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International audience; The rise of digital footprints has created a number of promises and expectations for the study of territorial dynamics, particularly those of tourist cities. These footprints would make the observation of visitors' spatial practices possible and make up for the lack of information on these practices at an urban scale. Thus, many studies use data from social networks to study the touristic space at different geographical scales. These studies provide several types of visualisations based on this data, thus making it possible to represent and show a supposedly new touristic space-time-from the heat map to the dashboard, the digital footprints are displayed as processed, aggregated, calculated and smoothed. All these transformations-resulting from algorithmic black boxes that do not allow a precise understanding of the methodologies (often complex and approximate)-are often not very transparent. Consequently, the technicality and opacity of this data make necessary the development of critical approaches that allow the deconstruction of these new mapping registers. Based on data collected on a widely used social network, Instagram, we wish to question digital footprints as a potential tool to observe tourist practices, by going back through the data genealogy, from the map to the footprint. Our approach consists of going back to the initial data and their associated metadata, in order to explore two fundamental dimensions, conditions prerequisite for more complex explorations: time and space. Therefore, we collected a corpus of metadata from photographs published on Instagram between 2016 and 2018 in Biarritz, France, which we analyse following these two axes. Through this exploratory study, we will demonstrate that this data, though very rich, presents a certain number of limits, whether in terms of access to the data itself or its spatiotemporal precision.; La prolifération des traces géonumériques fait émerger diverses promesses et attentes pour l’étude des dynamiques territoriales, en particulier celles des villes touristiques. Ces traces permettraient d’observer les pratiques spatiales des visiteurs et pallieraient le manque d’informations sur ces dernières à l’échelle urbaine. Ainsi, de nombreuses études utilisent les données issues de réseaux sociaux pour étudier l’espace touristique selon différentes mailles géographiques. Ces études proposent plusieurs types de visualisations à partir de ces données, permettant ainsi de représenter et donner à voir un espace-temps touristique prétendument inédit : de la carte de chaleur au tableau de bord, les traces sont présentées traitées, agrégées, calculées, lissées. Toutes ces transformations sont souvent peu transparentes, résultant de boites noires algorithmiques qui ne permettent pas de comprendre précisément les méthodologies - souvent complexes, parfois approximatives - qui sont employées. Dès lors, la technicité et l’opacité de ces données rendent nécessaires le développement d’approches critiques qui permettent de déconstruire ces nouveaux registres de fabrique cartographique. A partir de données récoltées sur un réseau social très utilisé, Instagram, nous souhaitons questionner les traces géonumériques comme outil potentiel d’observation des pratiques touristiques, en remontant dans la généalogie des données : de la carte à la trace. Notre démarche consiste alors à revenir aux données initiales, les semis de points et les métadonnées associées, afin d’explorer trois dimensions fondamentales, conditions pré-requises à des explorations plus complexes : le temps, le lieu et l’individu. Pour cela, nous avons récolté un corpus de métadonnées de photographies publiées sur le réseau social Instagram entre 2016 et 2019 à Biarritz, que nous analysons à travers ces trois axes. A travers cette étude exploratoire, nous démontrons que ces données très riches présentent néanmoins un certain nombre de limites que ce soit dans l’accès aux données elles-mêmes, que dans leur précision spatio-temporelle ou dans la possibilité effective de caractériser les usagers.

International audience

International audience; Understanding the contribution of a Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) to society through improved economic, social and environmental outcomes implies an integrated and dynamic approach. To address this challenge, we propose a research framework that gathers theories and findings from a study concerning 45 French institutional SDIs. Its goal is to provide a logical structure for a holistic analysis of the complex components that affect the production and use of geographical information, their relationships, the dynamics of these relationships and the resulting outcomes. Two published frameworks, the Press-Pulse Dynamics and the Institutional Analysis and Development, are used as boundary objects during a three-workshop process gathering the research team. The result of this collective process leads to the design of an integrated conceptual framework for SDI research. It describes five main components of SDI (external drivers, a social component, patterns of interactions, a technical and informational component and outcomes), their relationships and research hypotheses. Guided by external press and internal pulse dynamics, the iterative framework redresses  This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non commercial Works 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 55 the balance of SDI components in favor of the social block and links this block to the technical and informational component through two bridges: patterns of interactions and outcomes. It shows how social norms and representations of different types of actors affect collective and individual actions, which then impact the technical and informational component of SDIs. In turn, technical and informational artifacts influence outcomes, thereby modifying human actions and initiating feedback that impacts the original dynamics and processes. We provide such a type of conceptual activity for assimilating large amounts of social and technical knowledge to strengthen our understanding of SDIs functioning and dynamics.

International audience; When the construction of a political space demands shared systems of measurement, ensuring that everything is made comparable, coding categories and procedures are brought into place. Attributing singular cases to measurable categories was for a long time a prerogative of the State, but new systems of metrology are now broadening the range of players. With this traversal, we aim to start deconstructing these metrological systems, both old and new, to prompt different readings of the rhetoric behind them. By focusing on the social and political dimensions, the aim is to understand how metrology operates, when knowledge means power.

International audience; Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) are considered an essential driver of institutional spatial data diffusion. Due to the dual impact of system interoperability and changes in the legal framework, institutional spatial data are more and more accessible through the widespread deployment of SDI. This facilitates the discovery, access, exchange, and sharing of geographic information and services among stakeholders from different levels in the spatial data community. Standards are the key to developing interoperable platforms on the web. The promotion for access to geographic information aims to encourage its publication as open data, i.e. freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions due to copyright, patents, or other control mechanisms. Spatial data infrastructures are often reduced to simple websites or webplatfoms for consulting spatial data on a region via a geoportal and downloading them from a geocatalogue, whereas, in fact, they are sociotechnical tools, revealing some of the major changes affecting the present system for producing and circulating spatial information. They are mainly run by government authorities, but deal with society as a whole, making it possible to observe the reorganisation of power relationships around data sharing on the Internet. This situation raises several research questions, in terms of identifying the spatial data actually accessible via these platforms, the usage of these data and the related impact on governance and environmental management. Within this context, our research proposes to provide a comprehensive view of spatial data sharing, based on four dimensions data accessibility, interoperability of information systems, actor networking, and informational equality of territories. To explore these four dimensions, this paper is restricted to the study of the relationship between French institutional SDIs implemented at different organizational levels and the users interacting with them as part of their professional practices. Based on an online survey and on statistical, structural and thematic analyses of qualitative and quantitative data, the study gathers the various practices, needs and points of view of public users and producers of spatial data. Public bodies working for environmental management (government service, local authority, public institution...) are specially targeted. The analyses of responses provide three types of results: the profile of the users, the French SDIs they use, and their contribution to the environmental management in terms of data accessibility, stakeholder networks, interoperability of tools, and informational equality in different regions.

International audience; Spatial data production and diffusion have been going through major developments since the digital transition of the 1990s, which translated in the emergence of new institutions organising their circulation: Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI). In this new informational system, the notion of " sharing " is at the centre of the debates. But it is a contradictory ideology carrying divergent societal projects: some may think it encourages public transparency and informational democracy, and others that it compensates the State's inadequacy by favouring the participation of citizens in managing territories. This article on information geography offers a critical reading of the new modes of circulation of institutional spatial knowledge, by understanding spatial data sharing practices within SDIs, by comparing European and South American cases and analysing their effects in terms of spatial justice: citizens' access to information, improvement at territorial level of information coverage, mapping capacities of local specificities. SDIs seem to contribute especially to the reconstitution of the State's role, where in certain contexts they can favour the democratisation of territorialised public policies, and reinforce national sovereignty. They turn out to be far more paradoxical in their local effects: implementing a sharing process sometimes supposes a reinforcement of the exclusion forms of certain groups, and a normalisation preventing the expression of genuine territorial representations.

International audience; Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) appears nowadays as an essential driver of institutional data diffusion. Due to the dual impact of systems interoperability and changes in the legal framework, institutional spatial data tends to become more and more accessible through widespread deployment of SDI at every scales. In this context, the French research program “GEOBS : Spatial Data Infrastructure in the informational governance of environment" (2015-2017) lead by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) aim to make spatial data infrastructure not just a research tool but a real object of research for a better understanding of the flow of environmental information. To do this, we develop a prototype observatory by indicators of contents and uses of the 65 french SDIs. These indicators propose some (spatial, temporal, thematic, organizational) markers to analyse spatial data patrimonies nowadays accessible and to analyse territorial and informational recomposition they translate. Our analysis of SDI as a sociotechnical system allows us to identify some issues related to the question of the production and management of knowledge on the environment. This contribution aim to present the GEOBS project and his methodological solutions to analyze how the contents of Spatial Data Infrastructures are currently evolving. The future developments of these methods are expected to allow more accurate and data-based interpretations of the political role of these new and original public institutions specialized in information management.

Spatial data sharing mechanisms are an important asset to territorial communities. They help them understand and control their long term development. In this perspective, this paper suggests a novel approach of geodata appropriation processes based on diverse socio-cognitive theories. This approach suggests that the evolution of spatial data infrastructures from rough data exchange platforms towards geospatial learning networks, also termed "communities of practice", and towards geo-collaboration platforms supporting co-decision may be a significant driver or added value. Thus, it is important to consider these new perspectives in the evaluation criteria and processes of spatial data infrastructures.

Ce document est la synthèse d'une présentation orale au séminaire "Sharing Environmental Information in Latin America", tenu du 23 au 24 août 2012 à Porto Alegre, Brésil, dans le cadre du projet Baguala (Usages des donnés environnementales en accès libre en Amérique latine et France).; The ideas developed here constitute some intermediary results of the Baguala project (uses of open environmental data in Latin America and France), which aims at understanding how Internet changes the ways the Society represents and manages its environment, through the supply of information and data online. In this short presentation, we will focus on the analysis of an inventory of websites that provide information or data about the environment in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The main issue to be discussed here is whether we can characterize the structure of the "environmental web" at a national level, and with which methods. Who takes the initiative to share online data: institutions, individuals, etc.? What are the main problems and questions addressed by the authors of the sites which compose this "environmental web"? Can we detect groups among this group of websites, specialized subject? This perspective will allow us to understand the main patterns of the use of the web for environmental purpose, that means the strategies adopted by some social actors to play a role in the environmental debate or management through the creation of a website. This analysis will be developed here in an aggregated manner, comparing the structures of three environmental webs, the Argentinean, the Bolivian and the Brazilian one. Studying these three very different countries allows examining how social, geographical and technological factors affect the mains uses of Internet for environmental purpose.

The ideas developed here constitute some intermediary results of the Baguala project (uses of open environmental data in Latin America and France), which aims at understanding how Internet changes the ways the Society represents and manages its environment, through the supply of information and data online. In this short presentation, we will focus on the analysis of an inventory of websites that provide information or data about the environment in Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. The main issue to be discussed here is whether we can characterize the structure of the "environmental web" at a national level, and with which methods. Who takes the initiative to share online data: institutions, individuals, etc.? What are the main problems and questions addressed by the authors of the sites which compose this "environmental web"? Can we detect groups among this group of websites, specialized subject? This perspective will allow us to understand the main patterns of the use of the web for environmental purpose, that means the strategies adopted by some social actors to play a role in the environmental debate or management through the creation of a website. This analysis will be developed here in an aggregated manner, comparing the structures of three environmental webs, the Argentinean, the Bolivian and the Brazilian one. Studying these three very different countries allows examining how social, geographical and technological factors affect the mains uses of Internet for environmental purpose.

International audience; Beyond their original function of base maps diffusion, spatial data infrastructure (SDI) are progressively set up in order to organize thematic data coproduction. Spatial data production in a multi-actor context is a collaborative process in a decisional perspective. That's why the issues are multiple. This paper suggests some elements of reflexion for the design and implementation of concertation and participatory decision process for spatial data production. Finally, a focus on traditional participatory process will be discussed to find an alternative way: beyond consensus or compromise, argumentative consensus.; Au-delà de leurs objectifs initiaux d'échange ou de diffusion de référentiels cartographiques, les plates-formes de mutualisation et autres partenariats autour de l'information géographique tentent progressivement de mettre en place des dispositifs de coproduction de données thématiques. La production de données géographiques dans un contexte multi-acteur est un processus collaboratif mis en oeuvre dans une optique de gestion territoriale qui peut aussi s'inscrire dans une perspective décisionnelle ; les enjeux en sont donc multiples. Cet article présente quelques éléments de réflexion pour la conception et l'instauration de processus de concertation et de décision participatifs en matière de coproduction de données géographiques. La prise en compte nécessaire de la dimension spécifiquement territoriale des projets de coproduction de données, nous amène à réfléchir aux enjeux socioconstructivistes, stratégiques et cognitifs. Enfin, une focalisation sur les démarches d'animation traditionnelles nous donnera l'occasion de proposer une alternative aux logiques de consensus et de compromis : le consensus différencié.

The abilities of territorial communities to understand and control their development in a sustainable and equitable way, depend on territorial information sharing. In this context, the paper intends to understand and analyse the issues of spatial data co-production process. It provides understanding and operation elements so that spatial data sharing can progressively evolve into geomatics learning networks, also termed "communities of practice". This communities of practice offer, in our view, one of the most important component of Territorial Intelligence, Les capacités des communautés territoriales à maîtriser leur développement de façon équitable et durable dépendent notamment du partage de l'information territoriale. Dans ce contexte, l'exposé vise à analyser les enjeux des processus de co-production de données géographiques. Cette proposition fournit ainsi des éléments de compréhension et d'intervention pour accompagner la transformation des dispositifs collaboratifs autour de l'information géographique en réseaux géomatiques apprenants, que nous qualifierons également de communautés de pratique. Ces communautés de pratique constituent, selon nous, l'un des fondements de l'Intelligence Territoriale.

International audience

Pour répondre aux lois Grenelle 1 et 2, une abondante cartographie des trames vertes et bleues est actuellement produite dans le cadre de l’élaboration des SRCE et des SCOT. Faute de donnée disponible ou par effet de mimétisme, les cartes proposées sont relativement uniformes et peinent à rendre compte de la complexité des continuités écologiques à l’échelle d’une région ou d’une intercommunalité. Ces cartes s’appuient principalement sur des données standards initialement prévues pour d’autres usages et produites à d’autres échelles. L’exemple de la trame bocagère de la région Poitou-Charentes permet de questionner les enjeux scientifiques, politiques et sociaux du recyclage de l’information géographique environnementale.

International audience; Nowadays the continuous development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) provides a favourable context for environmental and urban management.It is now largely expected that SDIs should contribute to broader goals such as economic development, social stability, good governance and sustainable management of the environment. However, the real contribution of SDIs is still difficult to evaluate apart from some general positive statements which are not demonstrated or even supported by objective findings. The problem is large as SDIs are complex distributed frameworks that involve a large number of users and organisations that are likely to produce, manage, analyse and exchange geographical information at different levels of abstraction and scale. The aim of this research is to make some progress towards the analysis of SDIs usages as well as their evolution over time. We believe that, by improving geographical information access at large, favouring collaborative data production and information exchanges, SDIs appear as a particularly relevant research topic to study social and spatial dynamics related to GI produced by a large spectrum of users from experts to citizens. Monitoring the main properties and evolutions of SDIs usage and GI usage should provide some relevant qualitative and quantitative indicators, which, when combined with other dimensions of GI (semantics, data quality, legal issues...) should feed on-going discussions related to Geographic Information Observatories.