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The article addresses the local system of national assessment of foreign languages in Sweden, a contextually specific, large-scale system with a summative aim, but also a system aimed to support teachers in their continuous assessment and grading of their students' competences. In the text, the educational context and the multifaceted nature of national assessment are described and discussed. Furthermore, based on a broad view of validity with use and consequences in focus, different, and partly interwoven, aspects of collaboration in test development are exemplified and discussed, including policy, stakeholders, and research. Special attention is given to contributions by stakeholders, in particular students and teachers. Their involvement is regarded as a central component in the test development process, not only because it widens, deepens, and further develops the competences needed, but also because it increases the possibility to affect and enhance the use of the materials for the justice and beneficence of test-takers and society at large--aspects at the heart of validity. It is emphasized that collaboration requires sensitivity and sensibility from those involved to optimize overall quality and generate reciprocal benefits for all parties.

2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials have attracted interest due to their remarkable excitonic, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, which are dependent on their crystal structure. Consequently, controlling the crystal structure of these materials is essential for fine-tuning their performance, e.g., linear and nonlinear optical, as well as charge transport properties. While various phase-switching TMD materials are available, their transitions are often irreversible. Here, we investigate the mechanism of a light-induced reversible phase transition in mono- and bilayer rhenium disulfide (ReS2). Our observations, based on transmission electron microscopy, nonlinear spectroscopy, and density functional theory, reveal a transition from the ground T ″ (double-distorted T) to the metastable H ′ (distorted H) phase under femtosecond laser irradiation or influence of highly-energetic electrons. We show that the formation of sulfur vacancies facilitates this phenomenon. Our findings pave the way toward manipulating the crystal structure of ReS2 and possibly its heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on content and language integrated learning (CLIL) has shown that CLIL instruction may enhance students' second or foreign language learning compared to regular foreign language instruction, there are also studies that have indicated similar language development between CLIL and non-CLIL students. However, CLIL can be organized and implemented in many different ways and thus, it is necessary to identify the specific features of various CLIL contexts when comparing learning outcomes. In this study, CLIL implementation at three Swedish upper secondary schools was explored and compared. Further, students' development of second language (L2) English productive academic vocabulary was compared over three years between CLIL groups at different schools as well as between CLIL and non-CLIL groups (n = 230), using corpus-based methods. The results revealed significant differences in the progression of L2 academic vocabulary between CLIL groups that may be attributed to substantial differences in CLIL implementation, e.g. with regard to the time allotted for CLIL, teacher availability and the balance between first language (L1) and L2. At the school where the CLIL group's L2 productive academic vocabulary progressed more than in other groups, both Swedish and English were languages of instruction, increasing the proportion of English over the three years; in the third year, English dominated as the language of instruction. The results indicated similar development of L2 academic vocabulary between CLIL and non-CLIL groups when CLIL implementation was very limited in scale and scope. Further, the results showed that apart from vocabulary, CLIL teachers of non-language subjects generally paid very little attention to other aspects of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wafer‐scale deposition of high‐휅 gate dielectrics compatible with atomically thin van der Waals layered semiconductors (e.g., MoS2, WS2, WSe2) is urgently needed for practical applications of field effect transistors based on 2D materials. A study on a high‐휅 molecular crystal antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) gate dielectric examined the role of electrode material on dielectric degradation and breakdown. It is demonstrated that the thin films of Sb2O3 can be uniformly deposited on a wafer scale. The current–voltage (I–V) curves show tightly controlled distributions of both leakage current and breakdown voltage. Electrical measurements reveal that defects are generated gradually upon electrical stressing. The evaluation of degradation is based on charge trapping, stress‐induced leakage current, and dielectric breakdown measurements. The breakdown voltage distribution follows a tight monomodal Weibull distribution suggesting a high quality of the film. Comparing Ti and Au as gate electrodes, both the breakdown field and the tunnel current are affected by the choice of electrode material. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the chemistry at the electrode/Sb2O3 interface plays an important role and that Ti scavenges oxygen from the Sb2O3, forming a defective oxide layer at the Ti/Sb2O3 interface. For the Au electrode, this interfacial reaction is completely absent, improving the dielectric performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minor but painful medical procedures are often handled at the operating room. If safe and effective treatment options are available many procedures may be performed outside of the operating room. Objective(s): The objective of this study is to assess the adverse events of intranasal s‐ketamine and/or sufentanil alone or as part of a multimodal analgesic regime for medical procedures outside of the operating room. Secondary outcomes included analgesic effect, doses and indications for use. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Tertiary care paediatric hospital. Patients: Children 1 year up till 18 years. Intervention(s): Intranasal (IN) sufentanil (S), intranasal s‐ketamine (K) or the free combination of the two drugs (SK). Main Outcome Measure(s): The frequency of adverse events including serious adverse events reported by intervention. Results: Between 2004 and 2014, 2185 medical procedures were registered, including 652 procedures with IN SK, 1469 procedures with IN S and 64 procedures with IN K. The children's median age was 5.6 years (range 1.0–17.9). Medical procedures with at least one adverse event were 18% with IN SK, 25% with IN K and 18% with IN S. Common adverse events included episodes of vomiting (9%), nausea (8%) and dizziness (3%). In two patients receiving IN S, serious adverse events occurred. One patient had respiratory depression and bronchospasm and another patient with cerebral palsy had a seizure. Both were handled immediately and did not result in any sequelae. The median doses of intranasal sufentanil were 38% lower when combined with s‐ketamine (IN SK free combination: sufentanil dose 0.5 μg/kg (range 0.2–1.3) and s‐ketamine dose 0.5 mg/kg (range 0.2–1.5). IN S monotherapy, sufentanil dose 0.8 μg/kg (range 0.2–2.7)). Similar analgesic effect was reported for S and SK. Conclusions: Intranasal sufentanil and/or s‐ketamine are feasible for the treatment of procedural pain in an ambulatory setting with appropriate per‐ and post‐procedural observations and trained staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are promising materials for medical devices interfacing with neural tissues due to their similar mechanical properties. Traditional hydrogel‐based bio‐interfaces lack sufficient electrical conductivity, relying on low ionic conductivity, which limits signal transduction distance. Conducting polymer hydrogels offer enhanced ionic and electronic conductivities and biocompatibility but often face challenges in processability and require aggressive polymerization methods. Herein, we demonstrate in situ enzymatic polymerization of π‐conjugated monomers in a hyaluronan (HA)‐based hydrogel bioink to create cell‐compatible, electrically conductive hydrogel structures. These structures were fabricated using 3D bioprinting of HA‐based bioinks loaded with conjugated monomers, followed by enzymatic polymerization via horseradish peroxidase. This process increased the hydrogels' stiffness from about 0.6 to 1.5 kPa and modified their electroactivity. The components and polymerization process were well‐tolerated by human primary dermal fibroblasts and PC12 cells. This work presents a novel method to fabricate cytocompatible and conductive hydrogels suitable for bioprinting. These hybrid materials combine tissue‐like mechanical properties with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, providing new ways to use electricity to influence cell behavior in a native‐like microenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Children suffering from cancer or cardiovascular disease, who need extended periods of treatment in hospitals, are subjected to multiple hardships apart from the physical implications, for example, experienced isolation and disrupted social and academic development. This has negative effects long after the child's recovery from the illness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the non-medical needs of children suffering from a long-term illness, as well as research the field of artificial intelligence (AI) -- more specifically, the use of socially intelligent agents (SIAs) -- in order to study how technology can enhance children's interaction, participation and quality of life. Design/methodology/approach: Interviews were performed with experts in three fields: housing manager for hospitalized children, a professor in computing science and researcher in AI, and an engineer and developer at a tech company. Findings: It is important for children to be able to take control of the narrative by using an SIA to support the documentation of their period of illness, for example. This could serve as a way of processing emotions, documenting educational development or keeping a reference for later in life. The findings also show that the societal benefits of AI include automating mundane tasks and recognizing patterns. Originality/value: The originality of this study concerns the holistic approach of increasing the knowledge and understanding of these children's specific needs and challenges, particularly regarding their participation and interaction with teachers and friends at school, using an SIA.

This study provides new insights into Swedish teachers' didactical designs when handling two contemporary challenges regarding the new national curriculum and the increasing digitalisation of schools through one-to-one computing initiatives. The research questions consider how teachers organise physical and digital resources in their classrooms as well as variations in teachers' pedagogical communication. From a study of 23 one-to-one computing classrooms (using tablets), some ethnographic-inspired methods were applied based on classroom observation and recordings of teachers' teaching. The findings show two distinct forms of teachers' classroom organisation that indicate different didactical designs used by teachers to integrate one-to-one computing into the classroom. Variations in teaching resulted in a shift of symbolic power and control from teachers to students, which exploit the potential of using one-to-one computing in the classroom.

We present a report on hybrid InSb–Pb nanowires that combine high spin–orbit coupling with a high critical field and a large superconducting gap. Material characterization indicates the Pb layer of high crystal quality on the nanowire side facets. Hard induced superconducting gaps and gate-tunable supercurrent are observed in the hybrid nanowires. These results showcase the promising potential of this material combination for a diverse range of applications in hybrid quantum transport devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two‐dimensional nanomaterials, as one of the most widely used substrates for energy storage devices, have achieved great success in terms of the overall capacity. Despite the extensive research effort dedicated to this field, there are still major challenges concerning capacitance modulation and stability of the 2D materials that need to be overcome. Doping of the crystal structures, pillaring methods and 3D structuring of electrodes have been proposed to improve the material properties. However, these strategies are usually accompanied by a significant increase in the cost of the entire material preparation process and also a lack of the versatility for modification of the various types of the chemical structures. Hence in this work, versatile, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the enhancement of the electrochemical parameter of various MXene‐based supercapacitors (Ti3C2, Nb2C, and V2C), coated with functional and charged organic molecules (zwitterions—ZW) is introduced. The MXene‐organic hybrid strategy significantly increases the ionic absorption (capacitance boost) and also forms a passivation layer on the oxidation‐prone surface of the MXene through the covalent bonds. Therefore, this work demonstrates a new, cost‐effective, and versatile approach (MXene‐organic hybrid strategy) for the design and fabrication of hybrid MXene‐base electrode materials for energy storage/conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]