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Nanomaterials have attracted specific consideration due to their specific characteristics and uses in several promising fields. In the present study, Chondrilla juncea was employed as a biological extract to facilitate the reduction of copper and silver ions within garlic peel powders. The resulting garlic-CuO and garlic-AgO nanocomposites were characterized using several analytical methods including FTIR, TGA/DTG, SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. The garlic peel exhibited a rough surface. The nanoparticles were evenly dispersed across its surface. The incorporation of CuO and AgO nanoparticles affected the crystal structure of garlic peel. The establishment of CuO and AgO nanoparticles was evidenced by the highest residual mass values observed for the prepared nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the prepared nanocomposites had lower thermal stability compared with garlic peel powders. The prepared nanocomposites were used for catalytic degradation of naphthol blue black B and calmagite. The decolorization process depended on the quantity of H2O2, initial concentration of azo dyes, duration of contact, and temperature of the bath. The calculated activation energy (Ea) values for the garlic-CuO nanocomposites were found to be 18.44 kJ mol−1 and 23.28 kJ mol−1 for calmagite and naphthol solutions, respectively. However, those calculated for garlic-AgO nanocomposites were found to be 50.01 kJ mol−1 and 12.44 kJ mol−1 for calmagite and naphthol, respectively.

The current paper focuses on the use of Cynomorium Coccineum peels extract for cotton fibers dyeing in an easy and effective way without the use of mordants. Prepared extracts were analyzed using UV-visible, FT-IR spectroscopy, Total Contents both Phenolic (TPC) and Flavanoid (TFC) and their ability to reduce reactive species by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging motion experiments. The effect of the most important dyeing conditions, including dyebath pH, temperature, extract concentration, and time contact on the performance of cotton fibers dyeing was discussed. Data were assessed by the measurement of the color strength (K/S). A surface design was adopted to assess the influential factors and the interaction effects of the studied parameters. The optimal conditions for dyeing were to be: pH = 5.5, T = 72.5°C, extract concentration = 0.275% and dyeing duration = 25 min. As also observed, changing the concentration of the electrolyte NaCl, the color strength can be improved. Overall, the friendly extracted dye exhibited excellent textile dyeing characteristics with uniform morphology as proved by SEM analysis and good fastness to washing, perspiration, and rubbing.

A biological extract of Cynomorium coccineum was used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles using copper sulphate as a starting matter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed the presence of the functional groups characteristics of biological extract, i.e., triterpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, and other reducing agents. SEM analysis showed that the surface of the particles were clusters and rough. The Elemental analysis by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) proved the purity of the particles, showing the presence of elemental copper oxide which was surrounded with some elements of the plant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed that the crystalline nature of the particles was affected by temperature. The average crystallite size was calculated to be about 14.2 nm. The total weight loss registered within the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was 52.8%, suggesting that about 47.2% of the metallic copper is present in the prepared copper nanoparticles which supported the data reported within EDX analysis. The adsorption characteristics of the nanoadsorbents were examined using methylene blue as adsorbate and the bio-sorption capacity reached 64 mg/g at room temperature. The values of B and bt, calculated from Temkin equation, increased with the increase in temperature (295–328 K), indicating endothermic adsorption and strong dye-nanoadsorbent interaction. The mean free energy (E = 100–129.1 kJ/mol), calculated from Dubinin-Radushkevich indicated that the chemisorption is the process involved for the adsorption of methylene blue. In summary, the results obtained in this study deliver the design and the synthesis of new materials for removing pollutants. Keywords: Biological, Cynomorium coccineum, Nanoparticles, Nano-adsorbent, Molecular solute-solvent interactions, Molecular-level (microscopic) interactions in solutions