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Among the various instruments used in literature, the Big Three Perfectionism Scale (BTPS) is designed to meet the need for a comprehensive and current tool for the measurement of perfectionism and the assessment of personal tendencies. The present study adapts and examines the psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of both the BTPS-45 and BTPS-16, based on the responses of 427 Turkish community adults who were recruited for the purpose. All of the respondents were assessed with the two popular perfectionism scales, and for dark personality features and psychological problems, while 109 re-completed the BTPS-45 and BTPS-16 scales for the evaluation of test-retest reliability 2 weeks later. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis conducted to test the various models with different factor structures showed that the models comprising the three main and 10 sub-dimensions of the BTPS-45 and three main dimensions of the BTPS-16 showed the best fit. The significant relationships found between the BTPS factors, the scores recorded from the other perfectionism scale, the dark triad and the psychopathology symptoms all supported the validity of both the BTPS-45 and the BTPS-16. The findings further indicated that the structures of these forms had acceptable internal consistency and demonstrated satisfactory test-retest reliability. The reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of the long and short forms of the BTPS were thus established, supporting their use in further empirical studies and psychological interventions. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

In recent years, the number of smart phone applications developed for physical and mental health has been rapidly increasing. The rapid growth in the use of smart phone applications provides an alternative and supportive option for the treatment of mental illnesses. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of mobile applications related to mental health by using randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Within the scope of the study, English articles published in several databases were searched using specific terms. Twelve eligible studies fulfilling the research criteria were evaluated in terms of contents, sampling, study method and findings of the applications. The findings of the current studies revealed that mobile applications are generally effective in reducing the symptoms of the mental illness and feasibility and usability of smart phone applications were reported by participants., Son yıllarda fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığa yönelik geliştirilen akıllı telefon uygulamalarının sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Kullanımı hızla yaygınlaşan uygulamalar ruhsal rahatsızlıkların tedavisine alternatif ve destekleyici bir seçenek sunmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, ruh sağlığı ile ilgili mobil uygulamaların etkinliğini randomize kontrollü çalışmalar (RKÇ) ile değerlendiren alanyazındaki çalışmaları sistematik olarak gözden geçirerek incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında çeşitli veritabanlarında yayınlanan İngilizce makaleler belirlenen anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak taranmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonucunda dahil etme kriterlerine uygun 12 araştırma bu çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir; bu çalışmalar ise uygulamaların içeriği, örneklem, çalışma yöntemi ve bulgular açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular ışığında mobil uygulamaların genel olarak hedeflenen ruhsal bozukluk belirtilerini azaltmada etkili olduğu ve katılımcılar tarafından uygulamaların benimsendiği ve kullanımının kolay olduğunu rapor ettikleri görülmüştür.

Making realistic predictions about the future is important in clinical psychology as in many other disciplines. This opinion survey aimed to examine clinical psychologists' predictions for the next 10 years regarding the status of psychotherapy in Turkey in two stages, with 107 participants in one and 69 in the other. The results revealed that the techniques predicted to increase the most in the next decade were the use of eclectic therapy, mindfulness therapy, solution-focused therapy, system/family approaches, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Among the therapeutic interventions expected to increase in popularity were Internet-based programs, smartphone applications, and problem solving. In terms of type of psychotherapists, family counselors with certificate/graduate degrees and Internet-based treatment programs were expected to become more common, whereas it was considered that shorter treatment formats and crisis intervention approaches would be preferred. In sum, the present findings provide a current overview for Turkey and a comparison with other literature findings. © 2018 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research has shown that magical thinking is a critical variable in Obsessive Compulsive (OC) symptoms, as well as in some related cognitions. On the other hand, a number of thought control strategies to address unwanted thoughts have been found to have paradoxical roles in these symptoms, and there is no empirical study investigated the role of these strategies in magical thinking towards OC symptoms. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to explore the association between some specific and maladaptive thought control methods (i.e., worry, punishment and suppression) and magical thinking for obsessional experiences, after controlling for negative affect. A community sample of 496 people completed a self-report measures of their paranormal beliefs, thought control, thought suppression, and symptoms of depression, anxiety and OC in 2015. The results of the correlation analysis indicated a positive association between magical thinking, punishment and suppression, as well as symptoms of OC, depression and general anxiety; after general negative affect was partialled out, these relationships still maintained. Furthermore, a series of hierarchical regression and bootstrapping analyses revealed that paranormal beliefs specifically trigger these two control methods, which in turn contribute to the emergence of symptoms of OC. The findings of the current study seem to concur with cognitive accounts and research and support the paradoxical roles of some control strategies, namely punishment and suppression, in cases with obsessional experiences. Thus, community should be informed about nature of intrusions, the impacts of magical thinking and these thought control strategies.

The cognitive behavioral model of hoarding, focusing on real/perceived deficits in cognitive processes, beliefs about possessions and avoidance, is mainly supported by several studies with Western samples. However, owing to the possible impact of cultural characteristics, more research is needed to support cognitive correlates of hoarding in a variety of cultures and to understand the role of the various ways of coping. Hence, the present study examines the relationships between certain cognitive constructs, namely attachment to possessions, indecisiveness, metacognitive beliefs and ways of coping with hoarding symptoms. We collected data from a Turkish community sample using self-report measures and performed correlation and regression analyses. The results confirmed the roles of indecisiveness, emotional attachment to belongingness, positive and negative beliefs about worries and cognitive confidence in hoarding symptoms. Moreover, the following factors also seemed to be associated with these symptoms: greater use of indirect ways of coping, including escape/avoidance, belief in supernatural forces, accepting responsibility, keeping to self, and less use of planned problem solving. In addition to highlighting the role of culture-specific descriptions and empirical studies, the current findings may be viewed as preliminary evidence that validates the current model and roles of various ways of coping. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective: EMBU-C (Egna Minnen Barndoms Uppfostran for Children) is among the most commonly used instruments for assessing perceived parental attitudes during the childhood period. This self-report instrument is used with adults to measure their perceptions of each of their parents' attitudes during their childhood in the dimensions of emotional warmth, overprotection, and rejection. The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of EMBU-C, following a previous pilot study that supported its psychometric properties and its cross-cultural validity. Materials and Methods: EMBU-C, the Parental Bonding Instrument, Brief Symptom Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Abbreviated, and General Self-Efficacy Scale were administered to 271 adults living in Bursa, Turkey. Explanatory factor analysis, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Test and Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of EMBU-C. Results: The findings show that EMBU-C is reliable, and has concurrent, convergent, and criterion validity. Conclusion: EMBU-C is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used for research on perceived parental attitudes for different psychological constructs and in clinical practice.

Although the role of excessive efforts to exert mental control over one's unwanted intrusive thoughts has been successfully explained and documented in the cognitive-behavioural models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), individual's beliefs regarding the controllability of events, that is, locus of control (LOC), have been largely ignored in recent cognitive formulations of OCD. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between these two control-related cognitions by comparing their roles in obsessive–compulsive (OC) and depression symptoms. Measures of LOC, obsessive-related beliefs, depression, anxiety and OCD symptoms were administered to a sample of 530 Turkish university students. Results showed that while external LOC was positively associated with depression symptoms, the relation was different for OC symptoms. The interaction of LOC with a high desire for thought control was significantly associated with general OC symptoms, particularly with checking symptoms. The findings suggest that beliefs regarding the controllability of events are critical factors in OC symptomatology, but only when there is also a high desire of thought control.

Background and objectives In addition to clinical observations exemplifying biased reasoning styles (e.g., overemphasis of thoughts) and particular ritualistic behaviors, it is also empirically supported that magical beliefs are also associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) symptoms and some cognitions. It should be noted, however, that most empirical studies have been carried out on the samples from Western cultures, even though these beliefs were culturally determined. Thus, more research is needed in order to understand their roles in the OCD symptoms in different cultural contexts. The present study aimed to examine the impact of magical beliefs in OCD symptoms, cognitions and thought control in a non-Western analogue sample from Turkey. Method The measures of paranormal beliefs, fusion of thoughts-actions, obsessive beliefs, strategies of thought control and OCD symptoms were administered to an undergraduate sample. Result Consistent with findings in the literature, the analyses of group comparisons, correlation and regression showed that even after controlling general negative affect, magical beliefs were still associated with OCD symptoms, some beliefs and control strategies, namely the symptoms of obsessional thoughts and checking, fusions of thoughts and actions in likelihood, faulty beliefs in perfectionism-certainty and punishment. Limitations Some methodological concerns such as cross-sectional nature, inclusion of only non-clinical sample were major restrictions of the present study. Conclusion Evidence that magical thinking is a critical factor in the OCD is supported once more in a different cultural context.

Previous research findings have suggested that recent cognitive accounts of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are valid across different cultural contexts for both clinical and nonclinical samples; however, there is evidence that cultural differences may have an impact on a number of cognitive variables. For this reason, immigration provides an exceptional opportunity for an examination of the role of cultural context in cognitions and possible changes in cultural characteristics. To this end, the present study examined the interrelationships between thought-action fusion, thought control strategies and OCD symptoms in three nonclinical samples, taking the immigration factor into consideration. Thus, the current study included three Turkish sample groups: those who remigrated to Turkey from Bulgaria, those still living in Bulgaria, and those that have always resided in Turkey. The findings of the study supported the role of thought and action fusion and control strategies in OCD symptoms in a cross-cultural context. To illustrate, worry, as a thought control strategy for OCD symptoms, was a common factor in all three sample groups. However, differences were also noted between the groups, despite having the same ethnic origin. Although they immigrated back to Turkey and have been living there for a considerable period of time, the Turkish remigrants retained similar characteristics to the respondents in Bulgaria on cognitions in general. Consequently, it may be suggested that cultural context might have a relative impact on certain correlates. A replication of these findings using different immigration groups and examining various cultural factors is strongly encouraged.

Recent findings have suggested some potential psychological vulnerability factors for development of obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, including cognitive factors of appraisal and thought control, religiosity, self-esteem and personality characteristics such as neuroticism. Studies demonstrating these associations usually come from Western cultures, but there may be cultural differences relevant to these vulnerability factors and OC symptoms. The present study examined the relationship between putative vulnerability factors and OC symptoms by comparing non-clinical samples from Turkey and Canada, two countries with quite different cultural characteristics. The findings revealed some common correlates such as neuroticism and certain types of metacognition, including appraisals of responsibility/threat estimation and perfectionism/need for certainty, as well as thought action fusion. However, culture-specific factors were also indicated in the type of thought control participants used. For OC disorder symptoms, Turkish participants were more likely to utilize worry and thought suppression, while Canadian participants tended to use self-punishment more frequently. The association with common factors supports the cross-cultural validity of some factors, whereas unique factors suggest cultural features that may be operative in cognitive processes relevant to OC symptoms. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Religious themes commonly feature in obsessions. Some theorists view religiosity as a potential risk factor, due to the hypothesized influence of religious acculturation on appraisals of unwanted intrusive thoughts. Several studies revealed that the relationship between religiosity and some OCD cognitions might change among various religions, possibly because of the differences in religious doctrines and teachings. The present study examined the relationship between religiosity and OCD symptoms and cognitions in different religious contexts. In this study, Muslim and Christian subjects from Turkey and Canada, respectively, were compared on OCD features by taking their level of religiosity into consideration. The results showed that having scored higher in OCD symptoms, Muslim participants reported more concerns on their thoughts and controlling them, and they also seemed to use worry strategy to manage their unwanted thoughts. On the other hand, regardless of religion category, high religious subjects reported to experience more obsessional thoughts and checking, while sensitivity on thoughts and emphases on control of thoughts and psychological fusion in morality were more salient for this group. Indeed, degree of religiosity also made a significant difference on thought-action fusion in morality domain especially for Christian subjects. In line with previous findings, the results of the present study support the association between religiosity and OCD even across two monotheistic religions. Besides, the characteristics of the religion might account for the differences in OCD cognitions and symptoms across both religions. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Empirical findings revealed that an inflated sense of responsibility has a major impact on obsessive-compulsive symptomatology (OCS). Another cognitive variable, perfectionism, is also theoretically linked to OCS. The assumption about the insufficient but necessary role of perfectionism for OCS and the view of perfectionism as a manifestation of avoidance of serious consequences led us to explore the role of an important cognitive mediator (responsibility) in this relationship. The present study aimed to explore the mediational role of responsibility for the effects of perfectionism on checking and cleaning symptom profiles of OCS in a nonclinical population in Turkey. Findings of the present study suggested that responsibility appraisals mediate effects of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism on checking and the effect of socially prescribed perfectionism on cleaning. There was a partial mediation for self-oriented perfectionism on cleaning. The findings are discussed within the scope of current literature and implications for clinical applications are suggested. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.