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The improvement and accessibility of high-resolution cameras have significantly increased image capturing by various media. Different editing tools are available that are frequently used to improve image quality, resulting in the alteration of images. So, determining the authenticity or integrity of the original image is a challenging task in any domain. Currently, an image or video is a critical source of legal data for digital forensics. Hence, the study begins with the primary objective of determining whether the digital evidence (image or video) associated with a legal case has been altered. Active forgery detection methods, such as digital watermarking and digital signatures, and passive forgery detection techniques, including copy-move, splicing, and retouching, are used to verify digital evidence. Recently, neural network (NN) based forgery detection has garnered notable attention due to its efficacy in detecting forgery on images. In order to assess the benefits and drawbacks of those models, this work starts by looking at different categories of forgery detection and how those classifications are implemented. We summarised and compared the different architectures that researchers had suggested, taking into account their respective specialised viewpoints, and then we analysed them according to quality. Most used methodologies in forgery detection are elaborated by mentioning the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. Additionally, the work examines the deployment of neural networks and machine learning (ML) techniques within forensic science to detect image forgery. We also underlined the present challenges and potential research directions that might help researchers fill the knowledge gaps.

DNA based steganography plays a vital role in the field of privacy and secure communication. Here, we propose a DNA properties-based mechanism to send data hidden inside a video file. Initially, the video file is converted into image frames. Random frames are then selected and data is hidden in these at random locations by using the Least Significant Bit substitution method. We analyze the proposed architecture in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio as well as mean squared error measured between the original and steganographic files averaged over all video frames. The results show minimal degradation of the steganographic video file. Keywords: Chaotic map, DNA, Linear congruential generator, Video steganography, Least significant bit