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Women are more likely than men to be targets of incivility in the workplace. Scholars have referred to this pattern as selective incivility and suggest that incivility directed toward women—that is, selective incivility—is a form of modern sexism in the workplace. However, it remains unclear whether women themselves make sense of incivility from men as a form of gender bias, and when such perceptions shape whether women engage in unique responses to incivility perceived as selective. Drawing on social identity theory, we develop a conceptual model to better understand these relationships. Across two studies with working women, we show that women perceive male‐instigated incivility as selective. Further, our findings show that women are more likely to engage in problem‐focused‐responses (i.e., direct confrontation and formal reporting), rather than emotion‐focused responses (i.e., avoidance) in response to incivility perceived as selective and that these coping responses are, at times, moderated by the frequency of incivility. Overall, our research advances the literature on incivility, selective incivility, and gender bias at work, offers practical implications for managers seeking to foster workplace inclusion, and suggests novel directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observing an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health reliably leads to the question, "What are the pathways involved?" Despite enormous investment in research on the characteristics, behaviors, and traits of people disadvantaged with respect to health inequalities, the issue remains unresolved. We turn our attention to actions of more advantaged groups by asking people to self-report their exposure to disrespect, discrimination, exclusion, and shaming (DDES) from people above them in the SES hierarchy. We developed measures of these phenomena and administered them to a cross-sectional U.S. national probability sample (N = 1,209). Consistent with the possibility that DDES represents a pathway linking SES and health, the SES→health coefficient dropped substantially when DDES variables were controlled: 112.9% for anxiety, 43.8% for self-reported health, and 49.4% for cardiovascular-related conditions. These results illustrate a need for a relational approach emphasizing the actions of more advantaged groups in shaping health inequities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues for a shift from oppressive to healthy work environments for nurses. Topics discussed include oppressive group behaviors within the nursing profession, nursing as oppressed group, lateral violence, bullying and incivility, power hierarchy in healthcare organizations, inadequacy of human resource support, staffing crisis that leads to burnout, oppression in nursing leaders, and the need to break the oppressive cycle by creating a supportive culture and a culture of civility.

Aim: The study's aim was to examine how workplace incivility and workload influence nurses' work attitudes (turnover intention, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment) using the stress–strain–outcome framework. Background: There is a lack of comprehensive research on the combined effects of workplace incivility and workload on nurses' work attitudes. Introduction: Two workplace stressors, incivility and workload, were hypothesized to lead to burnout, which in turn influences nurses' work attitudes. Methods: A cross‐sectional, descriptive correlational study was conducted. Survey data were collected from 1,255 direct care nurses with a minimum of 6 months' nursing experiences in 34 general hospitals across Korea. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized model. This study is reported using the STROBE checklist. Results: As hypothesized, both workplace incivility and workload increased burnout. Heightened burnout correlated with increased turnover intention, lowered job satisfaction, and reduced organizational commitment. While workplace incivility impacted these outcomes both directly and indirectly via its effect on burnout, workload influenced the outcomes solely through burnout. Conclusion: The study's findings are based on one, nonrandomized sample of nurses working at South Korean hospitals. Despite such study limitations, the study findings support the adverse impact of two workplace stressors on burnout and nurses' work attitudes. Implications for nursing: Evidence‐informed interventions for both workplace stressors include training programs, clear policy guidelines, open communication channels, and supportive work environments. Implications for nursing and health policy: Zero tolerance and equity, diversity and inclusivity policies to promote workplace civility must be enforced. Workload needs to be patient‐centered, ensuring a "fit" between patient needs and nurse staffing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of nurses' perceived workplace incivility on nurses' presenteeism and turnover intention and to reveal the mediating role of work stress and psychological resilience in the possible impact. Background: Nurses directly contribute to the treatment of patients. The problems nurses encounter in the workplace can negatively affect nurses' attitudes towards work. Therefore, the problems faced by nurses should be determined. Methods: This study complies with the STROBE checklist. This cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 302 nurses working in a university hospital in the Konya province of Turkey. Data were collected in May–July 2021. The questionnaire consisted of six parts: sociodemographic characteristics form, workplace incivility scale, psychological resilience scale, work stress scale, turnover intention scale and presenteeism scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical methods and partial least‐squares path analysis. Results: It was determined that workplace incivility positively and significantly affected turnover intention, presenteeism and work stress. In contrast, it negatively and significantly affected psychological resilience. In addition, psychological resilience played a mediating role in the effect of workplace incivility on presenteeism. Conclusion: The results reveal that the behaviours of incivility encountered by nurses in the workplace increase their presenteeism and turnover intention, and work stress further strengthens these effects. The psychological resilience of nurses is a factor that can help them eliminate their negative emotions and attitudes. Therefore, it is recommended that nursing and health managers first identify the stress factors in the workplace and be determined to fight them. In addition, organizing training and providing psychological support to increase nurses' psychological resilience may enable nurses to develop more positive feelings about their jobs and workplaces. Implications for nursing and health policy: Nursing and health managers must determine workplace incivility behaviours and inform all employees about these behaviours, their consequences and how to deal with such incivility. In addition, nursing and health managers must determine the stress factors in the workplace and be adamant about combating these factors. In addition, nursing and health managers must give importance to training that will increase the psychological resilience of nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political incivility—that is, treating political opponents with disrespect—and its consequences are increasingly investigated. This article examines the effect of incivility on message persuasiveness and the moderating role of populist attitudes and personality traits. We test these relationships via original experimental data collected in Switzerland (Study 1, N = 1340) and the United States (Study 2, N = 1820, preregistered). In both studies, participants were asked their opinion about a controversial political issue, presented with persuasive information framed either civilly or uncivilly, and asked again their opinion about the issue to assess whether they changed their mind. Results of a between‐subject design show that incivility does not necessarily undermine the message's persuasiveness, contrary to what we expected. Notably, uncivil messages resonated more with those respondents exhibiting higher levels of populist attitudes (Study 2) and darker personality traits (both studies). Our results further suggest a connection between incivility, message congruence, and particularly cultural context, which warrants further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to comprehensively consolidate and synthesize the existing body of empirical research on the perceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals, trainees, and students concerning microaggression interactions within diverse clinical settings. The review protocol was registered with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO CRD42024546443). We employed the Joanna Briggs Institute's mixed-methods systematic review approach. Comprehensive electronic database searches were conducted across eight databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Social Science Database, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses) from their respective inception dates up to October 1, 2023. The selection criteria included studies reporting instances of interprofessional or intra-professional microaggressions occurring in clinical environments among healthcare professionals, trainees, and students identifying as heterosexual and without disabilities. In total, 37 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in our review. Our analysis revealed three primary themes: Racial Microaggressions in the Clinical Environment, Gender Microaggressions in the Clinical Environment, and Religious Microaggressions in the Clinical Environment. Research must delve deeply into these experiences to better understand their long-term consequences, while policy initiatives should be designed to establish equitable, inclusive, and respectful healthcare environments. Collaborative endeavors bridging research and policy are paramount to dismantling barriers and nurturing an inclusive healthcare landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace incivility research has grown considerably over recent decades. However, this stream of research still has not adequately explained targets' attributions for experienced incivility or their potential positive responses to incivility. The present study longitudinally investigates the relationship between attributions for workplace incivility and relationship improvement responses with data from 1871 person‐month observations. In contrast to expectations, we found targets' beliefs that their relationship with the uncivil coworker was the cause of the incivility (i.e., relational locus of causality) were negatively related to relationship improvement behaviours. The results also indicated that this negative relationship was attenuated by belief that the target had control over the cause of incivility (i.e., internal controllability) and task interdependence at the between‐person level, and by belief that the uncivil coworker had control over the cause of incivility (i.e., external controllability) at the within‐person level. Direct effects analysis indicated that internal and external controllability attributions for incivility had significant positive between‐person effects on relationship improvement efforts. Frequency of interaction and task interdependence were both significant positive predictors of relationship improvement efforts at both the between‐ and within‐person levels. Implications for research and future directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though peer review is a central aspect of scientific communication, research shows that the process reveals a power imbalance. The position of the reviewer allows them to be harsh and intentionally offensive without being held accountable. It casts doubt on the integrity of the peer-review process and transforms it into an unpleasant and traumatic experience for authors. Accordingly, more effort should be given to provide critical and constructive feedback. Hence, it is necessary to remedy the growing rudeness and lack of professionalism in the review system, by analyzing the tone of review comments and creating a classification on the level of politeness in a review comment. To this end, we develop the first annotated PolitePEER dataset encompassing five levels of politeness: (1) highly impolite, (2) impolite, (3) neutral, (4) polite, and (5) highly polite. The review sentences accrued from multiple venues, viz., ICLR, NeurIPS, Publons and ShitMyReviewersSay. We have formulated our annotation guidelines and conducted a thorough analysis of the PolitePEER dataset, ensuring the dataset quality with an inter-annotation agreement of 93%. Additionally, we have benchmarked PolitePEER for multiclass classification and provided an extensive analysis of the proposed baseline. As a result, the proposed PolitePEER can aid in developing a politeness indicator to notify the reviewer and the editors to amend and formalize the review accordingly. Our dataset and codes are available at https://github.com/PrabhatkrBharti/PolitePEER.git for the community to explore further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although public service employees are regularly exposed to uncivil behavior by citizens, we still know little about the effects of these incivilities. This study aims to examine the reactions of public employees who work in a climate of citizen incivility. Using a multilevel multisource design, we examine the indirect effects of citizen incivility climate on employee withdrawal and helping behaviors via job tension, and test the moderating influence of employees' public service motivation on these relationships. Our analyses were performed using data collected from a sample of 734 employees and 77 supervisors working in Canadian public libraries. Results show that public servants who work in a climate of citizen incivility experience greater job tension and consequently show more withdrawal and less helping behaviors. Our results also show that public service motivation acts as a buffer against the detrimental effects of incivility climate on helping behaviors, but not against withdrawal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While revenge has captured the attention of researchers, certain nuances have been disregarded. Some studies have recognized the existence of two distinct forms of revenge — "hot" or "cold" — but the specific conditions underlying these variants have been overlooked. The present two studies delve into the boundary conditions that differentiate hot and cold revenge. By analyzing data collected from 172 and 107 preschool teachers in studies one and two, respectively, this research confirms the presence of both emotional (hot) and calculated (cold) revenge responses. Furthermore, it uncovers the mechanisms driving these two revenge types and identifies a trade-off between vertical solidarity motivated by pragmatic ambitions and revenge, representing divergent resource acquisition strategies. The findings' relevance for decreasing vindictive behaviours and future research avenues are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the comical representation of inter‐male violence within early modern English jestbooks. It is based on a rigorous survey of the genre, picking out common themes and anecdotes, as well as discussing their reception and sociable functions. Previous scholarship has focused on patriarchs, subversive youths and impoliteness. This article instead argues that common jests about false honour and aggressive civility affirmed changing emotional norms regulating anger and violence. It discusses continuities in masculinities and politeness and outlines a register of wit, or ‘civil mirth’, that ridiculed public quarrelling and modelled scripts based upon self‐control and ‘good humour’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the nursing profession, it is concerning to witness frequent occurrences of incivility in the workplace. Therefore, it is imperative to foster a shift in interpersonal interactions. One effective strategy to cultivate a culture of civility is through the practice of Kindness.Objectives: This review explored the role of kindness in nursing beyond bedside care, incorporating insights from psychology and social sciences to define and apply kindness in practice. The goal was to identify ways for nurses to use kindness to reduce workplace incivility and promote a thriving environment.Design: The authors conducted an integrative review to synthesize data from various sources, including experimental and non-experimental studies, to enhance understanding and offer diverse perspectives on the subject.Data Sources: The authors systematically searched CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, and APA Psych Info for peer-reviewed papers on “kindness” and “nursing” published between 2012 and 2024, excluding opinion articles, letters, reviews, commentaries, and papers focused on kindness in the context of therapeutic care.Methods: The authors followed Whittmore and Kafl’s (2005) structured date extraction protocol steps and performed comparative analysis of extracted data tables to verify content uniformity.Results: Seven articles met inclusion criteria, and several key themes were identified: (1) Definition of kindness, (2) Examples of kindness in Action, illustrating how these behaviors manifest in everyday interactions, (3) Interpretation of kindness from multiple perspectives.Conclusions: Acts of intentional kindness are potent tools that can mitigate workplace incivility and cultivate a culture of kindness among nurses and, by extension, positively impact the broader society. Further research is essential to establish a unified definition of kindness in nursing, identify its antecedents and attributes, and conduct empirical studies to substantiate these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abusive supervision in healthcare settings can have detrimental effects on employee behavior and patient care, making it crucial to understand the underlying mechanisms and mitigating factors. This study examines the impact of abusive supervision on patient-directed service sabotage, focusing on the mediating role of workplace rudeness and the moderating effect of work ethics. Data were collected from 305 hospital nurses, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model. The findings reveal that abusive supervision significantly increases workplace rudeness, which in turn escalates to service sabotage. However, strong work ethics were found to weaken the link between rudeness and sabotage, demonstrating their protective role in this negative cycle. The moderated mediation analysis further confirms that work ethics reduce the indirect impact of abusive supervision on service sabotage through rudeness. These results contribute to our understanding by illustrating how ethical standards can buffer against the negative consequences of abusive supervision, providing practical implications for enhancing leadership practices and promoting ethical behavior in healthcare environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When is speech on social media toxic enough to warrant content moderation? Platforms impose limits on what can be posted online, but also rely on users' reports of potentially harmful content. Yet we know little about what users consider inadmissible to public discourse and what measures they wish to see implemented. Building on past work, we conceptualize three variants of toxic speech: incivility, intolerance, and violent threats. We present results from two studies with pre-registered randomized experiments (Study 1, $ N=\mathrm{5,130} $ ; Study 2, $ N=\mathrm{3,734} $) to examine how these variants causally affect users' content moderation preferences. We find that while both the severity of toxicity and the target of the attack matter, the demand for content moderation of toxic speech is limited. We discuss implications for the study of toxicity and content moderation as an emerging area of research in political science with critical implications for platforms, policymakers, and democracy more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debate over whether to promote high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in public-health contexts has centred on assumptions that people will have negative psychological responses to HIIT, leading to poor adoption and adherence. We challenge these assumptions through reviews of (1) studies that have measured psychological responses to HIIT and (2) studies that have measured adherence to HIIT protocols in supervised or unsupervised settings. Overall, the evidence suggests that HIIT is just as enjoyable as moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). In supervised situations, on average, adherence is similarly high for HIIT and MICT (>89%). In unsupervised situations, adherence is similarly lower for both HIIT and MICT (<69%). Based on these findings, we recommend that attention be directed toward improving behaviour-change and maintenance for all types of exercise. Resources are better spent addressing fundamental questions about exercise initiation and adherence, than perpetuating a vitriolic and uncivil debate over the value of HIIT versus MICT. We discuss how debate, incivility, and bullying undermine scientific progress and we issue a call for respectful, civil dialogue in academic HIIT discussions. We conclude with recommendations that can be used by all members of the scientific community to practice, champion, and defend civil discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond navigating normative developmental tasks, Black American adolescents cope with race-related experiences that are distinct to their racial-ethnic group. However, little is known about how Black American adolescents, particularly those in racially homogenous communities, experience and cope with race-related stress. Using qualitative measures, this study investigates how Black American adolescents in urban, racially homogenous environments experience race-related stress and the coping methods used to combat it. Qualitative data via individual interviews with 20 high school seniors revealed that these adolescents experience race-related stress in individual, institutional, and cultural contexts, which evoked intense negative emotions. Seeking support from family and friends and social referencing positive cultural artifacts were the most widely utilized coping strategies. Implications of the protective nature of racially homogenous environments and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although citizen incivility toward street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) is prevalent globally, theoretical analysis and empirical evidence are restricted in understanding these problematic issues. To address these issues, this study adopted the psychological resource perspective and job resource and demand (JR-D) model and conducted an empirical analysis to examine the negative effects of citizen incivility on SLBs. The findings demonstrate that citizen incivility has a significant negative effect on the self-sacrifice of public service motivation (PSM). Moreover, it has a positive effect on officials' turnover intention, with emotional exhaustion functioning as a mediating variable. These findings underscore citizen incivility as a detrimental organizational condition that erodes the PSM of SLBs, concurrently increasing their emotional exhaustion and propensity to withdraw from public service positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Incivility is detrimental to nurses, patients, and health care organizations. Cognitive rehearsal has shown promise in addressing incivility, yet the most recent review of cognitive rehearsal training contained articles published in 2014 and earlier. This review integrates current knowledge of the effectiveness of cognitive rehearsal training in addressing nursing incivility. Method: Four databases were searched from January 2018 to April 2023. Thematic analysis was used to analyze 22 studies. Results: Three main themes emerged: (a) theoretical frameworks, (b) participant responses to cognitive rehearsal training, and (c) work culture influences. Nine theoretical frameworks uncover the mechanism behind nursing incivility and provide guidance on how to remedy it. Conclusion: Cognitive rehearsal training that includes four core components can foster skills and confidence to address nursing incivility and, in turn, decrease its occurrence, but training alone is not sufficient. Nurse managers and leaders need to model civil behavior, support zero tolerance, create a safe environment for reporting incivility, and intervene effectively. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2024;55(11):523–529.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across two studies, this exploratory research examines stigma faced by larger‐bodied people by exploring the phenomenon of weight‐based mistreatment (WBM), defined as interpersonal disrespect levied on a person explicitly due to their larger body size, at work. Through qualitative research we first describe distinct forms of WBM experienced by 175 self‐defined overweight US employees, as well as consequences of WBM for bullied targets and their organizations. Next, through a quantitative survey distributed to a separate sample of larger‐bodied workers, our exploratory evaluation of WBM found that it is all‐too common in many forms, including overt and covert aggression, microaggression, incivility, and benevolent, yet disrespectful comments oriented around a person's weight. One or more forms of these behaviours were experienced by 75% of our 1008‐person sample, with overt and covert aggression being most common, and coworkers most often perpetrating WBM. Drawing on objectification theory, we observe a host of harmful consequences ranging from diminished engagement, worsened professional interactions, and a lack of self‐care. Altogether, results reveal WBM is a substantial problem, and thus they serve as a call to action for HR professionals, managers, and inclusion advocates to better understand the experiences of this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research has shown that customer incivility impacts targeted employees' performance. Yet, whether such experiences also influence bystander employees has been overlooked. In this work, we take a third‐party perspective and suggest that observed customer‐to‐colleague incivility may have a positive impact on bystander employees' service performance. Drawing on social learning theory, we develop a model where we study the consequence of observed customer‐to‐colleague incivility on service performance through self‐reflection. A two‐week experience sampling study with data collected from 99 nurses revealed that, observed daily customer‐to‐colleague incivility was positively related to bystander employees' daily self‐reflection, which in turn was positively associated with their daily service performance. Moreover, we identified performance‐based self‐esteem (i.e., the importance of performance to self‐esteem) as a key boundary condition that explains for whom witnessing customer‐to‐colleague incivility is more likely to engender higher self‐reflection. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, psychologists have explored dynamics within the realm of human‐animal interaction. Organizational psychologists are no different; research has found that exchanges with pets and other animals have the potential to influence important work outcomes, such as performance, well‐being, and satisfaction. Relatively little is understood, however, regarding the potential spillover effects of human‐animal interaction from the non‐work to work context. To address this gap in the literature, the present research—synthesising Broaden and Build Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory—explores the daily spillover effects of morning quality time with pets on affective, behavioural, and cognitive outcomes for employees, both during and after the workday. It is also suggested that openness to experience may act as a cross‐level moderator for these daily relationships. An occupationally heterogenous daily diary sample of employed pet owners from the United Kingdom (NLevel 1 = 405, NLevel 2 = 81) was used to test these relationships. Using a mixed effects modelling approach, it was revealed that morning quality time with pets was associated with reduced Negative Affect (NA) during the workday, and reduced incivility and withdrawal upon returning home from work. Moreover, higher levels of trait openness to experience strengthened the negative relationships between daily morning quality time with pets and daily workday NA and afterwork incivility. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To enhance your understanding of civility and incivility in the workplace and the associated consequences • To read an action plan for nurse managers to assist their colleagues, team and organisation recognise and act on workplace incivility • To contribute towards revalidation as part of your 35 hours of CPD (UK readers) • To contribute towards your professional development and local registration renewal requirements (non-UK readers). Incivility is a major concern in healthcare, and it is vital that uncivil behaviour is recognised and addressed. Manifestations of incivility are wide ranging and can take the form of microaggressions, which are difficult to pinpoint but have significant repercussions. Research has demonstrated the negative effects of incivility on staff and patients. Uncivil acts and behaviour can create conflict, reduce performance, affect morale, decrease retention and jeopardise patient safety. The role of nurse managers in reducing incivility and promoting civility includes providing leadership, fostering psychological safety, creating a shared understanding of civil behaviour and managing uncivil behaviour as soon as it occurs. The input of employers is crucial to promote a compassionate and inclusive organisational culture and to support nurse managers to acquire the knowledge, skills and confidence to prevent and reduce incivility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incivility, that is, the breaking of social norms of conversation, is evidently prevalent in online political communication. While a growing literature provides evidence on the prevalence of incivility in different online venues, it is still unclear where and to what extent Internet users are exposed to incivility. This paper takes a comparative approach to assess the levels of incivility across contexts, content and personal characteristics. The pre-registered analysis uses detailed web browsing histories, including public Facebook posts and tweets seen by study participants, in combination with surveys collected during the German federal election 2021 (N = 739). The level of incivility is predicted using Google's Perspective API and compared across contexts (platforms and campaign periods), content features, and individual-level variables. The findings show that incivility is particularly strong on Twitter and more prevalent in comments than original posts/tweets on Facebook and Twitter. Content featuring political content and actors is more uncivil, whereas personal characteristics are less relevant predictors. The finding that user-generated political content is the most likely source of individuals' exposure to incivility adds to the understanding of social media's impact on public discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on silencing and online incivility literature, this study examined how people evaluate and respond to impolite and intolerant online opinions in different discussion contexts. Based on a between-subject online survey experiment in the U.S. (N = 959), we found that people perceived impoliteness and intolerance as uncivil, leading to intentions to silence others. The results also revealed that intolerance resulted in higher perceived incivility and silencing intentions compared to impoliteness. Furthermore, the direct effects of impoliteness and intolerance on perceived incivility and their indirect effects on silencing intentions through perceived incivility were stronger in agreeing discussions than in disagreeing ones. However, social endorsement cues did not moderate the mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upward comparisons, a psychological process in which individuals compare themselves to perceived superiors, have gained prominence in the workplace. Nevertheless, their impact on employees' sequent behaviors has yielded inconsistent results. To address these discrepancies, this study draws upon social comparison theory to investigate the conditions under which workplace upward comparisons exert a double-edged sword effect on employees' subsequent behavior. Through a multi-wave, multi-source survey involving 282 employees and 65 leaders from 65 teams, our findings reveal that when employees perceive overall justice as high, workplace upward comparisons tend to evoke benign envy, leading to constructive self-improvement behaviors. However, when employees perceive overall justice as low, workplace upward comparisons are more likely to trigger malicious envy, resulting in instigated incivility. Our study advances a thorough understanding of when and how workplace upward comparisons may lead to disparate behavioral responses by eliciting two distinct forms of envy. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Workplace violence (WPV) against nurses is a growing concern within the health care industry, contributing to increased stress, burnout, and higher staff turnover. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of nurses with WPV and examine the scope and impact of this violence based on nurse's recollections. Methodology/Approach: Using qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis and the job demands–resources framework, we examined patterns in nurses' experiences of WPV. Our analysis (N = 401) of nurses' accounts from diverse sources—patients, colleagues, and supervisors across various locations and health care settings—provides deep insights into WPV dynamics. Results: Four main themes were identified: (a) it comes with the job—patient and family violence are normal, (b) a vulnerability in nurse safety, (c) sexual harassment, and (d) poor treatment within the organization. Conclusion: WPV against nurses is a deeply ingrained issue that impacts their psychological health and job performance. A stark need for health care systems to address and mitigate WPV is evident. Practice Implications: There are clear signals that health care organizations need to implement comprehensive strategies to prevent WPV, foster a safe and supportive work environment, and equip nurses with job resources to manage the high stress of their roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News comments are a great space for citizen interaction, albeit they lack the rationale that would account for an online deliberative space. Through an experiment embedded into a population-based survey, this study seeks to explain how different levels of both incivility and disagreement affect readers on two key variables: negative emotions and user participation. Results show that the exposure to both incivility alone and uncivil disagreement increases negative emotions by the reader, such as anxiety and anger. However, contrary to what literature suggested, incivility by itself was the group with the biggest increase on negative emotions. In terms of online participation (e.g. putting an extra like in a comment), results showed no evidence to indicate a relationship between incivility, disagreement, and online participation. These results support previous findings suggesting that the exposure to online political incivility has mainly negative consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Academic incivility in students has the potential to undermine the learning process because it affects both the perpetrator and the educator. This results from the reduced trust between students and faculty resulting in a reduction in productivity, thereby impeding the learning process. Objectives: The study was conducted to understand the perception and factors contributing to academic incivility among undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 250 undergraduate nursing students studying in three nursing colleges in India participated in the study. A convenience sampling approach was used to recruit the participants. A 13-item Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE) tool was used to collect the data. Results: The study found that 7.56% of the sampled nursing students always indulged in uncivil behavior, 9.51% of them often indulged in uncivilized activities, while 20.06% of them reported sometimes indulging in uncivil behavior. This means that 37.45% of the nursing students sampled engaged in some forms of uncivil behavior. In contrast, the study found that 62.55% of the nursing students never indulge in uncivilized activities. The contributing factors of academic incivility were the academic setting, the student's academic preparation, the teacher's attitude, emotional disturbance, substance abuse, cultural issues, and social issues. There was no significant association between the demographic variables and the level of perception on academic incivility among nursing students at p <.05. Conclusion: It is important to understand the perceptions and factors that predispose students to engage in uncivil behavior given the prevalence of this educational challenge. Corrective strategies are needed to educate the perpetrators about the ill effects of their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace incivility using a dual theoretical framework. First, it draws on the ego depletion theory to investigate the relationship between abusive supervision and incivility by exploring the mediating role of ego depletion. Second, it integrates the job demands–resources model with the ego depletion theory to examine how perceived co-workers' support functions as a buffer in mitigating the effects of ego depletion on incivility. Design/methodology/approach: The authors tested our moderated mediation model using hierarchical linear modeling through an experience-sampling study based on data collected from a participants across five consecutive workdays. Findings: The findings reveal employees subjected to abusive supervision are more likely to experience a depletion of self-regulatory resources. Moreover, the authors found a positive association between ego depletion and workplace incivility, suggesting that diminished self-control resulting from abusive supervision contributes to a higher likelihood of engaging in uncivil workplace behaviors. In addition, perceived coworkers' support emerged as a significant moderating factor that attenuates the indirect impact of abusive supervision on workplace incivility through ego depletion. Specifically, when perceived coworkers' support is high, the negative influence of abusive supervision on ego depletion, and subsequently, on workplace incivility, is mitigated. Originality/value: By exploring ego depletion as the underlying mechanism and boundary conditions imposed by perceived coworker support on the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace incivility, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the intricate dynamics of this relationship. Based on the research findings, the authors advocate that organizations should establish and integrate support services, such as counseling and employee assistance programs, to reduce the emotional turmoil caused by abusive supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary media environment is often characterized as awash in uncivil and divisive messages. Central to this characterization, are social media, where partisans may engage in uncivil exchanges with outgroup members. The Internet has also become a key source of partisan news content, which is often filled with vitriol and "outrage" toward "the other side." Using panel survey data from a large and diverse general-population sample of the US, the current study considers the influence of exposure to incivility on social media and online news use on a particularly emotional form of division, affective polarization. Fixed effects regression analyses find no main effects, but significant interaction effects between exposure to incivility via social media and online news use (pro-attitudinal, counter-attitudinal, and nonpartisan online news use) on affective polarization. Exposure to incivility via social media as a form of personal contact, appears to supplement the effect of partisan online news (and vice versa), whether pro-attitudinal or counter-attitudinal, intensifying affective polarization. However, when combined with exposure to incivility on social media, nonpartisan news appears to have an attenuating effect on affective polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Workplace stress can negatively impact healthcare providers' professionalism and quality of care. One source of workplace stress is the experience of workplace mistreatment. Drawing on the Job Demands‐Resources theory, this study aimed to (a) investigate the impact of mistreatment frequency experienced by healthcare workers from insider sources (i.e. co‐workers, supervisors) and outsider sources (i.e. patients, visitors) on affective ill‐being and (b) the potential moderating role of trait resilience and trait self‐efficacy, as personal resources, in the mistreatment–ill‐being relationship. Design: Lagged design. Methods: We collected data from 153 Irish healthcare workers between January 2018 and June 2019 via three surveys, separated by 1‐week intervals. Personal resources were measured at Time 1, frequency of mistreatment from the two sources was assessed at Time 2 and affective ill‐being was assessed at Time 3. We used moderated regression analyses to evaluate the association of mistreatment frequency from the two sources and affective ill‐being and the moderating effect of personal resources. Results: Only insider mistreatment frequency was positively related to affective ill‐being. Furthermore, the positive impact of insider mistreatment on affective ill‐being was moderated by self‐efficacy (but not by trait resilience). In contrast to our expectations, the relationship was stronger at high levels compared to low levels of self‐efficacy. Conclusion: Mistreatment from co‐workers and supervisors is linked to higher levels of affective ill‐being. Additionally, healthcare workers with high self‐efficacy were more vulnerable to the negative consequences of co‐worker and supervisor mistreatment as it impacted their affective ill‐being. Impact: These findings extend the literature on workplace mistreatment by integrating insider and outsider perpetrators of mistreatment and examining their differential impact on the employees' affective ill‐being. It also highlights mistreatment from organizational insiders as a significant factor in the relationship between mistreatment and affective ill‐being. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. What Does this Paper Contribute to the Wider Global Community?: The findings underscore the detrimental impact of workplace mistreatment on the well‐being of healthcare professionals.The study findings of higher frequency of insider mistreatment being associated with increased affective ill‐being call for action, with line managers and supervisors being critical to achieving respective changes in healthcare workers' environment.The findings have implications for policymakers interested in developing a framework to support healthcare professionals in addressing workplace mistreatment, enabling them to effectively fulfil their role as care providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to explore the impact of political news posts, interactive discussion factors, and uncivil comments on participants' online incivility. The moderating effects of cognitive and affective involvement have also been considered. The data have been gathered using self-administered questionnaires from 458 respondents. The results indicate that political news posts having interactive discussion factors positively impacts the online uncivil behaviour of the participants. The uncivil comments initiated by other users also significantly impact the participants' incivility. The data have also been analysed for the mediation effects. The construct of affective involvement emerged as an effective mediator as compared to cognitive involvement. This study posits several theoretical implications for the literature. The combination of the variables used is also rare in the literature. The findings of this study are useful for behavioural scientists, as the outcomes have a potential to predict the online behaviour of Pakistani users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to unveil how translators deal with confrontational responses through their visibility in translating the diplomatic discourse of China’s diplomatic press conferences. Distinct from past theoretical frameworks, this study is grounded in the impoliteness strategies model (Bousfield, 2008) and the concept of translator’s visibility. The corpus focuses on the English-translated responses using the “challenge” strategy, delivered by the spokesperson Hua Chunying throughout 2020. Findings show that the translator’s visibility is mainly presented at the syntactical and lexical levels, and the discursive level is hardly found. The translation strategy of modulation is used most in syntax and reduction most in lexicon. Additionally, the translator’s visibility by using translation strategies can mediate the degree of confrontation. In maintaining the confrontational tone, the main strategies involve modulation in syntax and reduction in lexicon. Linguistic compression and reduction are employed more commonly in weakening the confrontational implication in lexicon, and reduction in syntax. Linguistic amplification is observed more frequently in the lexicon and modulation is more often used in syntax in strengthening the confrontation. This research sheds light on the dynamic interplay between impoliteness strategies and the translator’s visibility, contributing to a deeper understanding of the translator’s engagement in institutional discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have established patterns of experiences for African American female faculty in the academy at predominantly White universities (PWIs). The purpose of this qualitative study was to document African American female academics' experiences with mentorship. This study explores the complexity of the tenure process of nine women (both tenured- and tenure-track) at PWIs and the effects of mentorship through an online survey. Findings indicated that African American female academicians at PWIs faced multi-faceted challenges and successes in mentorship relationships, and described experiences with incivility (i.e., exploitative mentorship and workplace bullying). Implications for further areas of higher education policy advocacy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the evolution of television news in India, specifically focusing on the rise of TV news debates and the increasing levels of incivility and impoliteness in these debates. It traces the origins of television news in India and highlights the shift from government-controlled news to private news channels. The article also examines the role of profit-driven objectives in shaping the content of TV news debates and the impact of sensationalism on public discourse. It discusses the underrepresentation of women in these debates and the influence of guest selection on the tone and substance of discussions. The article concludes by emphasizing the negative consequences of incivility on public trust and democratic discourse. [Extracted from the article]

Mock impoliteness is a social practice typifying the interaction of close friends consisting in the use of rude jokes or utterances that signify the speaker's intent to show solidarity and intimacy with the interlocutor. Nonetheless, as an impolite load is still carried by such utterances, how targets of mock impoliteness will react to them, namely whether they will find them amusing or outright offensive, may depend on a series of factors. The present research focuses on how Spencer-Oatey's (2000) face and sociality rights categories, together with gender (male/female) and lingua-culture (British English and Italian) interact to determine the acceptability degree of mock impolite jokes. This cross-cultural and cross-gender perception study, which placed its focus on the hearer's evaluations, consisted in a rating task administered through an online questionnaire, and revealed that the interaction of the three factors determine the offensiveness versus acceptability of the jokes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into how aggression against Meghan Markle is deployed in a sample of X replies that address her directly through the lens of Appraisal Theory coupled with impoliteness. A sample of tweets containing the seed word "Meghan Markle" was retrieved with Export Comments (December 2022–April 2023). Replies were run through the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count-22 to assess the tone and prevalence of emotions in the corpus. Results indicated high values for negative emotions, interpersonal conflict, and moralization words. Then, a random sample was manually codified to identify the use frequencies for the Attitude system's affect, judgment, and appreciation categories when employed to convey hostility against the public figure. Tweets were overwhelmingly negative and explicitly conveyed through the negative judgment of Meghan Markle's previous sexual and professional life. The veracity of her words and actions was also a source of aggression while tapping into the widely accepted stereotype that depicts women as liars or as incompetent and lacking determination, while some tweets also touched upon her mental instability. Findings reveal that aggressive tweets on X rely on appraisal resources and impolite-related language to promote and perpetuate culturally bound and traditional beliefs about women that ultimately reflect an underlying patriarchal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an interactive program designed to reduce nursing students' perceived stress and improve self-efficacy and readiness to professionally address incivility during clinical practice. Background: Incivility in clinical settings adversely impacts learners, educators, institutions, and healthcare systems, undermining safety and the teaching–learning process. Despite its increasing global prevalence, effective interventions remain largely unexplored. Methods: Our mixed-methods study, conducted from March to April 2024, involved senior baccalaureate pre-licensure nursing students (N = 35) from a California State University. The three-week, one-hour-per-week, interactive clinical incivility management program was developed through an extensive literature review. Pre- and post-intervention differences were assessed using a 10 min self-administered online survey that included the Uncivil Behavior in Clinical Nursing Education (UBCNE; 12 items), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; 10 items), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE; 10 items), and a sample characteristics questionnaire (11 items). A one-hour face-to-face focus group (n = 11) then provided qualitative data on personal experiences of clinical incivility. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 27, while qualitative data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Clinical incivility prevalence was 71.4% (n = 25 out of 35). No statistically significant differences were found in UBCNE, PSS, and GSE scores between pre- and post-intervention. However, professional responses to clinical incivility significantly improved after the intervention (t = −12.907, p < 0.001). Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: (a) uncivil behaviors or language from nurses, (b) emotional discouragement and low self-confidence, (c) resource and personnel shortages at clinical sites for education, and (d) the necessity for interventions to manage clinical incivility. Conclusions: Nursing schools and clinical agencies should collaborate to establish monitoring systems, enhance communication, and implement evidence-based policies and interactive interventions to prevent and manage clinical incivility experienced by nursing students from clinical sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals experience negative behaviors such as incivility from various sources within the hospital environment. However, little is known regarding the experience of unlicensed assistive personnel with these behaviors. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the research team aimed to examine the presence, sources, and impact of negative behaviors among registered nurses and unlicensed assistive personnel within a US hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze quantitative data, while thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative responses. A total of 309 participants completed the survey, and 135 participants responded to three qualitative questions. Most respondents identified inadequate staffing/resources to handle workload (87%) and job stress leading to loss of control over behavior as contributing factors to lateral/vertical aggression in the work environment (71%). Impacts of negative behavior on job performance were related to both personal well-being and the work environment. Demoralization was identified as a common consequence of negative behaviors for individuals and within the work environment. The results suggested that registered nurses, unlicensed assistive personnel, and nursing leadership may benefit from system-wide approaches addressing negative behaviors such as incivility within the clinical environment. Specifically, efforts and policies aimed at aiding clinicians in responding to negative behaviors could potentially improve the clinical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on analyzing face attacks in the conflict discourse of cross-linguistic online chats on the instant message application WeChat among a group of international students at a prestigious university in China. Drawing on the previous impoliteness theory of Leech and Culpeper, this article selectively combines these two theories and proposes that in face-attack studies, especially with respect to online discourses, impolite multimodal discourse should be considered and subsumed in the theoretical framework. It is found that a wide array of face attacks in conflict discourse manifest themselves both in verbal discourse as well as in multimodal counterparts. The present study might shed light on online impoliteness research that is beyond monolingual and single-mode contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines how impoverishment and disillusionment in Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot (1949) have been rendered on the Greek stage (transl. Papathanassopoulou 1984). Ιt examines the use of impoliteness which renders the protagonists' outcast identity and frustration, as Godot is not showing up. Findings show that respondents appreciated both foul language (impoliteness) and humour (low-power distance) in the Greek version of the play. The significance of the study lies in that target audiences may enjoy aspects of characters' identities perhaps unsuspected in the ST, because local contexts may prioritize codes manifesting intended attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between co-worker incivility, emotional exhaustion, mindfulness, and turnover intention among nurses in public and private hospitals in North Cyprus. Drawing upon the Job Demand-Resources theory, the research aims to contribute to the existing literature by investigating the mediating role of emotional exhaustion and the moderating effect of mindfulness on the relationship between co-worker incivility and turnover intention. Data were collected from 238 nurses through questionnaires, and structural equationmodeling was employed for data analysis. The results indicate a positive association between co-worker incivility and emotional exhaustion, as well as between co-worker incivility and turnover intention. Emotional exhaustion was found to mediate the relationship between co-worker incivility and turnover intention. Furthermore, mindfulness was identified as a moderator, attenuating the negative impact of co-worker incivility on turnover intention. The findings underscore the importance of addressing workplace incivility and promoting mindfulness to mitigate turnover intentions among nurses. Practical implications include the implementation of interventions to foster a supportive work environment and enhance nurses' emotional wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, drought and internal conflict have worsened Ethiopia's already weak healthcare system. Antenatal and intrapartum care are especially prone to interruption under these circumstances. Objective: To explore women's experiences receiving antenatal and intrapartum care during the pandemic. Design: A descriptive qualitative approach was utilised. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 17 women and held 4 focus group discussions with women who gave birth at 4 public hospitals during the pandemic. A study was conducted at four public hospitals in the Sidama region of Ethiopia, during which data were collected from 14 February to 10 May 2022. Thematic analysis was performed to generate themes. Results: The peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia presented several barriers to access and uptake of antenatal and intrapartum care at public hospitals. Four themes and 10 subthemes emerged from the thematic analysis. The themes were 'Barriers to maternity care uptake during COVID-19', 'Shortage of resources during COVID-19', 'Delays in maternity care uptake during COVID-19' and 'Mistreatment of women during maternity care during COVID-19'. The subthemes included 'Fear of contracting COVID-19', 'People in the hospital neglecting COVID-19 prevention', 'Women losing their job during COVID-19', 'Shortage of beds in the labour ward', 'Shortage of medical supplies', 'Delays in seeking care', 'Delays in receiving care', 'Complications during childbirth', 'disrespectful' and 'suboptimal care'. Conclusion: The findings of this study underscore the impact of COVID-19 on antenatal and intrapartum care, leading to delays in seeking and receiving care due to reduced rapport, resource shortages, companion restrictions, disrespectful care and suboptimal care. These factors contribute to increased obstetric complications during COVID-19. It is imperative for policymakers to prioritise essential resources for antenatal and intrapartum care in the present and future pandemics. Moreover, healthcare providers should maintain respectful and optimal care even amid challenges. Plain Language Summary: Women's experiences in receiving antenatal and intrapartum care during COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a significant challenge in seeking and receiving care of antenatal care and institutional childbirth. Women could experience delays in booking antenatal care appointments, postponing antenatal care visits, and facing delays in receiving care at hospitals, which has disrupted their access to routine antenatal care and institutional birth during the pandemic. This study highlights a range of barriers that hinder access to and utilisation of antenatal care and institutional birth, including lack of transport, shortage of resources, fear of contracting the virus, companion restrictions, disrespectful care and suboptimal care that leads to increased obstetric complications during COVID-19. This study provides recommendations for policymakers to prioritise resources and enhance respectful and optimal care for pregnancy and institutional birth to lessen the indirect impact of present and future pandemics on pregnant women and their unborn babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research relies on a two‐stage content analysis of Reddit to test the assumption that by emphasizing othering and polarizing opinions, homogeneous ideological spaces trigger impolite and uncivil comments towards others, as opposed to spaces that enable cross partisan‐ideological exposure, which overall are seen as positive for democracy. It examines subreddits with varying probability of occurrence of echo chamber effects to measure the prevalence and the targets of incivility and studies the interactions in which these comments emerge in discussions about immigration. Findings show that incivility is higher in subreddits that bring together users with the same ideological and political profile, in which echo chamber effects are more likely to occur, but the redditors’ reactions are similar in both types of environments. The targets of incivility vary according to the political orientation of the comments and the political context of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bus driver anger due to passenger misbehavior may lead to serious bus accidents, yet there are no mature tools available to capture bus driver reactions during driver–passenger conflicts. The bus driver anger scale (BDAS) and the bus driver anger expression inventory (BDAX) were developed to measure the anger levels and expressions of drivers in such conflicts. A bus driver anger model was developed based on 400 questionnaires in Changsha, China. The findings indicate that drivers are most likely to be angered by passenger violations and quarrels among passengers. Drivers irritated by passenger irregularities tend to employ personal aggressive expression or adaptive/constructive expression. Disputes among passengers may lead drivers to resort to unreasonable methods of venting their emotions. Moreover, passengers’ rude behaviors can trigger bus drivers’ aggressive personal expressions. Therefore, it is necessary to establish passenger regulations and encourage drivers to express their anger reasonably in driver–passenger conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many citizens find politics too uncivil, and incivility is often considered a source of political disaffection. However, research studying these effects almost exclusively relies on survey experiments, which yield contrasting results depending on design choices and do not study downstream consequences for satisfaction with democracy and compliance with public policy. We present a theoretical argument on these downstream consequences and study how citizens respond to political incivility in their real‐life information environment using a multi‐wave survey panel of 6055 Danish citizens with 18,805 interviews spanning 18 months. Using generalized difference‐in‐differences models and a natural experiment, we demonstrate nontrivial adverse effects of political incivility on political trust, satisfaction with democracy, and intentions to comply with policies, while intentions to vote are unaffected. Our results highlight how elite rhetoric shapes support for the political system and policy compliance and pinpoint the potential and pitfalls of survey experiments and our own panel approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Persons with disabilities (PWD) are more likely to visit the emergency department (ED) and often have complex health needs when accessing care in the ED. Yet there is limited understanding of ED care experiences among PWD, especially in a Canadian context. The aim of this study was to examine the ED care experiences of PWD in contrast to a comparison group in Kingston, Ontario to better understand their health care needs. Methods: A mixed-methods study with a community-based participatory approach examining participants' past ED care experiences (within 24 months) was conducted in Kingston, ON. Quantitative data from those with disabilities and those from the comparison group were compared using chi squared tests to identify differences between groups. An inductive and deductive thematic analysis approach was used to identify themes in the shared qualitative data. Convergence of findings across quantitative and qualitative data was undertaken. Results: A total of 175 participants identified as having a disability. In contrast with the comparison group (N = 949), PWD were more likely to report being given too little attention to their needs (p < 0.001), that it was more important to be treated with kindness/respect than to receive the best possible medical care (p < 0.001), to report feelings of disrespect and/or judgement (p < 0.001), and that better understanding of personal identity/situation/culture and better communication would improve ED care. Qualitative analysis highlighted the following themes: poor communication between PWD and health care providers (HCP), compassionate medical care received, perceived HCP negative attitudes/beliefs related to having a disability and substance misuse, and perceived HCP lack of knowledge/skill to treat the unique health needs of PWD. Conclusion: Findings highlight the need to improve ED care for PWD. Future quality improvement initiatives should focus on incorporating a deeper understanding of disability into medical education and emergency medicine (EM) residency education, designing curricula that emphasize cultural humility, and implementing community-based placements providing opportunities for health professionals to work with and learn from PWD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What was the 'alt' in alt-right, alt-lite, and alt-left? Tracing these controversial terms' development over the 2010s, this article interrogates the construction, meaning, and utility of the 'alt' modifier in US politics. Contextualizing the emergence of 'alt' among wider debates about how to spatially conceptualize anti-system politics beyond the left-right spectrum, it argues that 'alt' was used to name a tendency that moved beyond traditional ideological questions about what society should look like, and instead signified a preference about how politics should be done: namely, a rejection of the mainstream norms of political conduct, and an embrace of vulgarity, incivility and an extremely adversarial approach to political opposition. It shows how a popular-cultural understanding of 'alternative' was used to give this approach a countercultural sheen, and maps out the cleavages between groups that the alt/mainstream binary opened up. Finally, it considers the legacy of the 'alt' modifier in contemporary politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]