 0.15 mg/L) at 8, 24 and 48 h. Conventional paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin (H-E) staining were used to observe gill and liver tissues of cobia by electron microscopy. After hypoxic stress, the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cobia decreased. Under acute hypoxic stress, the gill patches of the fish were contracted and slightly curved. Liver disorder and vacuoles appeared between liver tissues. After reoxygenation, SOD and catalase (CAT) were recovered to the level of the control group with time, and all peaks appeared. The gill and liver of fish were also recovered with time. The results showed that hypoxic stress could cause oxidative damage to cobia.

Bu araştırma ile Kaynak Temelli Görüş KTG ekseninde örgütsel yapının maliyet liderliği stratejisi üzerindeki etkisini yapısal eşitlik modeli yardımıyla ortaya koymak amaçlanmaktadır. Yönetim ve organizasyon bilimsel disiplinine ait alanyazın incelendiğinde örgütsel yapının stratejiyi ve stratejinin de örgütsel yapıyı takip ettiğine yönelik araştırmaların mevcut olduğu görülmektedir. Disiplinin alt alanlarından biri olan stratejik yönetim alanında KTG, geleneksel örgüt yapısı stratejiyi takip eder görüşüne stratejinin örgütsel yapıyı takip ettiği yönünde yaklaşmaktadır. KTG’nin bu savından hareketle araştırmada yapı-strateji arasındaki etkileşim örgütsel yapının strateji üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Yapı kavramı birçok bilimsel disiplininde kendine yer bulmuş bir kavramdır. Yönetim ve organizasyon bilimsel disiplini içerisindeki örgütsel yapı kavramı da bunlardan biridir. Örgütsel yapı, örgüt içerisindeki iş bölümü, yetki ve karar verme mekanizmaları, hiyerarşik seviyeler, rol ve pozisyonlar, kural ve prosedürler ve uzmanlaşma derecesi gibi birçok unsuru kapsamaktadır. Ancak ilgili alanyazında dikkat çeken üç temel örgütsel yapı alt boyutu: merkezileşme, biçimselleşme ve uzmanlaşma olarak ifade edilmektedir. Kar amacı güden bir örgütün iş birim düzeyinde uyguladığı stratejiler rekabetçi stratejiler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu stratejilerden biri de maliyet liderliği stratejisidir. Maliyet liderliği stratejisi örgütün rakipleri ile rekabet etmek için tüm iş süreçlerinde etkin ve verimli olması anlamını taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda araştırma örneklemini, İstanbul Sanayi Odası’nın İSO belirlediği Türkiye’nin ilk 1000 büyük sanayi firmasından tam sayım yöntemi ile ulaşılan 213 firma oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada örgütsel yapının ölçümünde Örgütsel Yapı Ölçeği ÖY-Ö ve maliyet liderliği stratejisinin ölçümünde Maliyet Liderliği Stratejisi Ölçeği MLS-Ö kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan ölçeklerin geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizleri keşfedici faktör analizi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve Cronbach Alfa değerleri incelenerek gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçüm modellerinin ardından oluşturulan yapısal model iyi düzeyde uyum iyiliği değerlerine sahiptir X2/df = 1.403; RMSEA = .044; GFI = .922; CFI = .952; NFI = .854; TLI = .942; IFI =.953 . Elde edilen bulgular örgütsel yapının merkezileşme boyutunun maliyet liderliği stratejisi üzerinde pozitif yönde yordayıcı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

This study sought to examine the effect of organization structure on organization strategy. Survey research design was employed through the administration of structured questionnaire to staff of Nestle Nigeria PLC, Unilever Nigeria PLC and PZ (Cussons) PLC. The findings revealed that, organization structure positively and significantly affects strategy implementation (F stat 107.52* 0.000) and that organization structure account for 53% (Adjusted R2= 0.5312) variation in organization strategy. It can therefore be concluded that, organization structure plays a significant role in strategy formulation and implementation in Nigeria multinational enterprises. It could be seen that, global matrix structure and product division structure are the most critical elements of organization structure driving strategy implementation in a multinational firm. It is therefore recommended that, multinational firms in Nigeria should employ matrix structure towards the enhancement of their organization strategy. This is because matrix structure has the highest effect on organization strategy.

The study of bargaining power and its role in negotiations has a long history in operations management research. Much of this research has involved buyer–supplier exchanges and has often hinged on the assumption that powerful firms negotiate to wield (fully) their power for favorable outcomes. Yet, it is unclear to what extent firms transform their potential power into realized power. Building on insights grounded in resource dependence theory and literature on competitive dynamics and organization design, we theorize that structural factors (i.e., decentralization, spheres of influence, and mutual dependence) constrain firms from fully realizing their potential power. In doing so, we center on a more nuanced context—multimarket buyer–supplier exchanges, wherein buyers and suppliers handle multiple exchanges across different product markets. We use two controlled negotiation experiments to test our hypotheses. Our results show that in multimarket exchanges, three key factors (and how they sometimes interact) constrain power use. These results offer boundary conditions to extant theory. Most profoundly, our results reveal that centralization (traditionally viewed as a structural lever to enhance power use) alone does not affect power use but has distinct effects conditional on other factors—countering theory and challenging best practices in industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since taking off as an industry in Sweden in the 1980s, contract archaeology has changed not only the role of field archaeologists but also that of museums and the formation of collections. This paper discusses some of the effects of the commercialization of archaeological services through a case study of past and present collection practices. Data records are compared from three different archaeological investigations at the site Nya Lödöse (1473-1621) in Gothenburg. Each excavation represents a particular era in archaeological practice. The data are used to compare and analyse collecting practices within contemporary contract archaeology. Separately, a survey among contract archaeology units examines the implementation of legislative guidelines and day-to-day practices and suggests several causes for anomalies in the selection and discarding of finds in the case study. Combined, the findings of the case study and the survey results, suggest that contract archaeology leaves a specific imprint on collections in archaeological museums, impacting their compilation, and therefore influencing future research as well as the experience of the public.

Telkom Divisi Digital Service (DDS) is a unit responsible for product innovations for Telkom. An internal survey conducted in June 2016 showed the lack of good understanding about the innovation process among employees. Entropy measurement showed that the organization culture categorized as “less than healthy”. Moreover, the implementation of virtual organization resulted in a lot of confusion among the employees. This research aimed to investigate the influence of Organization Culture variable and Organization Structure variable to the Innovation Process variable. Data were collected by distributing online questionnaires to 308 DDS employees and got 202 valid responses. Path analysis with SPSS showed that both Organization Culture and Organization Structure, either simultaneously or partially, had a positive influence toward Innovation Process. The Organizational Culture variable has a 37.27% influence towards Innovation Process variable, whereas the Organizational Structure variable has an 8.94% influence towards Innovation Process variable. In accordance with the research result, it is suggested that Telkom DDS focuses on the improvement of the organization culture to increase the innovation process. And for further research, it is recommended to explore other variables uncovered yet in this research, such as leadership within an organization, work environment, etc.

A plasma cladding experiment was carried out to investigate the characteristics(surface hardness, microstructure, friction, wear properties from different substrates to the cladding layer and the bond strength) of plasma cladding Fe-Cr-Nb-Si-Mo alloy cladding layers on different substrates. In order to improve the abrasion resistance of the scraper middle trough, the plasma cladding technique was used to clad the alloy ceramic powder Ig7 on the surface of the middle trough NM450, WH60A, Hardox450, and Weartuf450 to create Fe/Cr/Nb/Mo/V cladding layer. Based on the experiment results, the microstructure, friction and wear properties of the four cladding layers were analyzed, and the bond strength between the cladding layer and the substrate was also tested. The experimental results show that the main phases of the four cladding layers are martensite and all kinds of metal carbides ((Nb, Mo)C, VC, and Cr7C3). WH60A surface cladding layer has shown good friction and wear properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 40 years, organizational scholars have repeatedly called for more research to reconcile formalist and social network approaches to the intra-organizational structure. The former has primarily been concerned with the reporting relationship which manifests as the chain of command while research on the informal social structure relegates the reporting relationship to a wide and varied range of instrumental and affective relationships such as advice-seeking, knowledge-sharing, trust, and friendship which span the boundaries that the chain of command defines. In this study, we employ the chain of command distance—the length along the chain of command of a path connecting a pair of organizational actors—as the basis for formulating and testing hypotheses about how the formal organization and the informal social structure influence one another. First, we argue that whereas the formal structure affords only one, often very lengthy, path between any pair of actors, the combination of formal and informal structures results in a greater number of significantly shorter paths between actors. Next, we consider one effect of the formal organization on the informal social structure. In particular, we argue that there is an inverse relationship between the chain of command distance and the likelihood of a social or informal connection forming between a pair of actors. We test our hypotheses with demographic data collected from a public sector provider of health, education, and welfare services in rural Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to make large, complex organizations like MNCs ambidextrous—to make them efficient so that they succeed in the short run and in sync with their changing environments so that they succeed and survive in the long run. The two types of learning activity that support ambidexterity, exploitation and exploration, are fundamentally different (March 1991). The well-known structural approach to creating organizational ambidexterity employs separate subunits for exploitation and exploration (O'Reilly and Tushman 2011). We argue that this approach cannot take full advantage of the high levels of product, geographic, and functional diversity that exist in large, complex firms to create ambidexterity at a more macro level. Firms facing this kind of complexity often address it by using a matrix structure. For such firms, we argue that a more flexible form of matrix structure can facilitate the creation of a new form of ambidexterity at the macro level of such firms. As developed in Egelhoff and Wolf (Egelhoff and Wolf 2017), a flexible matrix structure is one which can vary its mode of decision making between balanced decision making, where decisions are jointly made by both dimensions of a matrix, and rule-based decision making, where it is pre-specified which dimension of a matrix will unilaterally make certain types of decision. We argue that rule-based decision making tends to facilitate exploitation and the refinement of existing knowledge while balanced decision making tends to facilitate exploration and the development of new knowledge. By specifying one mode of decision making or the other, firm-level management can deliberately steer important strategic decisions (e.g., new product technology development) into either exploitation or exploration and strategy renewal, creating a new form of ambidexterity at the macro level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary : This article develops theory on how an organization's structure affects future reorganizations. I highlight that a firm's structure shapes not only the locus of decision‐making power (i.e., centralization and decentralization) but also the employees' interaction structure. I develop microlevel theory that connects the firm's structure to the interactions among its employees—for instance, its influence on the time employees spend adjusting their behavior after a reorganization. This theory predicts that some structures are more likely than others to promote a reorganization to occur sooner. I use a unique, hand‐collected data set of reorganizations in the cell‐phone manufacturing industry to test and find directional support for this theory. Managerial Summary : I examine the effect of a firm's current structure on its corporate reorganization decisions, which are defined as the addition and/or removal of business units. I posit that the way employees are grouped into those business units may affect both the type and timing of subsequent reorganizations; the reason is that employees of similar (resp. different) backgrounds should need less (resp. more) time to achieve effective collaboration. Using data on the reorganizations of cell‐phone manufacturing firms during 1983–2008, I find directional support for the theory. This result implies that managers may need to watch closely any reorganization that shifts the firm toward more heterogeneous interaction structures—because its implementation may well require additional time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since taking off as an industry in Sweden in the 1980s, contract archaeology has changed not only the role of field archaeologists but also that of museums and the formation of collections. This paper discusses some of the effects of the commercialization of archaeological services through a case study of past and present collection practices. Data records are compared from three different archaeological investigations at the site Nya Lödöse (1473–1621) in Gothenburg. Each excavation represents a particular era in archaeological practice. The data are used to compare and analyse collecting practices within contemporary contract archaeology. Separately, a survey among contract archaeology units examines the implementation of legislative guidelines and day-to-day practices and suggests several causes for anomalies in the selection and discarding of finds in the case study. Combined, the findings of the case study and the survey results suggest that contract archaeology leaves a specific imprint on collections in archaeological museums, impacting their compilation and therefore influencing future research as well as the experience of the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper analyzes the speech act of Correction performed by the Marathi speakers both in English and Marathi languages as a response to three situations each in English and Marathi demanding speech act of correction in Discourse Completion Tests. For the purpose, the responses of50 post-graduate students of Shivaji University to Discourse Completion Tests in English and Marathi are collected and analyzed by preparing a model of speech act of Correction. Thefocus of study is to explore the manner and nature of speech act, the semantic strategies in 'which the head act is realized, the organization structure of the response and the preferred supportive moves. The analysis and the resultant conclusions are presented in terms of comparison between English and Marathi Correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is in the cusp of becoming a major global innovation hub, and Indian startups have a huge role to play in driving the innovation engine. However, it is necessary that Indian entrepreneurs shun some of the traditional paradigms and adopt paradigms which are more congruent with strategies that encourage innovations. This study attempts to examine the relationship between Macro Structural elements of the Organization Design and Innovation Performance of Start-ups. The frame of reference for this study is 79 Start-Ups which have been in business for less than ten years. The average employee count of all the Start-Ups included in the sample is 57. Ordinal Regression tool has been used to establish the relationship between Organization Design elements and Innovation Performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic research libraries can employ several approaches to advance the institutional mission. First, libraries can shift from goals focused on collections and traditional library services and instead align with their campus academic plan and an emphasis on supporting the institution's strategic initiatives. A second approach is for libraries to modify their organizational structures from being function-based on the tasks that traditional libraries performed (e.g., public services, technical services, collection development) and move instead toward organizational units that directly support their university's missions (e.g., undergraduate education; graduate and professional education; research, scholarship, and creative activity; and public engagement). The key is to have library staff engaged in work that contributes to vital institutional outcomes such as student success and faculty research productivity. Academic research libraries should also continue to work towards an assessment program that demonstrates the value of the academic research library in providing quality services that advance the institutional mission. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Colleges and universities' missions are typically comprised of educating students, training professionals, engaging in scholarship and research, promoting creative activity, improving healthcare, and providing public service. Academic libraries exist to support these core functions, yet most academic libraries are organized based on library functions rather than the primary missions of their college or university. This article describes one academic library's attempt to align library strategy and structure with its university's academic plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic sourcing, defined as a firm's key business process to identify, evaluate, configure, and negotiate purchases in important spend categories while managing long-term supplier relationships, is playing a significant role in sourcing strategies. The adoption of e-sourcing, defined as the use of business software (for example, using application service providers to conduct online procurement auctions) to automate or augment the aforementioned key business process, has been growing rapidly in recent years. One often-cited benefit of e-sourcing is the predicted savings, which is appealing, given the increasing pressure on cost competitiveness faced by firms. Using queuing techniques, this paper develops an economic model that captures fundamental trade-offs in a firm's e-sourcing business process as characterized by communication complexity, frequency of use, and cost of delay. This allows comparisons of two widely adopted structures for e-sourcing; the centralized structure versus the decentralized structure. Conditions under which the centralized structure is favored over the decentralized structure and vice versa are identified and illustrated with numerical examples and case evidence. These findings are robust in other settings. The paper concludes with a discussion of managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the link between a firm's organization of research --specifically, its choice to operate a centralized or decentralized R&D structure --and the type of innovation it produces. We propose that by reducing the internal transaction costs associated with R&D coordination across units, centralized R&D will generate innovations that have a larger and broader impact on subsequent technological evolution than will decentralized research. We also propose that, by facilitating more distant ('capabilities-broadening') search, centralized R&D will generate innovations that draw on a wider range of technologies. Our empirical results provide support for our predictions concerning impact, and mixed results for our predictions concerning breadth of search. We also find that control over research budgets complements direct authority relations in contributing to innovative impact. We propose several extensions of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a sample of 95 German firms, the study finds general support for the traditional fits of international strategy-structure theory. Employing an information-processing perspective, the study conceptually and empirically extends existing theory (1) to address strategy-structure fit for various types of matrix structure, and (2) by adding two new elements of international strategy to the existing international strategy-structure model: the level of international transfers and level of foreign R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the influence of internal control system on small scale enterprises sustainable development. The specific objective is to determine the influence of organizational structure and recruitment of personnel in small scale enterprises on their net profit margin. The study adopted survey design. Questionnaires were employed for gathering primary data and secondary data was obtained from the books of account. The researcher employed the purposive sampling technique in selecting participants for the study. Linear regression technique was employed as the basic statistical tool for data analyses in this study, with the aid of SPSS 20.0 software. We discovered significant relationship between organizational structures and recruitment of personnel in small scale enterprises and net profit margin. We recommend that there should be no fusion of personality between the owner of the business and the business. This will encourage the business owner to have good organization structure. Once there is separation of duties among the personnel, it will induce efficient and effective internal control in the organization.

Abstract We complement the rich conceptual work on organizational corruption by quantitatively modeling the spread of corruption within organizations. We systematically vary four organizational culture-related parameters, i.e., organization structure, location of bad apples , employees' propensity to become corrupted ("corruption probability"), and number of whistle-blowers. Our simulation studies find that in organizations with flatter structures, corruption permeates the organization at a lower threshold value of corruption probability compared to those with taller structures. However, the final proportion of corrupted individuals is higher in the latter as compared to the former. Also, we find that for a 1,000-strong organization, 5% of the workforce is a critical threshold in terms of the number of whistle-blowers needed to constrain the spread of corruption, and if this number is around 25%, the corruption contagion is negligible. Implications of our results are discussed. Highlights • Bridges two research streams, organizational corruption and social contagion. • New quantitative time-evolved cross-complex organizational networks corruption model. • Assesses impact of organization structure, bad apple locations, on corruption spread. • Introduces, and assesses impact of, whistle-blowers on corruption spreading. • Flatter structures are more easily corruptible but spread is lower than taller ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a modest attempt to assess the way the speech act of Request is performed in English and Marathi. For the purpose, data are collected from 50 post-graduate students using DCT. Three situations each in English and Marathi are used and the respondents are asked to respond to the situations. The analysis of the data shows that there an certain differences in the realization pattern of the speech act in English and Marathi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is global interest in implementing national information systems to support healthcare, and the National Health Service in England (NHS) has a troubled 25-year history in this sphere. Our objective was to chronicle structural reorganizations within the NHS from 1973 to 2017, alongside concurrent national information technology (IT) strategies, as the basis for developing a conceptual model to aid understanding of the organizational factors involved.Materials and Methods: We undertook an exploratory, retrospective longitudinal case study by reviewing strategic plans, legislation, and health policy documents, and constructed schemata for evolving structure and strategy. Literature on multi-organizational forms, complexity, national-level health IT implementations, and mega-projects was reviewed to identify factors that mapped to the schemata. Guided by strong structuration theory, these factors were superimposed on a simplified structural schema to create the conceptual model.Results: Against a background of frequent NHS reorganizations, there has been a logical and emergent NHS IT strategy focusing progressively on technical and data standards, connectivity, applications, and consolidation. The NHS has a complex and hierarchical multi-organization form in which restructuring may impact a range of intra- and inter-organizational factors.Discussion: NHS-wide IT programs have generally failed to meet expectations, though evaluations have usually overlooked longer-term progress. Realizing a long-term health IT strategy may be impeded by volatility of the implementation environment as organizational structures and relationships change. Key factors influencing the strategy-structure dyad can be superimposed on the tiered NHS structure to facilitate analysis of their impact.Conclusion: Alignment between incremental health IT strategy and dynamic structure is an under-researched area. Lessons from organizational studies and the management of mega-projects may help in understanding some of the ongoing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to examine the effect of organization structure on organization strategy. Survey research design was employed through the administration of structured questionnaire to staff of Nestle Nigeria PLC, Unilever Nigeria PLC and PZ (Cussons) PLC. The findings revealed that, organization structure positively and significantly affects strategy implementation (F stat 107.52* 0.000) and that organization structure account for 53% (Adjusted R2= 0.5312) variat ion in organization strategy. It can therefore be concluded that, organization structure plays a significant role in strategy formulation and implementation in Nigeria multinational enterprises. It could be seen that, global matrix structure and product division structure are the most critical elements of organization structure driving strategy implementation in a multinational firm. It is therefore recommended that, multinational firms in Nigeria should employ matrix structure towards the enhancement of their organization strategy. This is because matrix structure has the highest effect on organization strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]