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1. Metabolic consequences of various fruit-based diets in a generalist insect species

Author

Laure Olazcuaga, Raymonde Baltenweck, Nicolas Leménager, Alessandra Maia-Grondard, Patricia Claudel, Philippe Hugueney, and Julien Foucaud

Subjects
niche breadth, ecological specialization, metabolomics, generalism, diet, Drosophila suzukii, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Most phytophagous insect species exhibit a limited diet breadth and specialize on a few or a single host plant. In contrast, some species display a remarkably large diet breadth, with host plants spanning several families and many species. It is unclear, however, whether this phylogenetic generalism is supported by a generic metabolic use of common host chemical compounds (‘metabolic generalism’) or alternatively by distinct uses of diet-specific compounds (‘multi-host metabolic specialism’)? Here, we simultaneously investigated the metabolomes of fruit diets and of individuals of a generalist phytophagous species, Drosophila suzukii, that developed on them. The direct comparison of metabolomes of diets and consumers enabled us to disentangle the metabolic fate of common and rarer dietary compounds. We showed that the consumption of biochemically dissimilar diets resulted in a canalized, generic response from generalist individuals, consistent with the metabolic generalism hypothesis. We also showed that many diet-specific metabolites, such as those related to the particular color, odor, or taste of diets, were not metabolized, and rather accumulated in consumer individuals, even when probably detrimental to fitness. As a result, while individuals were mostly similar across diets, the detection of their particular diet was straightforward. Our study thus supports the view that dietary generalism may emerge from a passive, opportunistic use of various resources, contrary to more widespread views of an active role of adaptation in this process. Such a passive stance towards dietary chemicals, probably costly in the short term, might favor the later evolution of new diet specializations.

Published
2023
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2. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Puumala Orthohantavirus S-Segment in Areas of France Non-Endemic for Nephropathia Epidemica

Author

Séverine Murri, Sarah Madrières, Caroline Tatard, Sylvain Piry, Laure Benoit, Anne Loiseau, Julien Pradel, Emmanuelle Artige, Philippe Audiot, Nicolas Leménager, Sandra Lacôte, Johann Vulin, Nathalie Charbonnel, Philippe Marianneau, and Guillaume Castel

Subjects
Myodes glareolus, Puumala virus, diversity, molecular evolution, nephropathia epidemica, France, Medicine
Abstract

Puumala virus (PUUV) in Europe causes nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The incidence of NE is highly heterogeneous spatially, whereas the geographic distribution of the wild reservoir of PUUV, the bank vole, is essentially homogeneous. Our understanding of the processes driving this heterogeneity remains incomplete due to gaps in knowledge. Little is known about the current distribution and genetic variation of PUUV in the areas outside the well-identified zones of NE endemicity. We trapped bank voles in four forests in French regions in which NE is considered non-endemic, but sporadic NE cases have been reported recently. We tested bank voles for anti-PUUV IgG and characterized the S segment sequences of PUUV from seropositive animals. Phylogenetic analyses revealed specific amino-acid signatures and genetic differences between PUUV circulating in non-endemic and nearby NE-endemic areas. We also showed, in temporal surveys, that the amino-acid sequences of PUUV had undergone fewer recent changes in areas non-endemic for NE than in endemic areas. The evolutionary history of the current French PUUV clusters was investigated by phylogeographic approaches, and the results were considered in the context of the history of French forests. Our findings highlight the need to monitor the circulation and genetics of PUUV in a larger array of bank vole populations, to improve our understanding of the risk of NE.

Published
2020
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3. How Bank Vole-PUUV Interactions Influence the Eco-Evolutionary Processes Driving Nephropathia Epidemica Epidemiology—An Experimental and Genomic Approach

Author

Sarah Madrières, Caroline Tatard, Séverine Murri, Johann Vulin, Maxime Galan, Sylvain Piry, Coralie Pulido, Anne Loiseau, Emmanuelle Artige, Laure Benoit, Nicolas Leménager, Latifa Lakhdar, Nathalie Charbonnel, Philippe Marianneau, and Guillaume Castel

Subjects
Puumala virus, Myodes glareolus, France, experimental cross-infections, within-host viral diversity, transmission, Medicine
Abstract

In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) is responsible for nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Despite the presence of its reservoir, the bank vole, on most of French territory, the geographic distribution of NE cases is heterogeneous and NE endemic and non-endemic areas have been reported. In this study we analyzed whether bank vole-PUUV interactions could partly shape these epidemiological differences. We performed crossed-experimental infections using wild bank voles from French endemic (Ardennes) and non-endemic (Loiret) areas and two French PUUV strains isolated from these areas. The serological response and dynamics of PUUV infection were compared between the four cross-infection combinations. Due to logistical constraints, this study was based on a small number of animals. Based on this experimental design, we saw a stronger serological response and presence of PUUV in excretory organs (bladder) in bank voles infected with the PUUV endemic strain. Moreover, the within-host viral diversity in excretory organs seemed to be higher than in other non-excretory organs for the NE endemic cross-infection but not for the NE non-endemic cross-infection. Despite the small number of rodents included, our results showed that genetically different PUUV strains and in a lesser extent their interaction with sympatric bank voles, could affect virus replication and diversity. This could impact PUUV excretion/transmission between rodents and to humans and in turn at least partly shape NE epidemiology in France.

Published
2020
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4. Domestication provides durum wheat with protection from locust herbivory

Author

Marie‐Pierre Chapuis, Nicolas Leménager, Cyril Piou, Pierre Roumet, Héloïse Marche, Julia Centanni, Christophe Estienne, Martin Ecarnot, François Vasseur, Cyrille Violle, Elena Kazakou, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, This work was supported by the DINER project, publicly funded by the Labex CEMEB and funds from the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD). CV was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant Project StG-2014-639706-CONSTRAINTS. We thank the CEFE (Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive) and the CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations) for providing us access to the LabEx CeMEB plateform 'terrain d'expérience CEFE,' 43°38′20.2′′N 3°51′51.0′′E, and the SEPA plateform, respectively., ANR-10-LABX-0004,CeMEB,Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity(2010), and European Project: 639706,H2020,ERC-2014-STG,CONSTRAINTS(2015)

Subjects
Ecology, leaf, nutritional ecology, plant toughness, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], domestication syndrome, Locusta migratoria, functional ecology, Triticum turgidum, cereal crop, pest insects, plant nitrogen content, feeding selection, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

International audience; Lower plant resistance to herbivores following domestication has been suggested as the main cause for higher feeding damage in crops than in wild progenitors. While herbivore compensatory feeding has also been proposed as a possible mechanism for raised damage in crops with low nutritional quality, predictions regarding the effects of plant domestication on nutritional quality for herbivores remain unclear. In particular, data on primary metabolites, even major macronutrients, measured in the organs consumed by herbivores, are scarce. In this study, we used a collection of 10 accessions of wild ancestors and 10 accessions of modern progenies of Triticum turgidum to examine whether feeding damage and selectivity by nymphs of Locusta migratoria primarily depended on five leaf traits related to structural resistance or nutrient profiles. Our results unexpectedly showed that locusts favored wild ancestors over domesticated accessions and that leaf toughness and nitrogen and soluble protein contents increased with the domestication process. Furthermore, the quantitative relationship between soluble protein and digestible carbohydrates was found to poorly meet the specific requirements of the herbivore, in all wheat accessions, both wild and modern. The increase in leaf structural resistance to herbivores in domesticated tetraploid wheat accessions suggested that resource allocation trade-offs between growth and herbivory resistance may have been disrupted by domestication in the vegetative organs of this species. Since domestication did not result in a loss of nutritional quality in the leaves of the tetraploid wheat, our results rather provides evidence for a role of the content of plants in nonnutritive nitrogenous secondary compounds, possibly deterrent or toxic, at least for grasshopper herbivores.

Published
2023

5. Faeces’ odours attract gregarious locust hoppers

Author

Camille Vernier, Nicolas Barthes, Marie-Pierre Chapuis, Julien Foucaud, Joris Huguenin, Nicolas Leménager, Cyril Piou, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), This work was funded by the ANR-JCJC PEPPER (ANR-18-CE32-0010) . We are grateful to Laure Benoit and Anais Bordes for microbiota analysis, the CBGP unit for additional funding support, the PACE platform for VOCs analyses facility and the SEPA platform for the rearing facilities., and ANR-18-CE32-0010,PEPPER,Etude de l'émergence du polyphénisme de phase et des risques associés(2018)

Subjects
Nymph, Volatile Organic Compounds, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Guaiacol, Grasshoppers, Feces, Insect Science, Odorants, Olfactometry, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Animals, Band movement, Behavioral experiment, Schistocerca gregaria
Abstract

The data obtained from the experiments and scripts used for analyses can be found in the data repository of CIRAD Dataverse (https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/D3OP8O).; International audience; Highlights:• We hypothesize that attraction to fresh faeces enhance locust hopper band cohesion.• We exposed third instar hoppers of desert locust to faeces odours of different ages.• We observed an attraction of faeces explained by 11 volatile organic compounds.• Latecomers could get back to the band following faeces’ odours after 24 h.Abstract:Collective motion is one of the most impressive common features of gregarious locusts: once formed, bands and swarms get moving for long distances. It was shown that visual perception of neighbours plays a key role in maintaining marching behaviour at a local scale. But at a larger scale, mechanisms underlying band cohesion are less understood. It was shown in several field studies that individuals separated from the band were able to get back to the group, even after being separated since a night. In this context, faeces’ odours could be a possible indicator of the recent passage of a group. In this study, we tested if nymphs are attracted by faeces’ odours and if this effect is modulated by the age of the faeces. To this end, we conducted individual olfactometric behavioural assays of instar hoppers of desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, exposed to odours of 1 h-old and 24 h-old faeces. We also used Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) to identify odours’ volatile organic compounds from faeces. The results of behavioural assays indicated a strong attractive effect of faeces, with no preference for one of the two faecal age classes. Nymphs spent significantly more time in the side of the olfactometer where the faeces’ odours came from, and 72.7% of tested individuals chose this side first. We filtered and annotated 11 volatile organic compounds present in both fresh and old faeces in GC–MS analyses, including guaiacol and phenol, which are known to cause an aggregative effect on desert locusts. As the attractive effect lasted over 24 h, band’s faeces could still have an attractive effect when individuals are separated from the band since one day. In this situation, latecomers individuals would be able to get back to the group by following the traces of their predecessors.

Published
2022

6. Integrative taxonomy confirms that Gregarina garnhami and G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites of Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), are distinct species

Author

Bruno Michel, Isabelle Desportes-Livage, Amandine Labat, Julie Boisard, Nicolas Leménager, Marie Pierre Chapuis, Isabelle Florent, Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (STRING), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by a grant from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [LabEx ANR-10-LABX-0003-BCDiv], in the program 'Investissements d’avenir' [ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02], by several interdisciplinary Programs of the MNHN (ATM-Microorganismes, ATM-Génomique et Collections, ATM-Emergence, AVIV department), the CNRS (Julie Boisard’s PhD fellowship, 2018–2021) and the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD)., ANR-11-IDEX-0004,SUPER,Sorbonne Universités à Paris pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche(2011), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Locusta migratoria, Phenotypic plasticity, Subspecies, 01 natural sciences, Genus, Parasite hosting, Schistocerca gregaria, 0303 health sciences, biology, Biodiversity, Parasite, Infectious Diseases, Plasticité phénotypique, Taxonomy (biology), U60 - Sciences de la vie et de la Terre, Research Article, Orthoptera, Genetic Speciation, Veterinary (miscellaneous), Zoology, Gregarina, 010603 evolutionary biology, DNA, Ribosomal, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, Apicomplexa, 03 medical and health sciences, Species delimitation, Animals, lcsh:RC109-216, SSU rDNA phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomie, biology.organism_classification, H10 - Ravageurs des plantes, Gregarines, Insect Science, Animal Science and Zoology, Parasitology, Schistocerca
Abstract

Orthoptera are infected by about 60 species of gregarines assigned to the genus Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Among these species, Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 from Schistocerca gregaria (Forsskål, 1775) was considered by Lipa et al. in 1996 to be synonymous with Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), a parasite of several orthopteran species including Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Here, a morphological study and molecular analyses of the SSU rDNA marker demonstrate that specimens of S. gregaria and specimens of L. migratoria are infected by two distinct Gregarina species, G. garnhami and G. acridiorum, respectively. Validation of the species confirms that molecular analyses provide useful taxonomical information. Phenotypic plasticity was clearly observed in the case of G. garnhami: the morphology of its trophozoites, gamonts and syzygies varied according to the geographical location of S. gregaria and the subspecies infected.La taxonomie intégrative confirme que Gregarina garnhami et G. acridiorum (Apicomplexa, Gregarinidae), parasites de Schistocerca gregaria et Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera), sont des espèces distinctes.Les orthoptères sont parasités par environ soixante espèces de grégarines affiliées au genre Gregarina Dufour, 1828. Parmi ces espèces Gregarina garnhami Canning, 1956 décrite chez Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775), a été mise en synonymie par Lipa et al. en 1996 avec Gregarina acridiorum (Léger 1893), parasite de plusieurs espèces d’orthoptères dont Locusta migratoria (Linné, 1758). Ici, une étude morphologique et des analyses moléculaires du marqueur SSU rDNA démontrent que les spécimens de S. gregaria et ceux de L. migratoria sont infectés par 2 espèces distinctes de grégarines, Gregarina garnhami et Gregarina acridiorum, respectivement. La validation de ces espèces confirme l’importance des informations fournies par les analyses moléculaires dans les études taxonomiques. Une plasticité phénotypique a été clairement observée dans le cas de G. garnhami : la morphologie de ses trophozoïtes, gamontes et syzygies varie selon la localisation géographique et la sous-espèce de S. gregaria infectée.

Published
2021

7. How do invasion syndromes evolve? An experimental evolution approach using the ladybird Harmonia axyridis

Author

Arnaud Estoup, Aurélien Ausset, Nicolas Leménager, Bastien Poutout, Anne Loiseau, Pauline Gneux, Arthur Weyna, Laure Olazcuaga, Lian-Sheng Zang, Virginie Ravigné, Julien Foucaud, Benoit Facon, Elise Bonnet, Ruth A. Hufbauer, Vincent Dreuilhe, Su Wang, Ashraf Tayeh, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Peuplements végétaux et bioagresseurs en milieu tropical (UMR PVBMT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University (JAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Experimental evolution, biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Phenotypic trait, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Phenotype, Harmonia axyridis, 03 medical and health sciences, Evolutionary biology, Trait, Reproduction, Selection (genetic algorithm), 030304 developmental biology, media_common, Espèce envahissante
Abstract

Ce rapport est disponible dans : BioRxiv. This article has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Evolutionary Biology; Experiments comparing native to introduced populations or distinct introduced populations to each other show that phenotypic evolution is common and often involves a suit of interacting phenotypic traits. We define such sets of traits that evolve in concert and contribute to the success of invasive populations as an ‘invasion syndrome’. The invasive Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis displays such an invasion syndrome with, for instance, females from invasive populations being larger and heavier than individuals from native populations, allocating more resources to reproduction, and spreading reproduction over a longer lifespan. Invasion syndromes could emerge due to selection acting jointly and directly on a multitude of traits, or due to selection on one or a few key traits that drive correlated indirect responses in other traits. Here, we investigated the degree to which the H. axyridis invasion syndrome would emerge in response to artificial selection on either female body mass or on age at first reproduction, two traits involved in their invasion syndrome. To further explore the interaction between environmental context and evolutionary change in molding the phenotypic response, we phenotyped the individuals from the selection experiments in two environments, one with abundant food resources and one with limited resources. The two artificial selection experiments show that the number of traits showing a correlated response depends upon the trait undergoing direct selection. Artificial selection on female body mass resulted in few correlated responses and hence poorly reproduced the invasion syndrome. In contrast, artificial selection on age at first reproduction resulted in more widespread phenotypic changes, which nevertheless corresponded only partly to the invasion syndrome. The artificial selection experiments also revealed a large impact of diet on the traits, with effects dependent on the trait considered and the selection regime. Overall, our results indicate that direct selection on multiple traits was likely necessary in the evolution of the H. axyridis invasion syndrome. Furthermore, they show the strength of using artificial selection to identify the traits that are correlated in different selective contexts, which represents a crucial first step in understanding the evolution of complex phenotypic patterns, including invasion syndromes.

Published
2021

8. How Bank Vole-PUUV Interactions Influence the Eco-Evolutionary Processes Driving Nephropathia Epidemica Epidemiology— An Experimental and Genomic Approach

Author

Laure Benoit, Sylvain Piry, Johann Vulin, Séverine Murri, Nicolas Leménager, Maxime Galan, Guillaume Castel, Philippe Marianneau, Nathalie Charbonnel, Caroline Tatard, Anne Loiseau, Emmanuelle Artige, Sarah Madrieres, Coralie Pulido, Latifa Lakhdar, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Lyon [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Sarah Madrières was funded by an INRA-EFPA/ANSES fellowship., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Université de Lyon-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, Eco evolutionary, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Zoology, lcsh:Medicine, Puumala virus, Article, law.invention, Serology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, law, Myodes glareolus, Epidemiology, Nephropathia epidemica, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Mild form, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, 030306 microbiology, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], [SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology, MESH: Puumala virus, lcsh:R, transmission, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Bank vole, Infectious Diseases, Transmission (mechanics), Sympatric speciation, within-host viral diversity, France, experimental cross-infections
Abstract

International audience; In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) is responsible for nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Despite the presence of its reservoir, the bank vole, on most of French territory, the geographic distribution of NE cases is heterogeneous and NE endemic and non-endemic areas have been reported. In this study we analyzed whether bank vole-PUUV interactions could partly shape these epidemiological differences. We performed crossed-experimental infections using wild bank voles from French endemic (Ardennes) and non-endemic (Loiret) areas and two French PUUV strains isolated from these areas. The serological response and dynamics of PUUV infection were compared between the four cross-infection combinations. Due to logistical constraints, this study was based on a small number of animals. Based on this experimental design, we saw a stronger serological response and presence of PUUV in excretory organs (bladder) in bank voles infected with the PUUV endemic strain. Moreover, the within-host viral diversity in excretory organs seemed to be higher than in other non-excretory organs for the NE endemic cross-infection but not for the NE non-endemic cross-infection. Despite the small number of rodents included, our results showed that genetically different PUUV strains and in a lesser extent their interaction with sympatric bank voles, could affect virus replication and diversity. This could impact PUUV excretion/transmission between rodents and to humans and in turn at least partly shape NE epidemiology in France.

Published
2020

9. The metrological approach: a major key factor for the accreditation and continuous improvement of the wood preservation laboratory of Cirad

Author

Christine Baudasse, Marie-France Thévenon, Nicolas Leménager, and Luc Martin

Subjects
K50 - Technologie des produits forestiers, Engineering, Technology, Traceability, business.industry, technology, industry, and agriculture, complex mixtures, Métrologie, Construction engineering, Manufacturing engineering, accreditation, metrology, traceability, biological tests, Préservation du bois, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, uncertainty, Technologie du bois, Accreditation
Abstract

Depuis 2006, le laboratoire de préservation des bois du Cirad est accrédité par le COFRAC (Comité français d'accréditation - accréditation n°1-1686) pour ses essais sur la durabilité des bois et produits dérivés du bois et sur l'efficacité protectrice des produits de préservation et des produits anti-termites. La mise en place de la fonction métrologie au laboratoire de préservation du bois est un facteur clé de l'amélioration continue des pratiques. De tous les essais de caractérisation des bois, les essais de résistance aux agents biologiques de détérioration sont les plus délicats. Ils visent en effet à évaluer et à quantifier l'impact d'organismes vivants, comme les champignons et les termites, sur une matière lignocellulosique. On apprécie facilement l'importance de la variabilité de cet impact lié lui-même à la diversité de ces organismes. La validité et la fiabilité des résultats dépendront ainsi directement de la qualité du processus métrologique mis en oeuvre, comprenant le choix des appareils de mesure, leur gestion et leur mise en conformité avec les normes internationales. Mots clés: Métrologie, accréditation, traçabilité, incertitude, essais biologiques.

Published
2013

10. The wood preservative potential of long-lasting Amazonian wood extracts

Author

Jacques Beauchêne, Lucien Raguin, Didier Stien, Véronique Eparvier, Christine Baudasse, Alice M. S. Rodrigues, Laila S. Espindola, Nadine Amusant, Nicolas Leménager, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes (LBBM), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-PIERRE FABRE-EDF (EDF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université des Antilles et de la Guyane (UAG)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Production et valorisation des bois tropicaux (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 40 Bois tropicaux), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-EDF (EDF)-PIERRE FABRE-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Production et valorisation des bois tropicaux (UPR Bois tropicaux), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, K50 - Technologie des produits forestiers, Manilkara huberi, Preservative, Fagus sylvatica, Bignoniaceae, Manilkara, 01 natural sciences, Trametes, Forêt tropicale humide, Waste Management and Disposal, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Gloeophyllum trabeum, biology, [CHIM.ORGA]Chemical Sciences/Organic chemistry, Pinus sylvestris, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Horticulture, Extrait d'origine végétale, Vouacapoua americana, F60 - Physiologie et biochimie végétale, Microbiology, Biomaterials, Bois, [CHIM.ANAL]Chemical Sciences/Analytical chemistry, 010608 biotechnology, Botany, J12 - Manutention, transport, stockage et conservation des produits forestiers, Trametes versicolor, 040101 forestry, Efficacité, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Schefflera, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Préservation du bois
Abstract

Investigations were carried out on the efficacy of extracts from seven Amazonian woods (Bagassa guianensis, Manilkara huberi, Sextonia rubra, Vouacapoua americana, Andira surinamensis, Handroanthus serratifolius, and Qualea rosea) with varying natural durability to reduce soft-rot degradation in a 6-wk soil-bed test. Six of the wood extracts had shown efficacy against soft-rot fungi. In particular, the preservation efficacies of B. guianensis, H. serratifolius, and S. rubra extracts were highly significant up to retention levels of 23, 25, and 12 kg m−3, respectively. Three extracts (A. surinamensis, H. serratifolius, and Q. rosea) were then tested against Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot), in an agar-block test. H. serratifolius wood extract was very efficient at protecting P. sylvestris samples at 5.1 kg m−3 against the brown rot. This extract could be used as a basis for new wood protectant formulations.

Published
2012

11. Bioensaios em painéis confeccionados com eucalipto e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar

Author

Ugo Leandro Belini, Marta Karina Leite, Mario Tomazello Filho, Gilles Chaix, Christine Baudasse, Nicolas Lemenager, and Marie-France Thevenon

Subjects
Resistência biológica, Painéis reconstituídos, Usos e aplicações, Forestry, SD1-669.5
Abstract

No desenvolvimento de painéis, deve-se dar destaque a ensaios que remetam à aplicabilidade final do produto, como os ensaios de durabilidade ao ataque de fungos e cupins. Nesse contexto, painéis confeccionados com diferentes percentuais de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum sp.) e fibras de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis), aglutinados com duas dosagens de resina ureia formol (13% e 16%), foram submetidos à avaliação de resistência biológica (bioensaios) ao ataque de cupins e fungos, ensaio fundamental na definição de uso e aplicação do produto final. Foram utilizados cupins da espécie Reticulitermes santonensis, rhinotermitidade, e fungos da espécie Pleurotus ostreatus, basidiomiceto de podridão-branca, de acordo com procedimentos da normatização AFNOR. De modo geral, os novos painéis confeccionados apresentaram-se não resistentes aos bioensaios realizados e houve similaridade na dinâmica de ataque e perda de massa entre as diferentes dosagens de resina praticadas, remetendo à necessidade da aplicação de revestimento protetor na superfície dos painéis ou adição de produtos fungicidas e cupinicidas.

Published
2014
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12. EFFICACY OF TANNIN IN FIXING BORON IN WOOD

Author

Gianluca Tondi,, Stefanie Wieland,, Nicolas Lemenager,, Alexander Petutschnigg,, Antonio Pizzi,, and Marie-France Thevenon

Subjects
Tannin preservatives, Leaching resistance, Boron fixation, Termites, Fungus, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65
Abstract

The easy leaching of boron from wood preservation formulations has limited the use of this highly active fungicide. The recently discovered adduct with flavonoids allows boron to be retained for longer periods of time within wood and consequently to extend its life. Two different leaching treatments were compared, and the fungal and termite decay were examined. The biological tests showed extremely high resistance of the leached samples against both fungus (Coriolus Versicolor and Coniophora Puteana) and termites (Reticulitermes Santonensis). The retention of 2.5 kg/m³ was determined as the threshold of efficacy of boron in flavonoid-based wood preservative. Furthermore, solid state 13C-NMR analysis of the tannin resin indicated that boron can be covalently fixed to the tannin-hexamine network.

Published
2012

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