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The reaction ep → e′ K+Σ0 has been investigated using a tree-level effective Lagrangian model previously employed by the author to study the γp → K+Σ0 reaction. In addition to the Born terms, the model incorporates a number of baryon resonances with spins up to 5/2 and the two kaon resonances,K*(892) andK1(1270).Momentum and energy dependent widths for the nucleon and Δ resonances are included by means of a dynamical model that makes use of empirical on-shell branching ratios. The model parameters are fit to a large pool of photoproduction data from the CLAS and GRAAL collaborations and electroproduction data from the CLAS collaboration. Photoproduction results are presented for the unpolarized differential cross section, the photon beam asymmetry Σ, the hyperon recoil asymmetry P, and the double polarization observables Cx and Cz. Electroproduction results are presented for the virtual photoproduction structure functions σU, σTT, σLT, and σLT′. The photoproduction results are compared with the CLAS and GRAAL photoproduction data and with the results of an earlier fit to just the photoproduction data, while the electroproduction results are compared with both recent and older CLAS electroproduction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction γp→K+Σ0 has been investigated using a tree-level effective Lagrangian model similar to that employed previously by the author to study the electromagnetic production of Λ's from protons. In addition to the Born terms, the model incorporates a number of baryon resonances with spins up to 52 and the two kaon resonances, K*(892) and K1(1270). Momentum- and energy-dependent widths for the nucleon and Δ resonances are included by means of a dynamical model that makes use of empirical on-shell branching ratios. The model parameters, consisting of products of the coupling strengths at the electromagnetic and strong interaction vertices in the resonance contributions, are fit to a large pool of photoproduction data from the CLAS and GRAAL Collaborations. Results are presented for the unpolarized differential cross section, the photon beam asymmetry Σ, the hyperon recoil asymmetry P, and the double-polarization observables Cx and Cz in a variety of kinematical situations and compared with the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model developed previously to investigate the electromagnetic production of strangeness from the proton is used to investigate single and double recoil polarization observables in the reaction ep→e'K+Λ in the relativistic impulse approximation. The formalism is based on a tree-level, effective Lagrangian model, which incorporates a variety of baryon resonances with spins up to 5/2 and the two kaon resonances, K*(892) and K1(1270). The parameters of the model were fit to a large pool of photoproduction data from the CLAS, GRAAL, SAPHIR, and LEPS collaborations and to CLAS data for the virtual photoproduction structure functions σU, σT, σL, σTT, σLT, and σLT'. Using two different versions of this model, results are presented for three recoil polarization asymmetries that have been measured recently at CLAS. A new fit is then presented which incorporates the new polarization data in the fitted data set. Results obtained with this new fit are presented for six recoil polarization asymmetries and compared with results from one of the previous fits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A formalism is presented for the investigation of the reaction ed → e'K+ Λn in the relativistic impulse approximation. The formalism is based on a tree-level, effective Lagrangian model for the underlying virtual photoproduction reaction amplitude which incorporates a variety of baryon resonances with spins up to 5/2 and the two kaon resonances, K*(892) and K1(1270). The parameters of the model were fit to a large pool of proton photoproduction data from the CLAS, GRAAL, SAPHIR, and LEPS Collaborations and to CLAS data for the virtual photoproduction structure functions σU, σT, σL, σTT, σLT, and σLT'. The final-state Λn interaction is incorporated in the model by means of a three-dimensional overlap integral based on a simple phenomenological ?n potential. Results are presented for both the differential cross section, ds/dOK, and the double differential cross section, dσ/dΩK, for the virtual photoproduction of positive kaons and Λ's from the deuteron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beam polarization asymmetry in the reaction ep -> e'K+A has been investigated in a tree-level effective Lagrangian model. The model incorporates most of the well-established baryon resonances with spins up to 5/2, four less well-established nucleón resonances with larger mass, and the two kaon resonances K*(&92) and K 1(1270). The off-shell structure of the electromagnetic vertices was accounted for by the inclusion of electromagnetic form factors at those vertices. The free parameters of the model were fitted in a previous study to a large pool of photoproduction data from the CLAS, GRAAL, SAPHIR, and LEPS collaborations and to CLAS data for the virtual photoproduction structure functions su,sT,sL,sTT and sLT, Using this model, results were obtained for the beam polarization asymmetry structure function sLT, and compared with CLAS data. Two new fits to the combined photoproduction and electroproduction data with the sLT, data included were then generated. The first of these includes contributions from all of the resonances included in the previous study; the second excludes contributions from the /V(2080) and /V(2200) resonances. The results of both fits for both photoproduction and electroproduction observables are compared with the results of the previous fit and the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions γp γ K+Δ and ep → e'K+A have been investigated in a tree-level effective Lagrangian model that incorporates most of the well-established baryon resonances with spins up to &frac52;, four less well-established nucléon resonances with larger mass, and the A"*(892) and AT 1(1270) resonances in the t channel. The off-shell structure of the electromagnetic vertices in electroproduction is incorporated by the addition of electromagnetic form factors. To achieve a good fit to the electroproduction data, it was found necessary to treat the ground-state hyperon form factors as adjustable parameters rather than simply equating them with the neutron form factors as was done in past studies. Photoproduction data consisting of unpolarized differential cross sections from the CLAS Collaboration, hyperon polarization asymmetries from CLAS, GRAAL, and SAPHIR, photon beam asymmetries from GRAAL and LEPS, and double polarization observables from CLAS were fit over the ΣK cm. energy range from threshold up to 2.3 GeV. Electroproduction data for the virtual photoproduction structure functions σu, σT, σL, σTT, and σLT from the CLAS collaboration were fit over the SAT cm. energy range from threshold up to 2.3 Gev and for several values of q2, the square of the virtual photon 4-momentum. For each intermediate resonance included, the fitted parameters in the photoproduction fit consist of the products of the coupling strengths at the electromagnetic and strong interaction vertices. In the electroproduction fit, there were, in addition, two form-factor parameters for each intermediate baryon in the J and u channels and one form factor parameter for each kaon resonance in the t channel. Results are presented for the fitted photoproduction and electroproduction observables and compared with the data for several sets of kinematical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism sector is labor- intensive sector in rapidly increasing competition environment and so was increased to need employees who educated, qualified, skilled labor. While vocational and technical train, one of the most important criterion is curriculums. In this context, aim of this research conducted is to intend to bring recommendations about curriculum of associate level in tourism and hospitality programs in line with the purposes scrutinize and to reveal similarities and differences, tourism education can be standardized and its qualified can be increased. Data was collected by using a content analysis form throughout the vocational schools. Research population consist of 147 vocational schools. Collected data was analyzed with SPSS which is statistical analysis software. Result of the research shows that some of the lessons in the curriculum that is both mandatory and elective, some of the following lessons although first lesson is not the curriculum, second lesson is the curriculum.

As life expectancy increases, decision-making in old age becomes more important, especially for financially related issues. A majority of elderly households do not have adequate savings for post-retirement expenses (Bernheim & Scholz, 1993; Retirement Confidence Survey, 2002). In addition, the proportion of elderly stockholders rose from 39% to 60% in the 1990s (AARP, 2000). These factors suggest an increased need for financial management to insure economic well being in later life. While financial decision-making becomes increasingly important for the elderly, decision-making capacity tends to decrease with aging (Finucane et al., 2002). This can lead to inferior outcomes in various decision-making tasks (Cole & Gaeth, 1990; Zwahr et al., 1999). Helpseeking is a potentially effective coping behavior for the elderly facing financial management problems (Grable & Joo, 1999). This study examines factors affecting elderly assistance utilization with respect to financial management, using data from the 2000 Health and Retirement Study. The sample used in this study consists of 3,823 older respondents, those 65 years old and older. This study is based on the Andersen service utilization model (1968), which considers factors affecting assistance-utilization decisions. A significant association between age and financial management assistance use was found. Each increase of one year in age increased the odds of using help with financial management by about 10% (p< .001). Educational attainment was negatively related to financial management assistance use by the elderly. Each increase of one year in education decreased the odds of assistance use by 28% (p < .001). When compared to Whites, Hispanics exhibited significantly less assistance utilization. The odds of using financial management assistance for Hispanics was 82% lower relative to Whites (p < .05). In addition, poorer health condition increased financial management assistance use by the elderly. Each unit increase in health condition increased the odds of using assistance by 180% (p < .001). Presence of a partner, household income, number of children in contact, debt/income ratio, stock holding/net worth ratio, and confidence with catching up inflation were not significantly associated with financial management assistance use by the elderly. In sum, it was found that age, education, ethnicity, and health status significantly affected assistance use for financial management by the elderly. The finding that older people are more likely to seek help for financial management suggests that older people may face cognitive problems, which may limit their ability to respond to the changing economic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common cause of recurring childhood musculoskeletal pain is termed "growing pains" (GP). The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. There is an increased prevalence of migraine headaches in families with children with GP. This fact, and the sudden onset and severity of GP episodes, has led to speculation that GP may have a vascular component. Therefore, we investigated whether GP are associated with vascular perfusion changes, measured by technetium-99 methylene diphosphate (MDP) bone scintigraphy. Eleven patients with GP who underwent technetium-99 MDP bone scans were compared to 12 children who underwent bone scans for other indications. The uptake in the blood pool phase, static images, and blood pool phase/static image ratio were measured in the right mid-tibia region (painful among patients with GP) and right mid-femur (non-painful). Student's t-test was used to compare these measurements at painful and painless regions among GP children, and to compare children with or without GP. There were no significant differences between children with GP and without GP in the blood pool, static images, and blood pool/static images in all localities. There were also no significant differences among patients with GP between painful regions and non-painful regions. We conclude that GP are not associated with vascular perfusion changes in painful regions as opposed to migraine headaches.

The dipyridamole stress test is used with thallium-201 to detect areas of inhomogeneity of blood flow that point to coronary artery disease (CAD). It is unclear whether dipyridamole produces inhomogeneous perfusion only or whether it actually decreases net flow in the obstructed vessels and produces true ischemia. It is also unclear what effect dipyridamole has on global and segmental left ventricular function. Therefore, ejection fraction, segmental wall motion and ventricular volume equivalents were measured before and after dipyridamole in 113 patients and 32 normal subjects. Ejection fraction responded in an abnormal fashion in 98 patients (87%), decreasing from 49 +/- 11% to 43 +/- 13% (p less than 0.0001), whereas it increased in 29 normal subjects (90%) from 57 +/- 6% to 64 +/- 10% (p less than 0.0001). Wall motion worsened distinctly in 75 patients (66%), and pressure/volume ratio deteriorated in 72%. The effect of dipyridamole lasted between 10 and 25 minutes, but was promptly reversed by aminophylline. These findings indicate that dipyridamole generally induces true ischemia in CAD. Furthermore, the degree of dysfunction is related to the angiographically assessed severity of CAD. The shortness of breath (seen in 10% of patients) may be partially explained by the findings, and it seems advisable to give aminophylline to every patient in order to promptly correct left ventricular dysfunction.

A young patient with severe generalized osteopenia and multiple compressed vertebral fractures caused by systemic mastocytosis is presented. Extensive clinical, laboratory, and pathologic examination showed the involvement of the skeleton alone. Follow-up bone scintigraphy with Tc-99m MDP during a period of 6 years demonstrated migratory multiple axial lesions. These results suggest that Tc-99m MDP imaging is an accurate detection of the activity of the disease.

Colon carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, malignant melanoma and liver metastases detected on bone imaging have been reported with different bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals. This report is concerned with an interesting case of oat cell carcinoma with hepatic metatases visualized on 99mTc-diphosphonate bone imaging. This has not been previously reported.

The sensitivity and specificity of ST-segment elevation in the right precordial lead V4R as an early indicator of right ventricular infarction were examined in a consecutive series of 110 patients admitted for acute inferior myocardial infarction. The sensitivity was 82.7%, the specificity 76.9% and the positive predictive value 70% in 58 patients with right ventricular infarction documented by autopsy or a combination of radionuclide ventriculography and one or more of the following tests: echocardiography, technetium-99m pyrophosphate scintigraphy and hemodynamic monitoring. The negative predictive value was 87.7%. Because of its simplicity and its high sensitivity and specificity, recording of V4R should be an intrinsic part of the early evaluation and electrocardiographic examination of acute inferior wall infarction.

67Ga-citrate scan from skull to mid-abdomen showed increased uptake in both parotid glands, mediastinum, lungs, uvei and/or enlarged lacrimal glands. The differential diagnosis of the positive radiogallium scan is discussed with emphasis on the value of the extrathoracic findings. Tissue diagnosis confirmed the imaging diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The case illustrates the usefulness of double radionuclide study--67Ga and 99mTc-MAA--and of the tomographic scanner in defining the spread of the active granulomatous disease.

Angiographically determined changes in segmental wall motion (SWM) and ejection fraction (EF) are sensitive indices of left ventricular (LV) function. To compare the effects of exercise on LV function, first pass radionuclide angiocardiography was used before and during maximal upright bicycle stress in patients with nonsignificantly stenosed coronary arteries, and in those with greater than 75% stenosis. Gamma camera acquisitions were made in the 30 degree RAO projection using a 20 mCi I.V. bolus of 99mTc-pertechnetate. In the control group (seven normals, one nonsignificant (CAD) the EF significantly increased between rest and exercise (0.65 +/- 0.03 to 0.81 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SEM), p less than 0.005). In this group SWM measured over the two anterior and two inferoposterior segments uniformly increased. In the 11 patients with a history of angina and significant coronary artery obstruction, the EF did not change in three and significantly decreased in the remaining eight (0.57 +/- 0.04 to 0.45 +/- 0.03, p less than 0.005). In all 11 patients SWM either decreased or did not increase in the areas supplied by the significantly stenosed coronary arteries. Upright maximal stress angiocardiography appears to be well-suited for diagnosing ischemic heart disease and localizing the area of ischemic dysfunction.

The acute hemodynamic effects of an i.v. bolus of verapamil, 0.1 mg/kg or 0.06-0.075 mg/kg, were examined by serial radionuclide studies in 46 patients with coronary artery disease. In 20 patients with ejection fractions (EFs) greater than 35% (group 1A), verapamil, 0.1 mg/kg given over 1-11/2 minutes, had a biphasic effect: first, a transient decrease in EF accompanied by increased left ventricular (LV) volumes and cardiac output equivalents; then, an overshoot of EF to values above control, accompanied by a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and a drastic decrease in LV volumes, while cardiac output equivalent remained slightly elevated. In eight patients with EFs less than 35% (group 1B), only the first effect on EF was noted. In 10 patients with EFs greater than 35% (group 2), verapamil, 0.06-0.075 mg/kg, exerted qualitatively similar but milder effects on hemodynamic function. Finally, verapamil, 0.1 mg/kg given more slowly, over 2-21/2 minutes, produced no significant changes in EF or LV volumes in another eight patients (group 3). The acute effects of verapamil are thus both time-related and dose-dependent. They are also related to the baseline functional reserve of the left ventricle. This study documents that verapamil exerts a depressant effect on LV function. However, the transient nature of this depression and the quick recovery to normal or above-normal values indicate that verapamil, in the doses used in this study, is safe to use intravenously in patients with coronary artery disease.

Nitroglycerin (NTG) ointment has been shown to be effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and congestive heart failure. Its duration of action is usually 4 to 6 hours. This study presents data that show that a new slow-release NTG ointment produces hemodynamic improvement over at least 24 hours. Twenty patients with coronary artery disease were tested with serial gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography before and at various stages of continuous, once-a-day use of slow-release NTG ointment and 4 days after cessation of therapy. NTG ointment significantly (p less than 0.005) decreased left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes both at rest (23% and 33%) and during handgrip exercise (22% and 32%) when examined after continuous usage of at least 24 hours. Ejection fraction increased 21% at rest, from 0.42 +/- 0.15 to 0.51 +/- -0.18, p less than 0.0005). The ratio of peak systolic pressure to end-systolic volume increased 85% at rest (p less than 0.05) and 54% during exercise (p less than 0.01). All values had returned to baseline 4 days after cessation of treatment. Thus, slow-release NTG ointment may be useful in the treatment of angina pectoris and congestive heart failure on a once-a-day basis.