Author: "Nicholas Graetz" / Language: english - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Nicholas Graetz"' showing total 15 results

Start Over Author "Nicholas Graetz" Language english

15 results on '"Nicholas Graetz"'

1. Small area estimation of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia using spatially misaligned data

Author: Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Ellen R. Squires, Stephanie Teeple, Gloria Ikilezi, D. Allen Roberts, Danny V. Colombara, Sarah Katherine Allen, Stanley M. Kamande, Nicholas Graetz, Abraham D. Flaxman, Charbel El Bcheraoui, Kristjana Asbjornsdottir, Gilbert Asiimwe, Ângelo Augusto, Orvalho Augusto, Baltazar Chilundo, Caroline De Schacht, Sarah Gimbel, Carol Kamya, Faith Namugaya, Felix Masiye, Cremildo Mauieia, Yodé Miangotar, Honoré Mimche, Acácio Sabonete, Haribondhu Sarma, Kenneth Sherr, Moses Simuyemba, Aaron Chisha Sinyangwe, Jasim Uddin, Bradley H. Wagenaar, and Stephen S. Lim
Subjects: U5MR, Small area estimation, Subnational, Geographic disparities, Inequalities, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Abstract Background The under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) is an important metric of child health and survival. Country-level estimates of U5MR are readily available, but efforts to estimate U5MR subnationally have been limited, in part, due to spatial misalignment of available data sources (e.g., use of different administrative levels, or as a result of historical boundary changes). Methods We analyzed all available complete and summary birth history data in surveys and censuses in six countries (Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia) at the finest geographic level available in each data source. We then developed small area estimation models capable of incorporating spatially misaligned data. These small area estimation models were applied to the birth history data in order to estimate trends in U5MR from 1980 to 2015 at the second administrative level in Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia and at the third administrative level in Bangladesh. Results We found substantial variation in U5MR in all six countries: there was more than a two-fold difference in U5MR between the area with the highest rate and the area with the lowest rate in every country. All areas in all countries experienced declines in U5MR between 1980 and 2015, but the degree varied both within and between countries. In Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, and Zambia we found areas with U5MRs in 2015 that were higher than in other parts of the same country in 1980. Comparing subnational U5MR to country-level targets for the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), we find that 12.8% of areas in Bangladesh did not meet the country-level target, although the country as whole did. A minority of areas in Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia met the country-level MDG targets while these countries as a whole did not. Conclusions Subnational estimates of U5MR reveal significant within-country variation. These estimates could be used for identifying high-need areas and positive deviants, tracking trends in geographic inequalities, and evaluating progress towards international development targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Structural vulnerability to narcotics-driven firearm violence: An ethnographic and epidemiological study of Philadelphia's Puerto Rican inner-city.

Author: Joseph Friedman, George Karandinos, Laurie Kain Hart, Fernando Montero Castrillo, Nicholas Graetz, and Philippe Bourgois
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BackgroundThe United States is experiencing a continuing crisis of gun violence, and economically marginalized and racially segregated inner-city areas are among the most affected. To decrease this violence, public health interventions must engage with the complex social factors and structural drivers-especially with regard to the clandestine sale of narcotics-that have turned the neighborhood streets of specific vulnerable subgroups into concrete killing fields. Here we present a mixed-methods ethnographic and epidemiological assessment of narcotics-driven firearm violence in Philadelphia's impoverished, majority Puerto Rican neighborhoods.MethodsUsing an exploratory sequential study design, we formulated hypotheses about ethnic/racial vulnerability to violence, based on half a dozen years of intensive participant-observation ethnographic fieldwork. We subsequently tested them statistically, by combining geo-referenced incidents of narcotics- and firearm-related crime from the Philadelphia police department with census information representing race and poverty levels. We explored the racialized relationships between poverty, narcotics, and violence, melding ethnography, graphing, and Poisson regression.FindingsEven controlling for poverty levels, impoverished majority-Puerto Rican areas in Philadelphia are exposed to significantly higher levels of gun violence than majority-white or black neighborhoods. Our mixed methods data suggest that this reflects the unique social position of these neighborhoods as a racial meeting ground in deeply segregated Philadelphia, which has converted them into a retail endpoint for the sale of astronomical levels of narcotics.ImplicationsWe document racial/ethnic and economic disparities in exposure to firearm violence and contextualize them ethnographically in the lived experience of community members. The exceptionally concentrated and high-volume retail narcotics trade, and the violence it generates in Philadelphia's poor Puerto Rican neighborhoods, reflect unique structural vulnerability and cultural factors. For most young people in these areas, the narcotics economy is the most readily accessible form of employment and social mobility. The performance of violence is an implicit part of survival in these lucrative, illegal narcotics markets, as well as in the overcrowded jails and prisons through which entry-level sellers cycle chronically. To address the structural drivers of violence, an inner-city Marshall Plan is needed that should include well-funded formal employment programs, gun control, re-training police officers to curb the routinization of brutality, reform of criminal justice to prioritize rehabilitation over punishment, and decriminalization of narcotics possession and low-level sales.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Improving the estimation of educational attainment: New methods for assessing average years of schooling from binned data.

Author: Joseph Friedman, Nicholas Graetz, and Emmanuela Gakidou
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: BackgroundThe accurate measurement of educational attainment is of great importance for population research. Past studies measuring average years of schooling rely on strong assumptions to incorporate binned data. These assumptions, which we refer to as the standard duration method, have not been previously evaluated for bias or accuracy.MethodsWe assembled a database of 1,680 survey and census datasets, representing both binned and single-year education data. We developed two models that split bins of education into single year values. We evaluate our models, and compare them to the standard duration method, using out-of-sample predictive validity.ResultsOur results indicate that typical methods used to split bins of educational attainment introduce substantial error and bias into estimates of average years of schooling, as compared to new approaches. Globally, the standard duration method underestimates average years of schooling, with a median error of -0.47 years. This effect is especially pronounced in datasets with a smaller number of bins or higher true average attainment, leading to irregular error patterns between geographies and time periods. Both models we developed resulted in unbiased predictions of average years of schooling, with smaller average error than previous methods. We find that one approach using a metric of distance in space and time to identify training data, had the best performance, with a root mean squared error of mean attainment of 0.26 years, compared to 0.92 years for the standard duration algorithm.ConclusionsEducation is a key social indicator and its accurate estimation should be a population research priority. The use of a space-time distance bin-splitting model drastically improved the estimation of average years of schooling from binned education data. We provide a detailed description of how to use the method and recommend that future studies estimating educational attainment across time or geographies use a similar approach.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Lauren E. Schaeffer, Belay Tessema, Reza Malekzadeh, Olatunde Aremu, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Jalal Arabloo, Philimon Gona, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Mostafa Qorbani, Fatemeh Rajati, Ipsita Sutradhar, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Babak Eshrati, Olufemi Ajumobi, Lauren Woyczynski, Parul Puri, Vinay Nangia, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Moslem Soofi, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Farnam Mohebi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kala M. Mehta, Simon I. Hay, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Sanjay Zodpey, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Bach Xuan Tran, George C Patton, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Engida Yisma, Vasily Vlassov, Samer Hamidi, Ghulam Mustafa, André Faro, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Rajat Gupta, Shirin Djalalinia, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Juan Sanabria, Leonardo Roever, Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira, Samad Azari, Vahid Alipour, Gabrielle B. Britton, Luca Ronfani, Rosario Cárdenas, Maarten J. Postma, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Pn Sylaja, Brijesh Sathian, Paul S. F. Yip, Vegard Skirbekk, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Paramjit Gill, Walter Mendoza, Lorenzo Monasta, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Dhirendra N Sinha, Ali H. Mokdad, Aziz Rezapour, Megan F. Schipp, Ziyad Al-Aly, Takeshi Fukumoto, Kebede Deribe, Paula Moraga, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Ai Koyanagi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Cyrus Cooper, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Swayam Prakash, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Mahdi Afshari, Suleman Atique, Reza Majdzadeh, Kiomars Sharafi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Foad Abd-Allah, Zahid A Butt, Beruk Berhanu Desalegn, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Marek Majdan, Yoshan Moodley, Jianrong Zhang, Farid Najafi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Benn Sartorius, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Naohiro Yonemoto, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Suraj Bhattarai, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Francisco Rogerlandio Martins-Melo, Malihe Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Bernardo Hernández Prado, Masood Ali Shaikh, Khalid A Altirkawi, Carlos Rios-Gonzalez, Claudiu Herteliu, Jason B. Hall, Irina Filip, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Nathaniel J Henry, Eleonora Dubljanin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Pushpendra Kumar, Akram Pourshams, Jung-Chen Chang, Irfan Ullah, Lorainne Tudor Car, Franz Castro, George A. Mensah, Delia Hendrie, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Adnan Kisa, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Alaa Badawi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tomohide Yamada, Gholamreza Roshandel, Jonathan F. Mosser, Jose A. Garcia, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Mohammadreza Amiresmaili, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Yuan-Pang Wang, Sebastian Vollmer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Paul H. Lee, Michael Collison, Sanghamitra Pati, Aziz Sheikh, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Anthony Barnett, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Michael A. Cork, Meghnath Dhimal, Norberto Perico, Francesco Saverio Violante, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Ted R. Miller, Arundhati R. Sawant, Olalekan A. Uthman, Kewal Krishan, Ashish Awasthi, Anthony Masaka, Katherine F. Wilson, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Roy Burstein, Amir Kasaeian, Yuming Guo, Peter Nyasulu, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Vipin Gupta, Tomislav Mestrovic, Long Hoang Nguyen, Neda Izadi, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Azin Nahvijou, Jun She, Christopher J L Murray, Krishna K. Aryal, Payman Salamati, Mona M. Khater, Rajeev Gupta, Robert Reiner, Mustafa Z. Younis, Ali Rostami, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Obinna Onwujekwe, Manasi Kumar, Nafis Sadat, Nahla Anber, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, John C. Wilkinson, Babak Moazen, Andrew T Olagunju, Nicholas Graetz, Andualem Henok, Mina Anjomshoa, Boris Bikbov, Melaku Desta, Yahya Safari, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mohammad Fareed, Ayman Grada, Eduardo Ortiz-Panozo, Rajesh Sharma, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Enrico Rubagotti, John S. Ji, Mika Shigematsu, Fakher Rahim, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Yasir Waheed, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Yousef Veisani, Daniel Diaz, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Ehsan Sadeghi, Yahya Salimi, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, David M. Pigott, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Farah Daoud, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Aubrey J. Levine, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Ravi Prakash Jha, Mesfin Tadese Dinberu, Shafiu Mohammed, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Satar Rezaei, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nasir Salam, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rajesh Sagar, Alex Yeshaneh, Michael K. Hole, Agus Sudaryanto, Yunquan Zhang, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Aniruddha Deshpande, Soewarta Kosen, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mehedi Hasan, Shane D. Morrison, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Marcel Ausloos, Ionut Negoi, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Giang Thu Vu, Lucas Earl, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Yu Liao, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Tanuj Kanchan, Chandrasekharan Nair Kesavachandran, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Tiffany K. Gill, Manisha Dubey, David C. Schwebel, Jost B. Jonas, Ester Cerin, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Stefan Listl, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Soraya Siabani, Derrick A Bennett, Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of Helsinki, Local Burden Dis Educ Attainment C, Graetz N., Woyczynski L., Wilson K.F., Hall J.B., Abate K.H., Abd-Allah F., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Afshari M., Ajumobi O., Akinyemiju T., Alahdab F., Al-Aly Z., Rabanal J.E.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alipour V., Altirkawi K., Amiresmaili M., Anber N.H., Andrei C.L., Anjomshoa M., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Aryal K.K., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Atique S., Ausloos M., Awasthi A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., Badawi A., Banoub J.A.M., Barker-Collo S.L., Barnett A., Bedi N., Bennett D.A., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattacharyya K., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bikbov B., Britton G., Burstein R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castro F., Cerin E., Chang J.-C., Collison M.L., Cooper C., Cork M.A., Daoud F., Das Gupta R., Weaver N.D., De Neve J.-W., Deribe K., Desalegn B.B., Deshpande A., Desta M., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu M.T., Djalalinia S., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Kalan M.E., El-Khatib Z., Eshrati B., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Faro A., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Fukumoto T., Garcia J.A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Grada A., Guo Y., Gupta R., Gupta V., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hasan M., Hassen H.Y., Hendrie D., Henok A., Henry N.J., Prado B.H., Herteliu C., Hole M.K., Hossain N., Hosseinzadeh M., Hu G., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Izadi N., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Ji J.S., Jonas J.B., Shushtari Z.J., Jozwiak J.J., Kanchan T., Kasaeian A., Karyani A.K., Keiyoro P.N., Kesavachandran C.N., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khan E.A., Khater M.M., Kiadaliri A.A., Kiirithio D.N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kumar M., Kumar P., Lami F.H., Lee P.H., Levine A.J., Li S., Liao Y., Lim L.-L., Listl S., Lopez J.C.F., Majdan M., Majdzadeh R., Majeed A., Malekzadeh R., Mansournia M.A., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Mayala B.K., Mehta K.M., Mendoza W., Mensah G.A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Mini G.K., Mirrakhimov E.M., Moazen B., Mohammad D.K., Darwesh A.M., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad A.H., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Morrison S.D., Mosser J.F., Mousavi S.M., Murray C.J.L., Mustafa G., Nahvijou A., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Ngunjiri J.W., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen L.H., Ningrum D.N.A., Noubiap J.J., Shiadeh M.N., Nyasulu P.S., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz-Panozo E., Overland S., Mahesh P.A., Pana A., Panda-Jonas S., Pati S., Patton G.C., Perico N., Pigott D.M., Pirsaheb M., Postma M.J., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Puri P., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahman M.H.U., Rajati F., Ranabhat C.L., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Reiner R.C., Remuzzi G., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei S., Rezapour A., Rios-Gonzalez C., Roever L., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Rubagotti E., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Safari Y., Sagar R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic M.M., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Sawant A.R., Schaeffer L.E., Schipp M.F., Schwebel D.C., Senbeta A.M., Sepanlou S.G., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharma R., She J., Sheikh A., Shigematsu M., Siabani S., Silveira D.G.A., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Skirbekk V., Sligar A., Sobaih B.H., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Soyiri I.N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Babale Sufiyan M., Sutradhar I., Sylaja P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tadesse B.T., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema B., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Car L.T., Ullah I., Uthman O.A., Valdez P.R., Veisani Y., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vollmer S., Thu Vu G., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wilkinson J.C., Winkler A.S., Wolfe C.D.A., Yamada T., Yeshaneh A., Yip P., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Bin Zaman S., Zhang J., Zhang Y., Zodpey S., Gakidou E., Hay S.I., Graetz, Nicholas, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wilson, Katherine F, Hall, Jason B, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE)
Subjects: Male, ATTAINMENT, Health Status, Disease, education, low- and middle-income countries, 0302 clinical medicine, WORLD, gender, Global health, risk factors, 030212 general & internal medicine, Aetiology, 10. No inequality, media_common, Developing world, Pediatric, Multidisciplinary, 1. No poverty, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Geography, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Female, HEALTH, developing world, social and economic factors, Engineering sciences. Technology, disparitie, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, General Science & Technology, media_common.quotation_subject, MODELS, Developing country, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, Article, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 2.3 Psychological, medicine, Humans, Society, Social determinants of health, Developing Countries, Science & Technology, Equity (economics), MORTALITY, Public health, Bayes Theorem, Educational attainment, 3141 Health care science, society, Good Health and Well Being, Risk factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Demographic economics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1–3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4–6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9–11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but—to our knowledge—no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12–14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations., Analyses of the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 reveal inequalities across countries as well as within populations.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Author: Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Nasir Salam, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Davide Rasella, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Ghulam Mustafa, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Leonardo Roever, Oghenowede Eyawo, Koustuv Dalal, Ana-Laura Manda, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Javad Yoosefi Lebni, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Aziz Eftekhari, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Jon Wakefield, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Edris Hasanpoor, Brijesh Sathian, Kala M. Mehta, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Abbas Yadegar, João Pedro Silva, Desmond Kuupiel, Anvar Asadi, Hamid Sharifi, Ebrahim Babaee, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Ian Davis, Mostafa Qorbani, Fatemeh Rajati, Samer Hamidi, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Elias Merdassa Roro, Mihaela Hostiuc, Robert S. Bernstein, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Irina Filip, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Amir Khater, Lidia Morawska, Sangram Kishor Patel, Robert C. Reiner, Joshua O. Akinyemi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Reza Malekzadeh, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Irfan Ullah, Gabrielle B. Britton, Gelin Xu, Nathaniel J Henry, Thomas R. Hird, Ronny Westerman, Vera Marisa Costa, Reza Assadi, Tiffany K. Gill, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Meysam Olfatifar, Sezer Kisa, Grant Rodgers Kemp, Mahmoud Yousefifard, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Walter Mendoza, Mohammad Zamani, Nader Jafari Balalami, Mahdi Safdarian, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Nahid Neamati, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Mostafa Hosseini, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Nick Golding, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Shirin Nosratnejad, Haidong Wang, Shadi Rahimzadeh, Pushpendra Kumar, Mehdi Noroozi, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Brent Bell, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Yousef Veisani, Katie R Nielsen, Ionut Negoi, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Joseph L Ward, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Ettore Beghi, Azeem Majeed, Ivy Shiue, Delia Hendrie, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Ghobad Moradi, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Milad Hasankhani, Mohamed I Hegazy, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Vahid Alipour, Ruth W Kimokoti, Afshin Maleki, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Noore Alam, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Kimberly B. Johnson, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kerem Shuval, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Paul H. Lee, Reza Ghadimi, Mahbobeh Faramarzi, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Brandon V. Pickering, Animika Pandey, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Felix Greaves, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Yun Jin Kim, Agus Sudaryanto, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Hadi Pourjafar, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Zahra Jorjoran Shushtari, Michael Collison, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Yahya Salimi, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Soewarta Kosen, Al Artaman, Surendra Karki, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Christopher S Yilgwan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Gholamreza Roshandel, Vahid Rashedi, Daniel Diaz, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Nuworza Kugbey, Zohreh Arefi, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Robert G. Weintraub, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Salman Khazaei, Olalekan A. Uthman, Mohamed Hsairi, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Jayendra Sharma, Hanna Demelash Desyibelew, Max Roser, Keivan Ahmadi, Yousef Khader, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Stefan Listl, Smita Pakhale, Brian J. Hall, Alireza Zangeneh, Ravi Mehrotra, Kidu Gidey Weldegwergs, Mahdi Afshari, Son Hoang Nguyen, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Rupak Desai, Aziz Rezapour, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Gillian I. Hollerich, Reza Saeedi, Iman El Sayed, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Ben Lacey, Soheil Ebrahimpour, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Roya Ebrahimi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Neeraj Bedi, Hamed Mirjalali, Payman Salamati, P N Sylaja, Ted R. Miller, George J. Milne, Alaa Badawi, Muhammad Usman, Amir Hasanzadeh, Michelle L. Bell, Giang Thu Vu, Masoud Behzadifar, Manasi Kumar, Mona M. Khater, Josip Car, Nafis Sadat, Mostafa Leili, Mehdi Sharif, Hadi Hassankhani, Mowafa Househ, Joshua A. Salomon, Morteza Mansourian, G Anil Kumar, João C. Fernandes, Tufa Kolola, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Masood Ali Shaikh, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Andrew T Olagunju, Bahram Armoon, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Samantha Perkins, Mohsen Mazidi, Stefan Lorkowski, Sagnik Dey, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Maryam Khazaei-Pool, Mohammad Rabiee, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Martin McKee, Hadi Parsian, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Paramjit Gill, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Karen M. Tabb, Annie J. Browne, Abdallah M. Samy, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Destallem Gebremedhin Gebre, Fakher Rahim, Sheetal D. Lad, Rajat Das Gupta, Yash Jobanputra, Rajesh Sharma, Davoud Adham, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Farah Daoud, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Meghnath Dhimal, Pranab Chatterjee, Javad Javidnia, Shafiu Mohammed, Amir Abdoli, Josep Maria Haro, Stefanie Watson, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Masoumeh Abbasi, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Marzieh Nojomi, G. K. Mini, Abbas Mosapour, Cyrus Cooper, Yirga Legesse Nirayo, Jagdish Khubchandani, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Satar Rezaei, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Francesco Saverio Violante, Eyal Oren, Erfan Zabeh, Atte Meretoja, Nicholas Graetz, Kris J. Krohn, Anthony Masaka, Oladimeji Adebayo, Mikk Jürisson, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Chloe Shields, Yahya Safari, Yasir Waheed, Dilaram Acharya, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Shymaa Enany, Maha Ezalarab, Salvatore Rubino, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Roghayeh Khabiri, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Takeshi Fukumoto, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Thomas Pilgrim, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Farid Najafi, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Ali Rostami, Efat Mohamadi, Sameh Magdeldin, Hedley Quintana, Cyrus Alinia, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Roya Safari-Faramani, Leila Doshmangir, Kewal Krishan, Karen Sliwa, Nazrul Islam, Neal Marquez, Genet Melak Alamene, Andem Effiong, Khanh Bao Tran, Amir Kasaeian, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Hamidreza Haririan, Maha El Tantawi, Anders Larsson, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Amir Shamshirian, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Yousef Moradi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mehdi Moradinazar, Lauren Woyczynski, Parul Puri, Yunquan Zhang, Navid Manafi, Vinay Nangia, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Sofia Androudi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Netsanet Fentahun, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Solomon Sisay, Giuseppe Gorini, Meysam Behzadifar, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Arefeh Babazadeh, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Zohreh Anbari, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Ranjani Somayaji, Frank B. Osei, Nancy Fullman, Zahid A Butt, Ai-Min Wu, Tahereh Pashaei, Benn Sartorius, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Sachin R Atre, Mehdi Ahmadi, Chalachew Genet Akal, Aubrey J. Levine, Mohammad Fareed, Quique Bassat, Khalid A Altirkawi, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Daem Roshani, Mina Anjomshoa, Jasvinder A. Singh, Yafeng Wang, Samath D Dharmaratne, Enrico Rubagotti, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Reinhard Busse, Abdullah Al Mamun, Yoshan Moodley, Mohammed Almalki, Peter W. Gething, Alireza Khatony, Usman Iqbal, Soraya Nouraei Motlagh, Roy Burstein, Hamed Zandian, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Majid Pirestani, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Chuanhua Yu, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart, Pascual R. Valdez, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kelechi Elizabeth Oladimeji, Tomislav Mestrovic, Isidora S. Vujcic, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Azin Nahvijou, Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Mustafa Z. Younis, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Aniruddha Deshpande, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Soghra Bagheri, Paul S. F. Yip, Sree Bhushan Raju, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Kebede Deribe, Junaid Khan, Mohammad Aghaali, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Sojib Bin Zaman, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Suraj Bhattarai, Yared Belete Belay, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Abbas Balouchi, Silvano Gallus, Mohammad Abdollahi, Long Hoang Nguyen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Bernhard T. Baune, Lucas Earl, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Farkhonde Salehi, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Lee Ling Lim, Ulrich O Mueller, Laurie B. Marczak, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Navid Rabiee, Dinh-Toi Chu, Vasily Vlassov, Bradford D Gessner, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Sorin Hostiuc, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Mahdieh Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Takahiro Tabuchi, Philimon Gona, Bahar Ataeinia, Azra Ramezankhani, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Obinna Onwujekwe, Zohreh Rahimi, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Neda Kianipour, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Dhirendra N Sinha, Young-Ho Khang, Paula Moraga, Manoochehr Karami, Solomon Olum, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Kiomars Sharafi, Rohollah Kalhor, Benjamin K. Mayala, Mahmood Moosazadeh, David C. Schwebel, Jost B. Jonas, Quyen G. To, Ester Cerin, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, GeoHealth, HUS Neurocenter, Department of Neurosciences, Neurologian yksikkö, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Staff Services, Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Islam, Nazrul [0000-0003-3982-4325], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Burstein R., Henry N.J., Collison M.L., Marczak L.B., Sligar A., Watson S., Marquez N., Abbasalizad-Farhangi M., Abbasi M., Abd-Allah F., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abdollahpour I., Abdulkader R.S., Abrigo M.R.M., Acharya D., Adebayo O.M., Adekanmbi V., Adham D., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Ahmadi K., Ahmadi M., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed R., Akal C.G., Akinyemi J.O., Alahdab F., Alam N., Alamene G.M., Alene K.A., Alijanzadeh M., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid S.M., Almalki M.J., Al-Mekhlafi H.M., Altirkawi K., Alvis-Guzman N., Amegah A.K., Amini S., Amit A.M.L., Anbari Z., Androudi S., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Antonio C.A.T., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Armoon B., Arora A., Artaman A., Asadi A., Asadi-Aliabadi M., Ashraf-Ganjouei A., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atre S.R., Quintanilla B.P.A., Ayanore M.A., Azari S., Babaee E., Babazadeh A., Badawi A., Bagheri S., Bagherzadeh M., Baheiraei N., Balouchi A., Barac A., Bassat Q., Baune B.T., Bayati M., Bedi N., Beghi E., Behzadifar M., Belay Y.B., Bell B., Bell M.L., Berbada D.A., Bernstein R.S., Bhattacharjee N.V., Bhattarai S., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Bohlouli S., Breitborde N.J.K., Britton G., Browne A.J., Nagaraja S.B., Busse R., Butt Z.A., Car J., Cardenas R., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Cerin E., Chanie W.F., Chatterjee P., Chu D.-T., Cooper C., Costa V.M., Dalal K., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daoud F., Daryani A., Das Gupta R., Davis I., Davis Weaver N., Davitoiu D.V., De Neve J.-W., Demeke F.M., Demoz G.T., Deribe K., Desai R., Deshpande A., Desyibelew H.D., Dey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Doshmangir L., Duraes A.R., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Ebrahimi R., Ebrahimpour S., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., Ehsani-Chimeh E., El Sayed I., El Sayed Zaki M., El Tantawi M., El-Khatib Z., Emamian M.H., Enany S., Eskandarieh S., Eyawo O., Ezalarab M., Faramarzi M., Fareed M., Faridnia R., Faro A., Fazaeli A.A., Fazlzadeh M., Fentahun N., Fereshtehnejad S.-M., Fernandes J.C., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Francis J.M., Fukumoto T., Fullman N., Gallus S., Gebre D.G., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremeskel G.G., Gessner B.D., Geta B., Gething P.W., Ghadimi R., Ghadiri K., Ghajarzadeh M., Ghashghaee A., Gill P.S., Gill T.K., Golding N., Gomes N.G.M., Gona P.N., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goulart B.N.G., Graetz N., Greaves F., Green M.S., Guo Y., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hall B.J., Hamidi S., Haririan H., Haro J.M., Hasankhani M., Hasanpoor E., Hasanzadeh A., Hassankhani H., Hassen H.Y., Hegazy M.I., Hendrie D., Heydarpour F., Hird T.R., Hoang C.L., Hollerich G., Rad E.H., Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M., Hossain N., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hsairi M., Ilesanmi O.S., Imani-Nasab M.H., Iqbal U., Irvani S.S.N., Islam N., Islam S.M.S., Jurisson M., Balalami N.J., Jalali A., Javidnia J., Jayatilleke A.U., Jenabi E., Ji J.S., Jobanputra Y.B., Johnson K., Jonas J.B., Shushtari Z.J., Jozwiak J.J., Kabir A., Kahsay A., Kalani H., Kalhor R., Karami M., Karki S., Kasaeian A., Kassebaum N.J., Keiyoro P.N., Kemp G.R., Khabiri R., Khader Y.S., Khafaie M.A., Khan E.A., Khan J., Khan M.S., Khang Y.-H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khater M.M., Khatony A., Khazaei M., Khazaei S., Khazaei-Pool M., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kinyoki D.K., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kolola T., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kraemer M.U.G., Krishan K., Krohn K.J., Kugbey N., Kumar G.A., Kumar M., Kumar P., Kuupiel D., Lacey B., Lad S.D., Lami F.H., Larsson A.O., Lee P.H., Leili M., Levine A.J., Li S., Lim L.-L., Listl S., Longbottom J., Lopez J.C.F., Lorkowski S., Magdeldin S., Abd El Razek H.M., Abd El Razek M.M., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Malta D.C., Mamun A.A., Manafi N., Manda A.-L., Mansourian M., Martins-Melo F.R., Masaka A., Massenburg B.B., Maulik P.K., Mayala B.K., Mazidi M., McKee M., Mehrotra R., Mehta K.M., Meles G.G., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Meretoja A., Meretoja T.J., Mestrovic T., Miller T.R., Miller-Petrie M.K., Mills E.J., Milne G.J., Mini G.K., Mir S.M., Mirjalali H., Mirrakhimov E.M., Mohamadi E., Mohammad D.K., Darwesh A.M., Mezerji N.M.G., Mohammed A.S., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Molokhia M., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moradi G., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradinazar M., Moraga P., Morawska L., Mosapour A., Mousavi S.M., Mueller U.O., Muluneh A.G., Mustafa G., Nabavizadeh B., Naderi M., Nagarajan A.J., Nahvijou A., Najafi F., Nangia V., Ndwandwe D.E., Neamati N., Negoi I., Negoi R.I., Ngunjiri J.W., Thi Nguyen H.L., Nguyen L.H., Nguyen S.H., Nielsen K.R., Ningrum D.N.A., Nirayo Y.L., Nixon M.R., Nnaji C.A., Nojomi M., Noroozi M., Nosratnejad S., Noubiap J.J., Motlagh S.N., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo F.A., Oladimeji K.E., Olagunju A.T., Olfatifar M., Olum S., Olusanya B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Onwujekwe O.E., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano D.D.V., Ortiz A., Osarenotor O., Osei F.B., Osgood-Zimmerman A.E., Otstavnov S.S., Owolabi M.O., Mahesh P.A., Pagheh A.S., Pakhale S., Panda-Jonas S., Pandey A., Park E.-K., Parsian H., Pashaei T., Patel S.K., Pepito V.C.F., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pickering B.V., Pilgrim T., Pirestani M., Piroozi B., Pirsaheb M., Plana-Ripoll O., Pourjafar H., Puri P., Qorbani M., Quintana H., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi Z., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Rahimzadeh S., Rajati F., Raju S.B., Ramezankhani A., Ranabhat C.L., Rasella D., Rashedi V., Rawal L., Reiner Jr R.C., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei S., Rezapour A., Riahi S.M., Ribeiro A.I., Roever L., Roro E.M., Roser M., Roshandel G., Roshani D., Rostami A., Rubagotti E., Rubino S., Sabour S., Sadat N., Sadeghi E., Saeedi R., Safari Y., Safari-Faramani R., Safdarian M., Sahebkar A., Salahshoor M.R., Salam N., Salamati P., Salehi F., Zahabi S.S., Salimi Y., Salimzadeh H., Salomon J.A., Sambala E.Z., Samy A.M., Santric Milicevic M.M., Jose B.P.S., Saraswathy S.Y.I., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Saxena S., Sbarra A.N., Schaeffer L.E., Schwebel D.C., Sepanlou S.G., Seyedmousavi S., Shaahmadi F., Shaikh M.A., Shams-Beyranvand M., Shamshirian A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi K., Sharif M., Sharif-Alhoseini M., Sharifi H., Sharma J., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shields C., Shigematsu M., Shiri R., Shiue I., Shuval K., Siddiqi T.J., Silva J.P., Singh J.A., Sinha D.N., Sisay M.M., Sisay S., Sliwa K., Smith D.L., Somayaji R., Soofi M., Soriano J.B., Sreeramareddy C.T., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan M.B., Sykes B.L., Sylaja P.N., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Tabuchi T., Taveira N., Temsah M.-H., Terkawi A.S., Tessema Z.T., Thankappan K.R., Thirunavukkarasu S., To Q.G., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tran K.B., Ullah I., Usman M.S., Uthman O.A., Vahedian-Azimi A., Valdez P.R., van Boven J.F.M., Vasankari T.J., Vasseghian Y., Veisani Y., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vladimirov S.K., Vlassov V., Vos T., Vu G.T., Vujcic I.S., Waheed Y., Wakefield J., Wang H., Wang Y., Wang Y.-P., Ward J.L., Weintraub R.G., Weldegwergs K.G., Weldesamuel G.T., Westerman R., Wiysonge C.S., Wondafrash D.Z., Woyczynski L., Wu A.-M., Xu G., Yadegar A., Yamada T., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yilgwan C.S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Lebni J.Y., Younis M.Z., Yousefifard M., Yousof H.-A.S.A., Yu C., Yusefzadeh H., Zabeh E., Moghadam T.Z., Bin Zaman S., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zerfu T.A., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Murray C.J.L., and Hay S.I.
Subjects: Survival, RJ101, Mortalidad Infantil, HB, UNDER-5 MORTALITY, Global Health, Pediatrics, 0302 clinical medicine, 3123 Gynaecology and paediatrics, Child death, Infant Mortality, Epidemiology, Global health, Middle income country, Nacimiento vivo, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, POPULATION, Developing world, education.field_of_study, Public health, Multidisciplinary, Geography, Mortality rate, wa_900, 1. No poverty, SUCCESS, Pediatrik, A900 Others in Medicine and Dentistry, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Child Mortality, Death children, VACCINATION, HEALTH, ws_100, INTERVENTIONS, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, United Nations, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, Developing country, Article, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center, Social Justice, Recién nacido, Neonatal deaths, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Organizational Objectives, Humans, education, Developing Countries, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Paediatrics, Child survival, Newborn, PREVENTION, Infant mortality, wa_320, ws_200, Child mortality, Socioeconomic Factors, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Human medicine, Paediatrics, Public health, Developing world, business, Demography
Abstract: Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2—to end preventable child deaths by 2030—we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000–2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations., A high-resolution, global atlas of mortality of children under five years of age between 2000 and 2017 highlights subnational geographical inequalities in the distribution, rates and absolute counts of child deaths by age.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, 2000–2016: a spatial and temporal modelling study

Author: Daniel C Casey, Robert C. Reiner, William C. Gagne-Maynard, Freya M Shearer, Peter W. Gething, Daniel J. Weiss, Roy Burstein, Elizabeth A. Cromwell, Aniruddha Deshpande, Nancy Fullman, Christopher J L Murray, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Lucas Earl, Nicholas Graetz, Stephen S Lim, Patrick Y Liu, Jonathan F. Mosser, Heidi J. Larson, Sarah E Ray, David M. Pigott, Samir Bhatt, Puja C Rao, Simon I. Hay, Rachel L Updike, and Laura Dwyer-Lindgren
Subjects: Vaccination Coverage, Inequality, Somalia, media_common.quotation_subject, Childhood vaccination, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Health outcomes, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Socioeconomics, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, media_common, Tetanus, Immunization Programs, Diphtheria, Vaccination, Rwanda, Infant, General Medicine, Models, Theoretical, medicine.disease, Morocco, Geography, Angola, Socioeconomic Factors, Action plan, Africa, Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine, Guinea, Immunization, Ethiopia, Geographical inequalities, Delivery of Health Care
Abstract: Summary Background Routine childhood vaccination is among the most cost-effective, successful public health interventions available. Amid substantial investments to expand vaccine delivery throughout Africa and strengthen administrative reporting systems, most countries still require robust measures of local routine vaccine coverage and changes in geographical inequalities over time. Methods This analysis drew from 183 surveys done between 2000 and 2016, including data from 881 268 children in 49 African countries. We used a Bayesian geostatistical model calibrated to results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017, to produce annual estimates with high-spatial resolution (5 × 5 km) of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine coverage and dropout for children aged 12–23 months in 52 African countries from 2000 to 2016. Findings Estimated third-dose (DPT3) coverage increased in 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 64·6–80·3) of second-level administrative units in Africa from 2000 to 2016, but substantial geographical inequalities in DPT coverage remained across and within African countries. In 2016, DPT3 coverage at the second administrative (ie, district) level varied by more than 25% in 29 of 52 countries, with only two (Morocco and Rwanda) of 52 countries meeting the Global Vaccine Action Plan target of 80% DPT3 coverage or higher in all second-level administrative units with high confidence (posterior probability ≥95%). Large areas of low DPT3 coverage (≤50%) were identified in the Sahel, Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and in Angola. Low first-dose (DPT1) coverage (≤50%) and high relative dropout (≥30%) together drove low DPT3 coverage across the Sahel, Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, Guinea, and Angola. Interpretation Despite substantial progress in Africa, marked national and subnational inequalities in DPT coverage persist throughout the continent. These results can help identify areas of low coverage and vaccine delivery system vulnerabilities and can ultimately support more precise targeting of resources to improve vaccine coverage and health outcomes for African children. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Variation in Childhood Diarrheal Morbidity and Mortality in Africa, 2000-2015

Author: Scott J. Swartz, David L. Smith, Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Puja C Rao, Oliver J. Brady, Aniruddha Deshpande, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Christopher J L Murray, Ian D. Letourneau, Nicholas Graetz, Gregory M. Garcia, Ibrahim A Khalil, David M. Pigott, Robert Reiner, Lucas Earl, Ali H. Mokdad, Samir Bhatt, Jonathan F. Mosser, Jennifer M. Ross, Daniel J. Weiss, Peter W. Gething, Roy Burstein, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Ian Davis, Sarah E Ray, Simon I. Hay, Brigette F. Blacker, Christopher Troeger, Tamer H. Farag, Daniel C Casey, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
Subjects: Diarrhea, YOUNG-CHILDREN, Sanitation, 030231 tropical medicine, Developing country, Disease, DISEASE, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, General & Internal, MALARIA, SANITATION, Environmental health, General & Internal Medicine, ROTAVIRUS VACCINATION, medicine, Credible interval, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Prevalence, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Severe diarrhea, DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES, Geography, Medical, Mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Science & Technology, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Infant, Bayes Theorem, General Medicine, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Child, Preschool, Africa, HEALTH, medicine.symptom, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Malaria
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Diarrheal diseases are the third leading cause of disease and death in children younger than 5 years of age in Africa and were responsible for an estimated 30 million cases of severe diarrhea (95% credible interval, 27 million to 33 million) and 330,000 deaths (95% credible interval, 270,000 to 380,000) in 2015. The development of targeted approaches to address this burden has been hampered by a paucity of comprehensive, fine-scale estimates of diarrhea-related disease and death among and within countries. METHODS: We produced annual estimates of the prevalence and incidence of diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality with high geographic detail (5 km2) across Africa from 2000 through 2015. Estimates were created with the use of Bayesian geostatistical techniques and were calibrated to the results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016. RESULTS: The results revealed geographic inequality with regard to diarrhea risk in Africa. Of the estimated 330,000 childhood deaths that were attributable to diarrhea in 2015, more than 50% occurred in 55 of the 782 first-level administrative subdivisions (e.g., states). In 2015, mortality rates among first-level administrative subdivisions in Nigeria differed by up to a factor of 6. The case fatality rates were highly varied at the national level across Africa, with the highest values observed in Benin, Lesotho, Mali, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed concentrated areas of diarrheal disease and diarrhea-related death in countries that had a consistently high burden as well as in countries that had considerable national-level reductions in diarrhea burden. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
Published: 2018

8. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

Author: Meghan D. Mooney, Ken Takahashi, Andrea Stewart, Jonathan C Brown, Shireen Sindi, Amany H Refaat, Ruben Castro, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Kyle R. Heuton, Gillian M. Hansen, Chante Karimkhani, Bryan K. Phillips, Ibrahim Abubakar, Yohannes Kinfu, Victoria F Bachman, Konstantinos Stroumpoulis, Megan Coggeshall, Lucía Cuevas-Nasu, Yichong Li, Vineet K. Chadha, Andrew G. M. Bulloch, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Don C. Des Jarlais, Giancarlo Logroscino, Francis Apolinary Mhimbira, Jefferson G Fernandes, Cheng Huang, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Fortuné Gbètoho Gankpé, Roderick J Hay, Itamar S. Santos, Zanfina Ademi, Fiona J Charlson, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim, Anwar Rafay, Andrew L. Thorne-Lyman, Juanita A. Haagsma, Emmanuel A. Ameh, John J. McGrath, Massimo Cirillo, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Holly Hagan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Frida Namnyak Ngalesoni, Dietrich Plass, Matias Trillini, David Phillips, Braden Te Ao, Wanqing Chen, Yun Jin Kim, David Rojas-Rueda, Christina Papachristou, Andrew E. Moran, Richard A. Gosselin, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Soraya Seedat, Janet L Leasher, Belinda K Lloyd, Lorenzo Monasta, Bruno F. Sunguya, Eun-Kee Park, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Mohammad A. AlMazroa, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Young-Ho Khang, Vasiliki Stathopoulou, Dima M. Qato, James Scott, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Luca Ronfani, Haidong Kan, Tasara T. Mazorodze, Murugesan Raju, Saeid Shahraz, Taavi Tillmann, Wang Wenzhi, Neil Pearce, Eric Y. Tenkorang, Aliya Naheed, Ferrán Catalá-López, Sudan Prasad Neupane, Emily Dansereau, Michael McKee, Derrick A Bennett, Mazeda Hossain, Paul S. F. Yip, Grant Nguyen, Norberto Perico, Miguel Angel Alegretti, Babak Eshrati, Boris Bikbov, Palwasha Anwari, Guoqing Hu, Amelia Bertozzi-Villa, Peter A. Meaney, Farshad Farzadfar, Svetlana Popova, Tara Templin, Hmwe H Kyu, Uche S. Uchendu, Kebede Deribe, Sergey Soshnikov, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Ilana N. Ackerman, Homie Razavi, Leslie T. Cooper, Sandra Nolte, David T. Felson, John J Huang, Yang Liu, Fiorella Cavalleri, Adrian Davis, Héctor Gómez Dantés, Klara Dokova, Yuantao Hao, Catalina Medina, Austin E Schumacher, Stan Biryukov, Jane Rowley, Arindam Basu, Jose C. Adsuar, Rosana E. Norman, Yousef Khader, Rafael Alfonso-Cristancho, Sukanta Saha, Simón Barquera, Diego Gonzalez-Medina, Philip B. Mitchell, Lars Barregard, Haidong Wang, Yongmei Li, Ami R. Moore, Marie Ng, Raghib Ali, Peter T. Serina, Lijing L Yan, Ayse Abbasoglu Ozgoren, Ricky Leung, Michelle L. Bell, Tim Driscoll, Azmeraw T. Amare, Farshad Pourmalek, Tea Lallukka, Benjamin O Anderson, Raimundas Lunevicius, Corine Karema, Robert G. Weintraub, Erin C Mullany, Anders Larsson, Glen Mola, Paulo A. Lotufo, Luke Nyakarahuka, Sayed Saidul Alam, Louisa Degenhardt, Hugh R. Taylor, E. Ray Dorsey, Suzanne Polinder, Hilton Lam, Urbano Fra Paleo, David Zonies, Rahman Shiri, Marco A Avila, Alicia Elena Beatriz Lawrynowicz, Katya Anne Shackelford, Lynne Gaffikin, Konstantin Kazanjan, Mark T Mackay, Jasvinder A. Singh, Bryan L. Sykes, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Chantal Huynh, Rakhi Dandona, Logan Sandar, Lavanya Singh, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Theo Vos, Steven E. Lipshultz, Coen H. Van Gool, Peggy P. Chiang, Mark G. Shrime, Christopher J L Murray, Scott Weichenthal, Jae-Hyun Park, Samia Alhabib, Philimon Gona, Christian Kieling, Yuichiro Yano, Ronny Westerman, Thomas Truelsen, Rajeev Gupta, Megan Bohensky, Abdullatif Husseini, Qing Lan, Luke D. Knibbs, Yousef M. Elshrek, H. Ross Anderson, Guohong Jiang, Madeline L. Moyer, Vinod K. Paul, Wim H. van Brakel, Emin Murat Tuzcu, Kara Estep, Lalit Dandona, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Mohammad Tavakkoli, Ying Jiang, Joseph A Wagner, Mitsuru Mukaigawara, In-Hwan Oh, Siyi Shangguan, Noela M. Prasad, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Borja del Pozo-Cruz, Gokalp Kadri Yentur, Hilda L Harb, Elena Alvarez, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mustafa Z. Younis, Herbert C. Duber, Erica Leigh Slepak, George A. Mensah, Knud Juel, Graeme J. Hankey, Natan M. Bornstein, Martha Híjar, Johan Ärnlöv, Mohamed Hsairi, Katherine T. Lofgren, Murray B. Stein, Renata Micha, Luigi Naldi, Margreet ten Have, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Kyle J Foreman, Kenji Shibuya, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Abdullah Sulieman Terkawi, Rana J. Asghar, Karen M. Tabb, Kovin Naidoo, Rogelio Pérez-Padilla, Honglei Chen, Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yukito Shinohara, Bongani M. Mayosi, Ernst J Kuipers, Konrad Pesudovs, Mouhanad Hammami, Lee Richardson, Rintaro Mori, Thomas D. Fleming, Pouria Heydarpour, Stephen G. Waller, Nicholas Graetz, Chanda Kulkarni, Peter Brooks, Gulfaraz Khan, Marcel Tanner, Van C. Lansingh, François Alla, Jamie Hancock, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Neeraj Bedi, Anthony D. Woolf, Tariku Jibat Beyene, Amanda W Pain, Eric L. Ding, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, George D Thurston, Victor Aboyans, Alanur Çavlin, Jefferson Traebert, Michael R. Phillips, Yingfeng Zheng, Baffour Awuah, Carlo Irwin A. Panelo, Selen Begüm Uzun, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Samir Soneji, Veena S. Kulkarni, Mukesh Dherani, Stephen S Lim, Andre Keren, Kingsley N. Ukwaja, Sajjad Ur Rahman, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kjetil Søreide, Blake Thomson, Samath D Dharmaratne, Christopher D. Blosser, David H. Rothstein, Amanda G. Thrift, Fabrizio Tediosi, Andrew H. Kemp, H. Dean Hosgood, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Miia Kivipelto, Amitava Banerjee, Edgar P. Simard, Reza Malekzadeh, Maggie Lind, Robert P. Dellavalle, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Lydia S. Atkins, Tom Achoki, Aslam Pervaiz, Peter Scarborough, Hans W. Hoek, Ettore Beghi, Emilie Agardh, Abraham D. Flaxman, Dariush Mozaffarian, Juan R. Sanabria, Muluken Dessalegn, David C. Schwebel, Caitlyn Steiner, Ubai Alsharif, Richard C. Franklin, Gail Davey, Gelin Xu, Reyna A Gutiérrez, Joannie Lortet-Tieulent, Ashish Bhalla, Jost B. Jonas, Paul N. Jensen, Simon I. Hay, Xiaonong Zou, Andre Pascal Kengne, Tolesa Bekele, Brittany Wurtz, Jung-Chen Chang, Joseph Murray, Luciano A. Sposato, Stefan Ma, Summer Lockett Ohno, Charles R. Newton, Bradford D. Gessner, JianLi Wang, Scott B. Patten, Thomas Fürst, Carol Brayne, Christina Fitzmaurice, Peilin Shi, Ted R. Miller, Kinnari S. Murthy, Habib Benzian, Peter W. Gething, Cesar Diaz-Torne, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Bo Norrving, Carly E Levitz, Adam D M Briggs, Sungroul Kim, Isabela M. Benseñor, John A. Crump, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Marcella Montico, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Kim Moesgaard Iburg, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Sun Ha Jee, Valery L. Feigin, Christine M. Budke, Anne Bulchis, Anand Dayama, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Cyrus Cooper, Teresa Shamah Levy, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Nataliya A. Foigt, Beth E. Ebel, Max Petzold, Heresh Amini, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Dan Poenaru, Jim van Os, Michele E. Murdoch, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Michael H. Criqui, Giorgia Giussani, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Thomas N. Williams, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Chuanhua Yu, Luis M. Coppola, Thomas J. Montine, Alaa Badawi, Eduardo Bernabé, Melvin Barrientos Marzan, James Leigh, Frédéric B. Piel, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Maheswar Satpathy, Hélène Carabin, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Ryan M Barber, Fotis Topouzis, Bin Li, Serge Resnikoff, Taavi Lai, Rachelle Buchbinder, Randah R. Hamadeh, Valeria Caso, Holly E. Erskine, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris, Rachel L. Pullan, Ben Schöttker, Rafael Lozano, Damian G Hoy, Fiona M. Blyth, Belinda J. Gabbe, Hebe N. Gouda, Farhad Islami, Atte Meretoja, Christopher Margono, Marissa Iannarone, Ronan A Lyons, Wilkister N. Moturi, Donald H. Silberberg, Alexandra Brazinova, Monica Cortinovis, Deena Alasfoor, Richard Matzopoulos, Jerry Abraham, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Valentina Colistro, Derek F J Fay, Mamta Swaroop, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, John Nelson Opio, Hanne Christensen, Jun She, Soewarta Kosen, Atsushi Goto, Costas A. Christophi, Jeyaraj D. Pandian, Peter J. Hotez, K. Srinath Reddy, Al Artaman, Peter Allebeck, Jonas Minet Kinge, Graham S Cooke, Dan J. Stein, Kawkab Shishani, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Katrina F Ortblad, Deborah Jarvis, Arsène Kouablan Adou, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Yong Zhao, Rajiv Chowdhury, Hadi Danawi, George C Patton, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, André Karch, Tommi J. Vasankari, Matthias Endres, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Charles N Mock, Katharine J Looker, Bach Xuan Tran, Fernando Perez-Ruiz, Harish Chander Gugnani, Reza Assadi, Hannah Hamavid, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammed I. Albittar, Sarah Derrett, Mohammad Yahya Saeedi, Traolach S. Brugha, Jan Hendrik Richardus, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Josep Maria Haro, Michael Brainin, Ziad A. Memish, Rupert R A Bourne, Katherine B Gibney, David M. Pereira, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Luc E. Coffeng, Joshua A. Salomon, Xia Wan, Ian Bolliger, Boris I. Pavlin, Karen Sliwa, Tati S. Warouw, Geoffrey Buckle, Chakib Nejjari, Diego De Leo, Ashkan Afshin, Vinay Nangia, Daniel Pope, Johanna M. Geleijnse, Nikhil Tandon, Kelly Bienhoff, Jed D. Blore, Walid Ammar, D. Allen Roberts, Elisabete Weiderpass, Gregory A. Roth, Manami Inoue, James D. Wilkinson, Hideaki Toyoshima, Soufiane Boufous, Ivy Shiue, Edward J Mills, Leilei Duan, Matthew M Coates, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Alberto Ortiz, Steven van de Vijver, David Carpenter, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Antony Stevens, Sanjay Basu, Maria Cecilia Bahit, Kaire Innos, Lindsay N. Boyers, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Alize J. Ferrari, Timothy M. Wolock, Simerjot K. Jassal, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Joanna Moschandreas, Howard J. Hoffman, Hideki Higashi, George M. Ruhago, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammed Basulaiman, D. Alex Quistberg, Justin Beardsley, Marcello Tonelli, Maurice Giroud, Karen Edmond, Norito Kawakami, Mohammad T Mashal, Neeraj Bhala, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, David Tanne, Abhishek Singh, Kazem Rahimi, Vivekanand Jha, Wagner Marcenes, David J. Margolis, Yara A. Halasa, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Carrie Beth Peterson, Edson Serván-Mori, Anil Kaul, Foad Abd-Allah, Marek Majdan, Rahul Gupta, Robyn M. Lucas, Sarah Wulf, Lars Jacob Stovner, Mohsen Naghavi, Vegard Skirbekk, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Pengpeng Ye, Ali H. Mokdad, Dipan Bose, Saleem M Rana, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Abigail Mclain, Timothy J. Steiner, Amira Shaheen, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Michele Meltzer, Richie G Poulton, Joseph R. Masci, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Daniel Dicker, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Julio C. Montañez Hernandez, Valentina Arsić Arsenijević, William Msemburi, Lope H Barrero, Linhong Wang, Soumya Swaminathan, Harvey Whiteford, Michael F. Macintyre, Berrak Bora Basara, Gregory R. Wagner, Paul I. Dargan, Hermann Brenner, Carolyn C. Gotay, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, Neil McGill, Murray, Christopher J. L, Barber, Ryan M., Foreman, Kyle J., Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F., Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P., Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J., Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M., Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N., Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K., Adsuar, José C., Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E., Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I., Alegretti, Miguel A., Alemu, Zewdie A., Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Almazroa, Mohammad A., Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T., Ameh, Emmanuel A., Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, H. Ro, Anderson, Benjamin O., Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S. Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J., Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S., Avila, Marco A., Awuah, Baffour, Bachman, Victoria F., Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C., Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L., Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H., Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O., Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L., Benjet, Corina, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Benzian, Habib, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J., Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Bori, Biryukov, Stan, Blore, Jed D., Blosser, Christopher D., Blyth, Fiona M., Bohensky, Megan A., Bolliger, Ian W., Başara, Berrak Bora, Bornstein, Natan M., Bose, Dipan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bourne, Rupert R. A., Boyers, Lindsay N., Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E., Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K., Brenner, Hermann, Briggs, Adam D., Brooks, Peter M., Brown, Jonathan C., Brugha, Traolach S., Buchbinder, Rachelle, Buckle, Geoffrey C., Budke, Christine M., Bulchis, Anne, Bulloch, Andrew G., Campos-Nonato, Ismael R., Carabin, Hélène, Carapetis, Jonathan R., Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O., Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., Castro, Ruben E., Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Çavlin, Alanur, Chadha, Vineet K., Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J., Chen, Honglei, Chen, Wanqing, Chiang, Peggy P., Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christophi, Costas A., Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M., Coffeng, Luc E., Coggeshall, Megan S., Colistro, Valentina, Colquhoun, Samantha M., Cooke, Graham S., Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie T., Coppola, Luis M., Cortinovis, Monica, Criqui, Michael H., Crump, John A., Cuevas-Nasu, Lucia, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dansereau, Emily, Dargan, Paul I., Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian, Davitoiu, Dragos V., Dayama, Anand, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P., Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C., Dessalegn, Muluken, Dharmaratne, Samath D., Dherani, Mukesh K., Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L., Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Driscoll, Tim R., Duan, Leilei, Duber, Herbert C., Ebel, Beth E., Edmond, Karen M., Elshrek, Yousef M., Endres, Matthia, Ermakov, Sergey P., Erskine, Holly E., Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Farzadfar, Farshad, Fay, Derek F., Feigin, Valery L., Felson, David T., Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G., Ferrari, Alize J., Fitzmaurice, Christina, Flaxman, Abraham D., Fleming, Thomas D., Foigt, Nataliya, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H., Fowkes, F Gerry R., Paleo, Urbano Fra., Franklin, Richard C., Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Gaffikin, Lynne, Gankpé, Fortuné G., Geleijnse, Johanna M., Gessner, Bradford D., Gething, Peter, Gibney, Katherine B., Giroud, Maurice, Giussani, Giorgia, Dantes, Hector Gomez, Gona, Philimon, González-Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard A., Gotay, Carolyn C., Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N., Graetz, Nichola, Gugnani, Harish C., Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gutiérrez, Reyna A., Haagsma, Juanita, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hagan, Holly, Halasa, Yara A., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamavid, Hannah, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hancock, Jamie, Hankey, Graeme J., Hansen, Gillian M., Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L., Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Simon I., Hay, Roderick J., Heredia-Pi, Ileana B., Heuton, Kyle R., Heydarpour, Pouria, Higashi, Hideki, Hijar, Martha, Hoek, Hans W., Hoffman, Howard J., Hosgood, H Dean, Hossain, Mazeda, Hotez, Peter J., Hoy, Damian G., Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J., Husseini, Abdullatif, Huynh, Chantal, Iannarone, Marissa L., Iburg, Kim M., Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobsen, Kathryn H., Jarvis, Deborah L., Jassal, Simerjot K., Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N., Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jonas, Jost B., Juel, Knud, Kan, Haidong, Karch, André, Karema, Corine K., Karimkhani, Chante, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Kemp, Andrew H., Kengne, Andre P., Keren, Andre, Khader, Yousef S., Khalifa, Shams Eldin A., Khan, Ejaz A., Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yunjin, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kinge, Jonas M., Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D., Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J., Kulkarni, Chanda, Kulkarni, Veena S., Kumar, G Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H., Lai, Taavi, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Lansingh, Van C., Larsson, Ander, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B., Leasher, Janet L., Leigh, Jame, Leung, Ricky, Levitz, Carly E., Li, Bin, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lim, Stephen S., Lind, Maggie, Lipshultz, Steven E., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K., Lofgren, Katherine T., Logroscino, Giancarlo, Looker, Katharine J., Lortet-Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A., Lozano, Rafael, Lucas, Robyn M., Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A., Ma, Stefan, Macintyre, Michael F., Mackay, Mark T., Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David J., Margono, Christopher, Marzan, Melvin B., Masci, Joseph R., Mashal, Mohammad T., Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M., Mazorodze, Tasara T., Mcgill, Neil W., Mcgrath, John J., Mckee, Martin, Mclain, Abigail, Meaney, Peter A., Medina, Catalina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Wubegzier, Melaku, Yohannes A., Meltzer, Michele, Memish, Ziad A., Mensah, George A., Meretoja, Atte, Mhimbira, Francis A., Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R., Mills, Edward J., Mitchell, Philip B., Mock, Charles N., Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Mohammad, Karzan A., Mokdad, Ali H., Mola, Glen L. D., Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio C. Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J., Mooney, Meghan D., Moore, Ami R., Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E., Mori, Rintaro, Moschandreas, Joanna, Moturi, Wilkister N., Moyer, Madeline L., Mozaffarian, Dariush, Msemburi, William T., Mueller, Ulrich O., Mukaigawara, Mitsuru, Mullany, Erin C., Murdoch, Michele E., Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Kinnari S., Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S., Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Narayan, K M. Venkat, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Sudan P., Newton, Charles R., Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida N., Nguyen, Grant, Nisar, Muhammad I., Nolte, Sandra, Norheim, Ole F., Norman, Rosana E., Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Oh, In-Hwan, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ohno, Summer L., Olusanya, Bolajoko O., Opio, John Nelson, Ortblad, Katrina, Ortiz, Alberto, Pain, Amanda W., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Panelo, Carlo Irwin A., Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Patten, Scott B., Patton, George C., Paul, Vinod K., Pavlin, Boris I., Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M., Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peterson, Carrie B., Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael R., Phillips, Bryan K., Phillips, David E., Piel, Frédéric B., Plass, Dietrich, Poenaru, Dan, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G., Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Prasad, Noela M., Pullan, Rachel L., Qato, Dima M., Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahman, Sajjad U., Raju, Murugesan, Rana, Saleem M., Razavi, Homie, Reddy, K Srinath, Refaat, Amany, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L., Richardson, Lee, Richardus, Jan Hendrik, Roberts, D Allen, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roth, Gregory A., Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rothstein, David H., Rowley, Jane T., Roy, Nobhojit, Ruhago, George M., Saeedi, Mohammad Y., Saha, Sukanta, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A., Sanabria, Juan R., Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S., Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Scarborough, Peter, Schneider, Ione J., Schöttker, Ben, Schumacher, Austin E., Schwebel, David C., Scott, James G., Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Serina, Peter T., Servan-Mori, Edson E., Shackelford, Katya A., Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Shangguan, Siyi, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shinohara, Yukito, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G., Sigfusdottir, Inga D., Silberberg, Donald H., Simard, Edgar P., Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Lavanya, Skirbekk, Vegard, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Sliwa, Karen, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A., Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J., Stein, Murray B., Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiner, Timothy J., Stevens, Antony, Stewart, Andrea, Stovner, Lars J., Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F., Swaminathan, Soumya, Swaroop, Mamta, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabb, Karen M., Takahashi, Ken, Tandon, Nikhil, Tanne, David, Tanner, Marcel, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taylor, Hugh R., Te Ao, Braden J., Tediosi, Fabrizio, Temesgen, Awoke M., Templin, Tara, Ten Have, Margreet, Tenkorang, Eric Y., Terkawi, Abdullah S., Thomson, Blake, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Thrift, Amanda G., Thurston, George D., Tillmann, Taavi, Tonelli, Marcello, Topouzis, Foti, Toyoshima, Hideaki, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach X., Trillini, Matia, Truelsen, Thoma, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadi, Tuzcu, Emin M., Uchendu, Uche S., Ukwaja, Kingsley N., Undurraga, Eduardo A., Uzun, Selen B., Van Brakel, Wim H., Van De Vijver, Steven, Van Gool, Coen H., Van Os, Jim, Vasankari, Tommi J., Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasiliy V., Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R., Wagner, Joseph, Waller, Stephen G., Wan, Xia, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Jianli, Wang, Linhong, Warouw, Tati S., Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G., Wenzhi, Wang, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A., Wilkinson, James D., Williams, Thomas N., Wolfe, Charles D., Wolock, Timothy M., Woolf, Anthony D., Wulf, Sarah, Wurtz, Brittany, Xu, Gelin, Yan, Lijing L., Yano, Yuichiro, Ye, Pengpeng, Yentür, Gökalp K., Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Maysaa E., Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zonies, David, Zou, Xiaonong, Salomon, Joshua A., Lopez, Alan D., Vos, Theo, Medische Sociologie, MUMC+: Hersen en Zenuw Centrum (3), MUMC+: MA Psychiatrie (3), Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, Barber, Ryan M, Foreman, Kyle J, Abd Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Abraham, Jerry P, Abu Raddad, Laith J, Abu Rmeileh, Niveen M, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie E, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso Cristancho, Rafael, Almazroa, Mohammad A, Alvis Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Asghar, Rana J, Atkins, Lydia S, Avila, Marco A, Bachman, Victoria F, Bahit, Maria C, Barker Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bertozzi Villa, Amelia, Beyene, Tariku J, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Blyth, Fiona M, Bohensky, Megan A, Bolliger, Ian W, Bornstein, Natan M, Bourne, Rupert R. A, Boyers, Lindsay N, Brayne, Carol E, Breitborde, Nicholas J. K, Briggs, Adam D, Brooks, Peter M, Brown, Jonathan C, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey C, Budke, Christine M, Bulloch, Andrew G, Campos Nonato, Ismael R, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Carpenter, David O, Castañeda Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Ruben E, Catalá López, Ferrán, Chadha, Vineet K, Chang, Jung Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Chiang, Peggy P, Chimed Ochir, Odgerel, Christophi, Costas A, Coates, Matthew M, Coffeng, Luc E, Coggeshall, Megan S, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Leslie T, Coppola, Luis M, Criqui, Michael H, Crump, John A, Cuevas Nasu, Lucia, Dargan, Paul I, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Del Pozo Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Jarlais, Don C. De, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dherani, Mukesh K, Diaz Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E. Ray, Driscoll, Tim R, Duber, Herbert C, Ebel, Beth E, Edmond, Karen M, Elshrek, Yousef M, Ermakov, Sergey P, Erskine, Holly E, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fay, Derek F, Feigin, Valery L, Felson, David T, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Ferrari, Alize J, Flaxman, Abraham D, Fleming, Thomas D, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fowkes, F. Gerry R, Paleo, Urbano Fra, Franklin, Richard C, Gankpé, Fortuné G, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Gibney, Katherine B, González Medina, Diego, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish C, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi Nejad, Nima, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hansen, Gillian M, Harb, Hilda L, Hay, Simon I, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia Pi, Ileana B, Heuton, Kyle R, Hoek, Hans W, Hoffman, Howard J, Hosgood, H. Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Huang, John J, Iannarone, Marissa L, Iburg, Kim M, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jarvis, Deborah L, Jassal, Simerjot K, Jensen, Paul N, Jonas, Jost B, Karema, Corine K, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kemp, Andrew H, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khalifa, Shams Eldin A, Khan, Ejaz A, Khang, Young Ho, Kinge, Jonas M, Knibbs, Luke D, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G. Anil, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lansingh, Van C, Lawrynowicz, Alicia E. B, Leasher, Janet L, Levitz, Carly E, Lim, Stephen S, Lipshultz, Steven E, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lofgren, Katherine T, Looker, Katharine J, Lortet Tieulent, Joannie, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lyons, Ronan A, Macintyre, Michael F, Mackay, Mark T, Margolis, David J, Marzan, Melvin B, Masci, Joseph R, Mashal, Mohammad T, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mazorodze, Tasara T, Mcgill, Neil W, Mcgrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Melaku, Yohannes A, Memish, Ziad A, Mensah, George A, Mhimbira, Francis A, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan A, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen L. D, Montine, Thomas J, Mooney, Meghan D, Moore, Ami R, Moradi Lakeh, Maziar, Moran, Andrew E, Moturi, Wilkister N, Moyer, Madeline L, Msemburi, William T, Mueller, Ulrich O, Mullany, Erin C, Murdoch, Michele E, Murthy, Kinnari S, Naidoo, Kovin S, Narayan, K. M. Venkat, Neupane, Sudan P, Newton, Charles R, Ngalesoni, Frida N, Nisar, Muhammad I, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Oh, In Hwan, Ohno, Summer L, Olusanya, Bolajoko O, Pain, Amanda W, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Panelo, Carlo Irwin A, Park, Eun Kee, Park, Jae Hyun, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pavlin, Boris I, Pereira, David M, Perez Padilla, Rogelio, Perez Ruiz, Fernando, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Phillips, Bryan K, Phillips, David E, Piel, Frédéric B, Poulton, Richie G, Prasad, Noela M, Pullan, Rachel L, Qato, Dima M, Quistberg, D. Alex, Rahman, Sajjad U, Rana, Saleem M, Reddy, K. Srinath, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roberts, D. Allen, Rojas Rueda, David, Roth, Gregory A, Rothstein, David H, Rowley, Jane T, Ruhago, George M, Saeedi, Mohammad Y, Sampson, Uchechukwu K. A, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Itamar S, Schneider, Ione J, Schumacher, Austin E, Schwebel, David C, Scott, James G, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serina, Peter T, Servan Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga D, Silberberg, Donald H, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars J, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabb, Karen M, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J. Te, Temesgen, Awoke M, Tenkorang, Eric Y, Terkawi, Abdullah S, Thorne Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tran, Bach X, Tuzcu, Emin M, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uzun, Selen B, Van Brakel, Wim H, van Gool, Coen H, Vasankari, Tommi J, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy V, Wagner, Gregory R, Waller, Stephen G, Warouw, Tati S, Weintraub, Robert G, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Thomas N, Wolfe, Charles D, Wolock, Timothy M, Woolf, Anthony D, Yan, Lijing L, Yentür, Gökalp K, Yoon, Seok Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Zaki, Maysaa E, Salomon, Joshua A, Lopez, Alan D, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] ( STFC ), Science & Technologie Facilities Council, Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale ( NET ), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique ( GEIST ), Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ) -Université de Limoges ( UNILIM ), Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et Vasculaire - Médecine vasculaire [CHU Limoges], CHU Limoges, Weill Cornell Medical College - Qatar, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation ( APEMAC ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidemiologie Clinique/essais Cliniques Nancy, Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Karolinska Institute, karolinska institute, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas ( CEAZA ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Regional Genetic Service, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux ( LIM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] ( LBNL ), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) ( SRI-B ), Multimedia Research Center ( MRC ), University of Alberta [Edmonton], Division of Biostatistics ( Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS ), University of Minnesota [Minneapolis], Laboratory of Neurologic Diseases, Mario Negri Institute, Milan, University of Southampton [Southampton], Imperial College London, Neurology Department, Ichilov Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 ( InTRu ), Université de Tours, Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Parasitology, STAR laboratory, Stanford University [Stanford], Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires ( VIM ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ), Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore ( NUS ), Multidisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Swansea University, Department of Computer Sciences [Scheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Cyprus International Institute for the Environment and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Glasgow Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry, University of Glasgow, King‘s College London, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique ( UP1 UFR11 ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ), National Diagnostics Centre ( NDC ), National University of Ireland [Galway] ( NUI Galway ), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit ( MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research ), University of Manchester [Manchester], CEGOT - Porto, Universidade do Porto [Porto], Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] ( ALES ), Department of Biology [Miami], University of Miami [Coral Gables], Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] ( WUR ), Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, University of Oxford [Oxford], Department of Civil Engineering [Hamirpur], National Institute of Technology [Hamirpur], GEMMA — Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Research Group, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] ( UPC ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique ( INRAP ), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (INRAP-Tunisie), University of Connecticut ( UCONN ), Norwegian Institute for Air Research ( NILU ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ), Tehran University, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ( FAU ), Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Public Health Division, Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe ( SAGE ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University ( WSU ), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon ( Phys-ENS ), École normale supérieure - Lyon ( ENS Lyon ) -Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse ( IRIT ), Institut National Polytechnique [Toulouse] ( INP ) -Université Toulouse 1 Capitole ( UT1 ) -Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès ( UT2J ) -Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier ( UPS ), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Computer Science - China University of Geosciences (China University of Geosciences (East Area)), Université Catholique de Louvain ( UCL ), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci ( DRDO, INMAS ), Univ New Delhi, University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Cape Town, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay ( IPNO ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Daejeon] (Chungnam National University), Lawrence University, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tata Research Development and Design Center ( TRDDC ), TCS Innovation Labs, Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou [Angers] ( MOLTECH ANJOU ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Helsinki [Helsinki], Google Inc [Mountain View], Research at Google, Swedish Defense Research Agency ( FOI ), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français ( CRIBS ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] ( LIST ), Southeast University [Jiangsu]-School of Computer Science and Engineering, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Business and Informatics, University of Boras, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering ( CAD Laboratory ), The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong], Università degli studi di Bari, Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] ( Heudiasyc ), Université de Technologie de Compiègne ( UTC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of plant pathology and microbiology - centre for sustainable pest and disease management, Rothamsted Research, RGU, Department of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne ( CES ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Paris School of Economics ( PSE ), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale ( IDSIA ), Università della Svizzera italiana ( USI ) -Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] ( SUPSI ), Anaesthetics, Southampton University Hospital, Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa [Iowa City], College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Ministry of Health, Institut national des recherches agricoles du Bénin, Centre de Recherches agricoles du Sud, Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Unit of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Animal Science, PennState University [Pennsylvania] ( PSU ), University of Virginia, University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘‘Burlo Garofolo', Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital [Boston], Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Department of Chemistry, Scientific Computing Research Unit, Department of dermatology, Milano University-Azienda Ospedaleria Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Department of epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University ( HKBU ), Département Optique ( OPT ), Université européenne de Bretagne ( UEB ) -Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], Department of Neurology Lunds University Hospital Lund, Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux ( SAMOVAR ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles ( RS2M ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Télécom SudParis ( TSP ), Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department - Case Western Reserve University, Case Western Reserve University [Cleveland], Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] ( ILM ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), World Health Organization, Nordic School of Public Health, The James Hutton Institute, Sero, Sero consulting, Evolutionary Ecology of Infectious Disease Group, Department of Zoology, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Center for TeleInFrastruktur ( CTIF ), Aalborg University [Denmark] ( AAU ), Physikalisches Institut [Freiburg], Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 ( STL ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Dept.of Computer Science, Indian Institute of Technology Madras ( IIT Madras ), Istituto Mario Negri Bergamo, Centro Ricerche e Trapianti Villa Camozzi, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita ( UNESP ), Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine ( UGA UFRM ), Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Institut Cochin ( UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016) ), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 ( UPD5 ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Symantec, European Microsoft Innovation Center ( EMIC ), Microsoft Corporation [Redmond, Wash.], Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences ( LMPG ), Université Le Havre Normandie ( ULH ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ), Novartis institute for tropical diseases, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire ( IGBMC ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology, Departments of Applied Physics [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], Center for Mathematical Modeling ( CMM ), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] ( USACH ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] ( UEOH ), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [New Delhi], Indian Institute of Technology Delhi ( IIT Delhi ), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre ( IRPHE ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), GlaxoSmithKline, Imperial College London-Clinical Imaging Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine-Yale School of Medicine-Yale Stem Cell Center, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Nanoscience Institute ( NEST ), Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology ( LICB ), National Institutes of Health ( NIH ), Institute of Human Genetics, Bonn Universität [Bonn], Occupational Health Unit, Bologna University Hospital-Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] ( KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] ( LMU ), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, NICTA [Eveleigh], National ICT Australia [Sydney] ( NICTA ), Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques ( IHPST ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris ( DEC ), École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam ( GFZ ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique ( GeM ), Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Neurorestoration Group, King‘s College London-Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases, Department of Computer Science [KAIST] ( CS ), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ( KAIST ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Natl Engn Res Ctr Vegetables, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Hort Crops N Chi, Beijing Acad Agr & Forestry Sci, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Computational Science and Engineering Department [Daresbury] (STFC), Neuroépidémiologie Tropicale (NET), CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Maladies chroniques, santé perçue, et processus d'adaptation (APEMAC), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (LIM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Samsung Research &Development Institute India - Bangalore (Groupe Samsung) (SRI-B), Multimedia Research Center (MRC), University of Alberta, Division of Biostatistics (Biostat - MINNEAPOLIS), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Southampton, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Interactions, transferts, ruptures artistiques et culturels - EA 6301 (InTRu), Université de Tours (UT), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stanford University, Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM (UR 0892)), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National University of Singapore (NUS), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), National Diagnostics Centre (NDC), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit (MANCHESTER - Arthritis Research), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Advanced Laboratories on Embedded Systems [Roma] (ALES), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Oxford, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya [Barcelona] (UPC), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-Chimique (INRAP), University of Connecticut (UCONN), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), University of Tehran, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Sociétés, Acteurs, Gouvernement en Europe (SAGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The George Washington University (GW), Washington State University (WSU), Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS Lyon (Phys-ENS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse (IRIT), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Div Cyclotron & Radiopharmaceut Sci (DRDO, INMAS), School of Physics and Astronomy [St Andrews], Tata Research Development and Design Center (TRDDC), MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Centre de Recherche en Information Biomédicale sino-français (CRIBS), Université de Rennes (UR)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Laboratory of Image Science and Technology [Nanjing] (LIST), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering (CAD Laboratory), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Heuristique et Diagnostic des Systèmes Complexes [Compiègne] (Heudiasyc), Université de Technologie de Compiègne (UTC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne (CES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale (IDSIA), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana = University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland [Manno] (SUPSI), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Département Optique (OPT), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Services répartis, Architectures, MOdélisation, Validation, Administration des Réseaux (SAMOVAR), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (TSP - RS2M), University of Melbourne, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), University of Otago [Dunedin, Nouvelle-Zélande], Center for TeleInFrastruktur (CTIF), Aalborg University [Denmark] (AAU), Savoirs, Textes, Langage (STL) - UMR 8163 (STL), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Université Grenoble Alpes - UFR Médecine (UGA UFRM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), German Cancer Research Center - Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum [Heidelberg] (DKFZ), Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Microsoft Innovation Center (EMIC), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Physique et Géosciences (LMPG), Université Le Havre Normandie (ULH), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD), Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Occupational and Environmental Health [Kitakyushu] (UEOH), Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Equilibre (IRPHE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Nanoscience Institute (NEST), University of Pisa - Università di Pisa, Laboratory Of Immune Cell Biology (LICB), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Institut für Informatik [München/Munich] (LMU), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), National ICT Australia [Sydney] (NICTA), Institut d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique (GeM), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Computer Science [KAIST] (CS), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Kardiyoloji, Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-CHU Limoges-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Unité de recherche Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (VIM), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR Science Politique (UP1 UFR11), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique (Ariana, Tunisie) (INRAP), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), George Washington University (GW), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), MOLTECH-ANJOU (MOLTECH-ANJOU), Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Helsinki, Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Southeast University [Jiangsu]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH)-NASA, Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom SudParis (TSP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Réseaux et Services Multimédia Mobiles (RS2M), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho [São José do Rio Preto] (UNESP), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile [Santiago] (USACH), Yale University [New Haven]-Yale University School of Medicine, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS Paris (DEC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Grelier, Elisabeth, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Universidade do Porto, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Università della Svizzera italiana = University of Italian Switzerland (USI)-Scuola universitaria professionale della Svizzera italiana [Manno] (SUPSI), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Télécom Bretagne-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-CHU Limoges-Institut Génomique, Environnement, Immunité, Santé, Thérapeutique (GEIST), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wolfson Centre for Age-related Diseases-King‘s College London, Cell biology, Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Erasmus MC other, Pathology, and Cardiothoracic Surgery
Subjects: Gerontology, Male, CHANGING RELATION, Nutrition and Disease, MESH : Life Expectancy, MESH : Aged, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, Poison control, MESH: Global Health, Global Health, Socioeconomic Factor, Communicable Disease, MESH : Chronic Disease, Health Transition, Voeding en Ziekte, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, SELF-RATED HEALTH, MESH : Socioeconomic Factors, Medicine, MESH : Female, MESH: Mortality, Premature, 2. Zero hunger, MESH: Aged, education.field_of_study, MESH: Middle Aged, Mortality rate, Medicine (all), GBD2013 diseases, [ SDV.SPEE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, General Medicine, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, MESH : Wounds and Injuries, Epidemiological transition, MESH: Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Communicable Diseases, NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, MESH: Life Expectancy, MESH: Health Transition, Human, MESH: Socioeconomic Factors, ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, MESH : Male, MORTALITY TRENDS, Population, MESH : Health Transition, Communicable Diseases, Article, Life Expectancy, EUROPEAN-UNION, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Disability-adjusted life year, Humans, Life Science, MESH : Middle Aged, Mortality, education, Premature, MESH : Mortality, Premature, VLAG, Aged, MESH: Humans, business.industry, Mortality, Premature, MESH: Chronic Disease, MESH : Communicable Diseases, Wounds and Injurie, MESH : Humans, MESH : Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Non-communicable disease, Chronic Disease, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, medicine.disease, MESH: Male, LOW SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS, Years of potential life lost, [SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, MESH: Wounds and Injuries, Life expectancy, RISK-FACTORS, MESH : Global Health, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, MESH: Female, Demography
Abstract: Summary Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age-sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. METHODS: We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. FINDINGS: Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6-6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0-65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0-71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9-5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5-59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7-64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3-7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6-29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non-communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. INTERPRETATION: Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition-in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden-is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan M, Barber Zulfi, qar A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel C, Casey Fiona, J Charlson, Alan Zian, Chen Matthew, M Coates, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel J, Dicker Holly, E Erskine, Alize J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad H, Forouzanfar Maya, S Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W, Gething Ellen, M Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita A, Haagsma Simon, I Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine O, Johnson Nicholas, J Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe H, Kyu Heidi, J Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali H, Mokdad Meghan, D Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory A, Roth Joshua, A Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed J, D Sorensen, Jeff rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, VanderZanden, Stein Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw Ferede, Abera Daisy, M X, Abreu Laith, J Abu-Raddad, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola Lukman, Adelekan Zanfi, na Ademi, Arsène Kouablan, Adou José, C Adsuar, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri Oluremi, N Ajala, Ali Shafqat, Akanda Rufus, Olusola Akinyemi, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K, M Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri Robert, William Aldridge, Miguel Angel, Alegretti Alicia, V Aleman, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu Lily, T Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’a, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid A, Altirkawi Elena, Alvarez Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw T, Amare Adeladza, Kofi Amegah, Emmanuel A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock Hjalte, H Andersen, Benjamin O, Anderson Gregory, M Anderson, Carl Abelardo, T Antonio, Atsede Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina S, Arsic Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel, G Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bell Aminu, K Bello, Derrick A, Bennett Isabela, M Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem Demtsu, Betsu Addisu, Shunu Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref A, Bin Abdulhak, Brian J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertness, Jed D, Blore Christopher, D Blosser, Megan A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert R, A Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol E, G Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J, K Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach S, Brugha Geoff, rey Colin, Buckle Zahid, A Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael Ricardo, Campos-Nonato Julio, Cesar Campuzano, Jonathan R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdenas, David O, Carpenter Juan, Jesus Carrero, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela Jacqueline, Castillo Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa Jee-Young, Jasmine Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam Jesudas, Christopher Liliana, G Ciobanu, Cirillo Massimo, Aaron J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovis, Benjamin C, Cowie John, A Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah C, Darby Paul, I Dargan, José das, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian C, Davis Dragos, V Davitoiu, E Filipa, de Castro, Pieter de, Jager Diego, De Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath D, Dharmaratne Preet, K Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric L, Ding Kadine, Priscila Bender, dos Santos, Edem, Dossou, Tim R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan Richard, G Ellenbogen, Christian Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman Yesuf, Endries Sergey, Petrovich Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad D, A Faghmous, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito Jose, Aquino Faraon, Talha A, Farid Carla, Sofi a, e Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff erson, G Fernandes, Joao C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R, A Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F Gerry, R Fowkes, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca Richard, C Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal D, Futran Seana, L Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot Amanuel, Tesfay Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru Johanna, M Geleijnse, Bradford D, Gessner Aloke, Gopal Ghoshal, Katherine B, Gibney Richard, F Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dantes, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani Richard, A Gosselin, Carolyn C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N, Gouda, Felix, Greaves, Harish Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu Gessessew, Bugssa Hailu, Yara A, Halasa Randah, Ribhi Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis J, Handal Graeme, J Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan R, Heckbert Ileana, Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk B, M Hilderink, Hans W, Hoek Robert, S Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H Dean, Hosgood Peter, J Hotez, Damian G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung Soe, Htet Maung, Maung Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrechts, Grace, Huynh, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Innos, Manami, Inoue, Veena J, Iyer Troy, A Jacobs, Kathryn H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B, Jakovljevic, Peter, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha P, Jayaraman Achala, Upendra Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost B, Jonas Tushar, Kant Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletsos, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda Peter, Njenga Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp Andre, Pascal Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran Yousef, Saleh Khader, Ibrahim A, Khalil Abdur, Rahman Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi k, Ahmed Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim Brett, M Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke D, Knibbs Ann, Kristin Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun Hjertager, Krog Barthelemy, Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk, Bicer Andreas, A Kudom, Ernst J, Kuipers Veena, S Kulkarni, G Anil, Kumar Gene, F Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lam Sinead, M Langan, Van C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea Asma, Abdul Latif, Alicia Elena, Beatriz Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M Patrice, Lindsay Steven, E Lipshultz, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A, Lotufo Robyn, M Lucas, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Ronan A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco Manuel, Pedro Machado, Mark T, Mackay Jennifer, H MacLachlan, Hassan Magdy, Abd El, Razek Mohammed, Magdy Abd, El Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu Ayele, Ayele Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcenes, David Joel, Margolis Gerard, Robert Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin Barrientos, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulos, Bongani M, Mayosi Stephen, Theodore McGarvey, John J, McGrath, Martin, McKee, McMahon Peter, A Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu B, Mekonnen Yohannes, Adama Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja Francis, Apolinary Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R, Miller Mojde, Mirarefi n, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles N, Mock Karzan, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen Liddell, D Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio Cesar, Montañez Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush Mozaff, arian Ulrich, O Mueller, Gudlavalleti Venkata, Satyanarayana Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa Jean, B Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles R, Newton John, N Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni Jean, de Dieu, Ngirabega Quyen, Le Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar Patrick, Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole F, Norheim Paul, E Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke Adetola, Ojelabi Pedro, R Olivares, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya Jacob, Olusegun Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, PA, Jeyaraj D, Pandian Puspa, Raj Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel J, Paternina Caicedo, Scott B, Patten George, C Patton, Vinod K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João Mário, Pedro Ljiljana, Pejin Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudovs, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillips Frédéric, B Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Dietrich, Plass, James A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Ur Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman Rajesh, Kumar Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem M, Rana Chhabi, L Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Rao Amany, H Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge Resnikoff, Antonio L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria Jesus, Rios Blancas, Bayard, Roberts, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Roy George, Mugambage Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh Juan, R Sanabria, Maria Dolores, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael P, Schaub Maria, Inês Schmidt, Ione J, C Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta E, Schutte David, C Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G, Sepanlou Edson, E Servan-Mori, Katya A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald S, Shepard Kevin, N Sheth, Balakrishna P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark G, Shrime Inga, Dora Sigfusdottir, Donald H, Silberberg Diego, Augusto Santos, Silva Dayane, Gabriele Alves, Silveira Jonathan, I Silverberg, Edgar P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh Jasvinder, A Singh, Om Prakash, Singh Prashant, Kumar Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan B, Soriano Luciano, A Sposato, Chandrashekhar T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan J, Stein Murray, B Stein, Saverio, Stranges, Konstantinos, Stroumpoulis, Bruno F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L, Sykes Cassandra, E I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Karen M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka S, Takala Roberto, Tchio Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R, Taylor Braden, J Te, Ao Bemnet, Amare Tedla, Worku Mekonnen, Tefera Margreet, Ten Have, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi Fisaha, Haile Tesfay, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema Alan, J Thomson, Andrew L, Thorne-Lyman Amanda, G Thrift, George D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzis, Allen Towbin, Traebert Bach, Xuan Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera Kenay, Tura Emin, Murat Tuzcu, Uche S, Uchendu Kingsley, N Ukwaja, Eduardo A, Undurraga Olalekan, A Uthman, Rita Van, Dingenen Aaron, van Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria, Nogales Vasconcelos, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco S, Violante Vasiliy, Victorovich Vlassov, Joseph A, Wagner Gregory, R Wagner, Mitchell T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Robert G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James D, Wilkinson Hywel, C Williams, Charles Shey, Wiysonge Solomon, Meseret Woldeyohannes, A Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John Q, Wong Anthony, D Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew Lijing, L Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El, Sayed Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonies, Liesl Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vos, Alan D, Lopez Christopher, J L, Murray., Haidong, Wang, Mohsen, Naghavi, Christine, Allen, Ryan, M, Barber, Zulfi, Qar, A, Bhutta, Austin, Carter, Daniel, C, Casey, Fiona, J, Charlson, Alan, Zian, Chen, Matthew, M, Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Lalit, Dandona, Daniel, J, Dicker, Holly, E, Erskine, Alize, J, Ferrari, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, H, Forouzanfar, Maya, S, Fraser, Nancy, Fullman, Peter, W, Gething, Ellen, M, Goldberg, Nicholas, Graetz, Juanita, A, Haagsma, Simon, I, Hay, Chantal, Huynh, Catherine, O, Johnson, Nichola, J, Kassebaum, Yohannes, Kinfu, Xie, Rachel, Kulikoff, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, H, Kyu, Heidi, J, Larson, Janni, Leung, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, S, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Rafael, Lozano, Neal, Marquez, George, A, Mensah, Joe, Mikesell, Ali, H, Mokdad, Meghan, D, Mooney, Grant, Nguyen, Elaine, Nsoesie, David, M, Pigott, Christine, Pinho, Gregory, A, Roth, Joshua, A, Salomon, Logan, Sandar, Naris, Silpakit, Amber, Sligar, Reed, J, D, Sorensen, Jeff, Rey, Stanaway, Caitlyn, Steiner, Stephanie, Teeple, Bernadette, A, Thomas, Christopher, Troeger, Amelia, Vanderzanden, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Valentine, Wanga, Harvey, A, Whiteford, Timothy, Wolock, Leo, Zoeckler, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, M, Abbas, Foad, Abd-Allah, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Daisy, M, X, Abreu, Laith, J, Abu-Raddad, Gebre, Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Zanfi, Na, Ademi, Arsène, Kouablan, Adou, José, C, Adsuar, Kossivi, Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Emilie, Elisabet, Agardh, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Oluremi, N, Ajala, Ali, Shafqat, Akanda, Rufu, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Faris, Hasan, Al, Lami, Samer, Alabed, Ziyad, Al-Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, K, M, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Saleh, Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert, William, Aldridge, Miguel, Angel, Alegretti, Alicia, V, Aleman, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Lily, T, Alexander, Samia, Alhabib, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Rajaa, Al-Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, A, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Azmeraw, T, Amare, Adeladza, Kofi, Amegah, Emmanuel, A, Ameh, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen, Marc, Amrock, Hjalte, H, Andersen, Benjamin, O, Anderson, Gregory, M, Anderson, Carl, Abelardo, T, Antonio, Atsede, Fantahun, Aregay, Johan, Ärnlöv, Valentina, S, Arsic, Arsenijevic, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana, Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide, Frinel, G, Arthur, Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Maria, C, Bahit, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Suzanne, L, Barker-Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lars, Barregard, Lope, H, Barrero, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basu, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan-Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Haileeyesus, Adamu, Belay, Brent, Bell, Michelle, L, Bell, Aminu, K, Bello, Derrick, A, Bennett, Isabela, M, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Balem, Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Ashish, Bhalla, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Aref, A, Bin, Abdulhak, Brian, J, Biroscak, Stan, Biryukov, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, D, Blore, Christopher, D, Blosser, Megan, A, Bohensky, Rohan, Borschmann, Dipan, Bose, Rupert, R, A, Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Carol, E, G, Brayne, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, J, K, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Jerry, D, Brewer, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brown, Traolach, S, Brugha, Geoff, Rey, Colin, Buckle, Zahid, A, Butt, Bianca, Calabria, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos-Nonato, Julio, Cesar, Campuzano, Jonathan, R, Carapetis, Rosario, Cárdena, David, O, Carpenter, Juan, Jesus, Carrero, Carlos, A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Riva, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Kelly, Cercy, Jorge, Cerda, Wanqing, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Peggy, Pei-Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Odgerel, Chimed-Ochir, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee-Young, Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, G, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Aaron, J, Cohen, Valentina, Colistro, Mercedes, Colomar, Samantha, M, Colquhoun, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, Benjamin, C, Cowie, John, A, Crump, James, Damsere-Derry, Hadi, Danawi, Rakhi, Dandona, Farah, Daoud, Sarah, C, Darby, Paul, I, Dargan, José, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Adrian, C, Davis, Drago, V, Davitoiu, E, Filipa, De, Castro, Pieter, De, Jager, Diego, De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Robert, P, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Samath, D, Dharmaratne, Preet, K, Dhillon, Cesar, Diaz-Torné, Eric, L, Ding, Kadine, Priscila, Bender, Dos, Santo, Edem, Dossou, Tim, R, Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce, Bartholow, Duncan, Richard, G, Ellenbogen, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Aman, Yesuf, Endries, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Imad, D, A, Faghmou, Saman, Fahimi, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, A, Farid, Carla, Sofi, A, E, Sa, Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam, S, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, L, Feigin, Seyed-Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jeff, Erson, G, Fernande, Joao, C, Fernandes, Florian, Fischer, Joseph, R, A, Fitchett, Abraham, Flaxman, Nataliya, Foigt, F, Gerry, R, Fowke, Elisabeth, Barboza, Franca, Richard, C, Franklin, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Neal, D, Futran, Seana, L, Gall, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Parthasarathi, Ganguly, Fortuné, Gbètoho, Gankpé, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye, Tsewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged, Aregay, Gebru, Johanna, M, Geleijnse, Bradford, D, Gessner, Aloke, Gopal, Ghoshal, Katherine, B, Gibney, Richard, F, Gillum, Stuart, Gilmour, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, Elizabeth, Glaser, William, W, Godwin, Hector, Gomez-Dante, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Richard, A, Gosselin, Carolyn, C, Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe, N, Gouda, Felix, Greave, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna, A, Gutiérrez, Nima, Hafezi-Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu, Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Yara, A, Halasa, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Jamie, Hancock, Alexis, J, Handal, Graeme, J, Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda, L, Harb, Sivadasanpillai, Harikrishnan, Josep, Maria, Haro, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Susan, R, Heckbert, Ileana, Beatriz, Heredia-Pi, Pouria, Heydarpour, Henk, B, M, Hilderink, Hans, W, Hoek, Robert, S, Hogg, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H, Dean, Hosgood, Peter, J, Hotez, Damian, G, Hoy, Mohamed, Hsairi, Aung, Soe, Htet, Maung, Maung, Than, Htike, Guoqing, Hu, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, Laetitia, Huiart, Abdullatif, Husseini, Inge, Huybrecht, Grace, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Kaire, Inno, Manami, Inoue, Veena, J, Iyer, Troy, A, Jacob, Kathryn, H, Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, B, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, P, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Paul, N, Jensen, Vivekanand, Jha, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Aida, Jimenez-Corona, Jost, B, Jonas, Tushar, Kant, Joshi, Zubair, Kabir, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Surya, Kant, André, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Dimitris, Karletso, Ganesan, Karthikeyan, Amir, Kasaeian, Marzieh, Katibeh, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne, Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, A, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Sahil, Khera, Tawfi, K, Ahmed, Muthafer, Khoja, Christian, Kieling, Daniel, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Brett, M, Kissela, Niranjan, Kissoon, Luke, D, Knibbs, Ann, Kristin, Knudsen, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, A, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, A, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Norun, Hjertager, Krog, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Andrea, A, Kudom, Ernst, J, Kuipers, Veena, S, Kulkarni, G, Anil, Kumar, Gene, F, Kwan, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer, O, Lam, Sinead, M, Langan, Van, C, Lansingh, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, James, Leigh, Miriam, Levi, Yongmei, Li, M, Patrice, Lindsay, Steven, E, Lipshultz, Patrick, Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon-Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo, A, Lotufo, Robyn, M, Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Ronan, A, Lyons, Stefan, Ma, Vasco, Manuel, Pedro, Machado, Mark, T, Mackay, Jennifer, H, Maclachlan, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Wondimu, Ayele, Ayele, Manamo, John, Mandisarisa, Srikanth, Mangalam, Chabila, C, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcene, David, Joel, Margolis, Gerard, Robert, Martin, Jose, Martinez-Raga, Melvin, Barriento, Marzan, Felix, Masiye, Amanda, J, Mason-Jones, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani, M, Mayosi, Stephen, Theodore, Mcgarvey, John, J, Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Mcmahon, Peter, A, Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Fabiola, Mejia-Rodriguez, Alemayehu, B, Mekonnen, Yohanne, Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad, A, Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, J, Meretoja, Franci, Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted, R, Miller, Mojde, Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Charles, N, Mock, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi, U, Mohammed, Viswanathan, Mohan, Glen, Liddell, D, Mola, Lorenzo, Monasta, Julio, Cesar, Montañez, Hernandez, Pablo, Montero, Marcella, Montico, Thomas, J, Montine, Maziar, Moradi-Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Katherine, Morgan, Rintaro, Mori, Dariush, Mozaff, Arian, Ulrich, O, Mueller, Gudlavalleti, Venkata, Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, B, Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin, S, Naidoo, Nitish, Naik, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Denis, Nash, Chakib, Nejjari, Subas, Neupane, Charles, R, Newton, John, N, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Jean, De, Dieu, Ngirabega, Quyen, Le, Nguyen, Muhammad, Imran, Nisar, Patrick, Martial, Nkamedjie, Pete, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Paul, E, Norman, Bo, Norrving, Luke, Nyakarahuka, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, Takayoshi, Ohkubo, Foluke, Adetola, Ojelabi, Pedro, R, Olivare, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Majdi, Osman, Erika, Ota, Raziye, Ozdemir, Mahesh, Pa, Jeyaraj, D, Pandian, Puspa, Raj, Pant, Christina, Papachristou, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Park, Charles, D, Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Angel, J, Paternina, Caicedo, Scott, B, Patten, George, C, Patton, Vinod, K, Paul, Neil, Pearce, João, Mário, Pedro, Ljiljana, Pejin, Stokic, Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, Frédéric, B, Piel, Julian, David, Pillay, Dietrich, Pla, James, A, Platts-Mills, Suzanne, Polinder, C, Arden, Pope, Svetlana, Popova, Richie, G, Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Mostafa, Qorbani, Justice, Quame-Amaglo, D, Alex, Quistberg, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Sajjad, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Zhale, Rajavi, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Ivo, Rakovac, Saleem, M, Rana, Chhabi, L, Ranabhat, Thara, Rangaswamy, Puja, Rao, Sowmya, R, Rao, Amany, H, Refaat, Jürgen, Rehm, Marissa, B, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio, L, Ribeiro, Stefano, Ricci, Maria, Jesu, Rios, Blanca, Bayard, Robert, Anna, Roca, David, Rojas-Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal, K, Roy, George, Mugambage, Ruhago, Rajesh, Sagar, Sukanta, Saha, Ramesh, Sahathevan, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Juan, R, Sanabria, Maria, Dolore, Sanchez-Niño, Lidia, Sanchez-Riera, Itamar, S, Santos, Rodrigo, Sarmiento-Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Michael, P, Schaub, Maria, Inês, Schmidt, Ione, J, C, Schneider, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, E, Schutte, David, C, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf, G, Sepanlou, Edson, E, Servan-Mori, Katya, A, Shackelford, Gavin, Shaddick, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh-Nazarova, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shen, Donald, S, Shepard, Kevin, N, Sheth, Balakrishna, P, Shetty, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Min-Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Ivy, Shiue, Mark, G, Shrime, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Donald, H, Silberberg, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Jonathan, I, Silverberg, Edgar, P, Simard, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali, M, Singh, Jasvinder, A, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Joan, B, Soriano, Luciano, A, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, T, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Dan, J, Stein, Murray, B, Stein, Saverio, Strange, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Bruno, F, Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, L, Sykes, Cassandra, E, I, Szoeke, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedo, Karen, M, Tabb, Ken, Takahashi, Jukka, S, Takala, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Nikhil, Tandon, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh, R, Taylor, Braden, J, Te, Ao, Bemnet, Amare, Tedla, Worku, Mekonnen, Tefera, Margreet, Ten, Have, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Fisaha, Haile, Tesfay, Gizachew, Assefa, Tessema, Alan, J, Thomson, Andrew, L, Thorne-Lyman, Amanda, G, Thrift, George, D, Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, David, L, Tirschwell, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor-Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Allen, Towbin, Traebert, Bach, Xuan, Tran, Thomas, Truelsen, Ulises, Trujillo, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Emin, Murat, Tuzcu, Uche, S, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, A, Undurraga, Olalekan, A, Uthman, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Aaron, Van, Donkelaar, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana, Maria, Nogales, Vasconcelo, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Ramesh, Vidavalur, Lakshmi, Vijayakumar, Salvador, Villalpando, Francesco, S, Violante, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Joseph, A, Wagner, Gregory, R, Wagner, Mitchell, T, Wallin, Linhong, Wang, David, A, Watkins, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, G, Weintraub, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Richard, A, White, Tissa, Wijeratne, James, D, Wilkinson, Hywel, C, William, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Solomon, Meseret, Woldeyohanne, A, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, John, Q, Wong, Anthony, D, Woolf, Denis, Xavier, Qingyang, Xiao, Gelin, Xu, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh, Zemene, Yalew, Lijing, L, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Henock, Gebremedhin, Yebyo, Paul, Yip, Biruck, Desalegn, Yirsaw, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Gerald, Yonga, Mustafa, Z, Younis, Shicheng, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Faiez, Zannad, Diego, E, Zavala, Hajo, Zeeb, Berihun, M, Zeleke, Hao, Zhang, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Theo, Vo, Alan, D, Lopez, Christopher, J, L, Murra, Y., Wang, Haidong, Naghavi, Mohsen, Allen, Christine, Barber, Ryan M, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Zian, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Dicker, Daniel J, Erskine, Holly E, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fraser, Maya S, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Graetz, Nichola, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hay, Simon I, Huynh, Chantal, Johnson, Catherine O, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Leung, Janni, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lozano, Rafael, Marquez, Neal, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joe, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Nguyen, Grant, Nsoesie, Elaine, Pigott, David M, Pinho, Christine, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sandar, Logan, Silpakit, Nari, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Stanaway, Jeffrey, Steiner, Caitlyn, Teeple, Stephanie, Thomas, Bernadette A, Troeger, Christopher, Vanderzanden, Amelia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wanga, Valentine, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wolock, Timothy, Zoeckler, Leo, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abreu, Daisy M X, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alabed, Samer, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alexander, Lily T, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Aregay, Atsede Fantahun, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lar, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Belay, Haileeyesus Adamu, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Abdulhak, Aref A Bin, Biroscak, Brian J, Biryukov, Stan, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Blosser, Christopher D, Bohensky, Megan A, Borschmann, Rohan, Bose, Dipan, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brayne, Carol E G, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Brewer, Jerry D, Brown, Alexandria, Brown, Jonathan, Brugha, Traolach S, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Butt, Zahid A, Calabria, Bianca, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carapetis, Jonathan R, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cercy, Kelly, Cerda, Jorge, Chen, Wanqing, Chew, Adrienne, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cohen, Aaron J, Colistro, Valentina, Colomar, Mercede, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damsere-Derry, Jame, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, Daoud, Farah, Darby, Sarah C, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, José, Davey, Gail, Davis, Adrian C, Davitoiu, Dragos V, de Castro, E Filipa, de Jager, Pieter, Leo, Diego De, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Diaz-Torné, Cesar, Ding, Eric L, dos Santos, Kadine Priscila Bender, Dossou, Edem, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fahimi, Saman, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Flaxman, Abraham, Foigt, Nataliya, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Futran, Neal D, Gall, Seana L, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gankpé, Fortuné Gbètoho, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tsewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ghoshal, Aloke Gopal, Gibney, Katherine B, Gillum, Richard F, Gilmour, Stuart, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Glaser, Elizabeth, Godwin, William W, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gosselin, Richard A, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Greaves, Felix, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Haro, Josep Maria, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heckbert, Susan R, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Heydarpour, Pouria, Hilderink, Henk B M, Hoek, Hans W, Hogg, Robert S, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Husseini, Abdullatif, Huybrechts, Inge, Huynh, Grace, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Innos, Kaire, Inoue, Manami, Iyer, Veena J, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jensen, Paul N, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jimenez-Corona, Aida, Jonas, Jost B, Joshi, Tushar Kant, Kabir, Zubair, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kant, Surya, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karletsos, Dimitri, Karthikeyan, Ganesan, Kasaeian, Amir, Katibeh, Marzieh, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissela, Brett M, Kissoon, Niranjan, Knibbs, Luke D, Knudsen, Ann Kristin, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krog, Norun Hjertager, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leigh, Jame, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Machado, Vasco Manuel Pedro, Mackay, Mark T, Maclachlan, Jennifer H, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Magdy, Mohammed, Razek, Abd El, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manamo, Wondimu Ayele Ayele, Mandisarisa, John, Mangalam, Srikanth, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Gerard Robert, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgarvey, Stephen Theodore, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Mcmahon, Brian J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montero, Pablo, Montico, Marcella, Montine, Thomas J, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Morgan, Katherine, Mori, Rintaro, Mozaffarian, Dariush, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naik, Nitish, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nash, Deni, Nejjari, Chakib, Neupane, Suba, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, de Dieu Ngirabega, Jean, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Paul E, Norrving, Bo, Nyakarahuka, Luke, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ohkubo, Takayoshi, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osman, Majdi, Ota, Erika, Ozdemir, Raziye, Pa, Mahesh, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Pant, Puspa Raj, Papachristou, Christina, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Jae-Hyun, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pedro, João Mário, Stokic, Ljiljana Pejin, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Plass, Dietrich, Platts-Mills, James A, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, C Arden, Popova, Svetlana, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Prabhakaran, Dorairaj, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quame-Amaglo, Justice, Quistberg, D Alex, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajavi, Zhale, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Rakovac, Ivo, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi L, Rangaswamy, Thara, Rao, Puja, Rao, Sowmya R, Refaat, Amany H, Rehm, Jürgen, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Ricci, Stefano, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roberts, Bayard, Roca, Anna, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nawal K, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saha, Sukanta, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sanchez-Riera, Lidia, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schaub, Michael P, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya A, Shaddick, Gavin, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shen, Ziyan, Shepard, Donald S, Sheth, Kevin N, Shetty, Balakrishna P, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shrime, Mark G, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Soriano, Joan B, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stranges, Saverio, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Takahashi, Ken, Takala, Jukka S, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tandon, Nikhil, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Ao, Braden J Te, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Have, Margreet Ten, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tirschwell, David L, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Towbin, Jeffrey Allen, Traebert, Jefferson, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thoma, Trujillo, Ulise, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uthman, Olalekan A, Dingenen, Rita Van, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vidavalur, Ramesh, Vijayakumar, Lakshmi, Villalpando, Salvador, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Wagner, Joseph A, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, White, Richard A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wilkinson, James D, Williams, Hywel C, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Wong, John Q, Woolf, Anthony D, Xavier, Deni, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yonga, Gerald, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Shicheng, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zannad, Faiez, Zavala, Diego E, Zeeb, Hajo, Zeleke, Berihun M, Zhang, Hao, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, Vos, Theo, Lopez, Alan D, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: VITAL-STATISTICS, INTEGRATED APPROACH, ECONOMIC-DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, UNITED-STATES, Global Health, Communicable Disease, Communicable Diseases, cause of death, Medicine, General & Internal, Life Expectancy, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Mortality, Medicine(all), Science & Technology, Mortality, Premature, Medicine (all), EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION, GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators, CIVIL REGISTRATION, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, ROAD TRAFFIC INJURIES, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, VERBAL AUTOPSY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography-year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61.7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61.4-61.9) in 1980 to 71.8 years (71.5-72.2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11.3 years (3.7-17.4), to 62.6 years (56.5-70.2). Total deaths increased by 4.1% (2.6-5.6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55.8 million (54.9 million to 56.6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17.0% (15.8-18.1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14.1% (12.6-16.0) to 39.8 million (39.2 million to 40.5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13.1% (11.9-14.3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42.1%, 39.1-44.6), malaria (43.1%, 34.7-51.8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29.8%, 24.8-34.9), and maternal disorders (29.1%, 19.3-37.1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000-183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000-532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Copyright (C) The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016

10. Mapping child growth failure in Africa between 2000 and 2015

Author: Aaron Osgood-Zimmerman, Puja Rao, David M. Pigott, Chloe Shields, Nancy Fullman, Rebecca W. Stubbs, Nathaniel J Henry, Abdisalan M. Noor, Jonathan F. Mosser, Peter W. Gething, Roy Burstein, Ewan Cameron, Daniel C Casey, Annie J. Browne, Mario Herrero, Nicholas Graetz, Lutz Krause, Stephen S Lim, Sarah E Ray, Robert Reiner, Daniel J. Weiss, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Ian D. Letourneau, Aubrey J. Levine, Rahul Rawat, Samir Bhatt, Harry S. Gibson, Ali H. Mokdad, Joshua Longbottom, Anoushka Millear, Brandon V. Pickering, Kirsten E. Wiens, Simon I. Hay, Benjamin K. Mayala, Murray Cjl., P. Liu, Aniruddha Deshpande, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Lucas Earl, Ellen Piwoz, David L. Smith, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MODELS, Psychological intervention, GLOBAL HEALTH, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, HEALTH SYSTEM PERFORMANCE, MD Multidisciplinary, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, NIGERIA, Wasting, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable development, Multidisciplinary, Science & Technology, PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM, business.industry, Public health, 1. No poverty, MALNUTRITION, medicine.disease, Child development, Health equity, 3. Good health, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Malnutrition, PUBLIC-HEALTH, SURVIVAL, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Public Health, Underweight, medicine.symptom, business, INTERVENTIONS
Abstract: Insufficient growth during childhood is associated with poor health outcomes and an increased risk of death. Between 2000 and 2015, nearly all African countries demonstrated improvements for children under 5 years old for stunting, wasting, and underweight, the core components of child growth failure. Here we show that striking subnational heterogeneity in levels and trends of child growth remains. If current rates of progress are sustained, many areas of Africa will meet the World Health Organization Global Targets 2025 to improve maternal, infant and young child nutrition, but high levels of growth failure will persist across the Sahel. At these rates, much, if not all of the continent will fail to meet the Sustainable Development Goal target—to end malnutrition by 2030. Geospatial estimates of child growth failure provide a baseline for measuring progress as well as a precision public health platform to target interventions to those populations with the greatest need, in order to reduce health disparities and accelerate progress., Geospatial estimates of child growth failure in Africa provide a baseline for measuring progress and a precision public health platform to target interventions to those populations with the greatest need.
Published: 2018

11. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals

Author: Nick, Golding, Roy, Burstein, Joshua, Longbottom, Annie J, Browne, Nancy, Fullman, Aaron, Osgood-Zimmerman, Lucas, Earl, Samir, Bhatt, Ewan, Cameron, Daniel C, Casey, Laura, Dwyer-Lindgren, Tamer H, Farag, Abraham D, Flaxman, Maya S, Fraser, Peter W, Gething, Harry S, Gibson, Nicholas, Graetz, L Kendall, Krause, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Stephen S, Lim, Bonnie, Mappin, Chloe, Morozoff, Robert C, Reiner, Amber, Sligar, David L, Smith, Haidong, Wang, Daniel J, Weiss, Christopher J L, Murray, Catherine L, Moyes, Simon I, Hay, and Medical Research Council (MRC)
Subjects: Male, Conservation of Natural Resources, Age Factors, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Bayes Theorem, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Risk Assessment, Article, Africa, Western, Sex Factors, Predictive Value of Tests, Cause of Death, Child, Preschool, Population Surveillance, General & Internal Medicine, Child Mortality, Infant Mortality, Humans, Female, Developing Countries, Goals
Abstract: Summary Background During the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) era, many countries in Africa achieved marked reductions in under-5 and neonatal mortality. Yet the pace of progress toward these goals substantially varied at the national level, demonstrating an essential need for tracking even more local trends in child mortality. With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, which established ambitious targets for improving child survival by 2030, optimal intervention planning and targeting will require understanding of trends and rates of progress at a higher spatial resolution. In this study, we aimed to generate high-resolution estimates of under-5 and neonatal all-cause mortality across 46 countries in Africa. Methods We assembled 235 geographically resolved household survey and census data sources on child deaths to produce estimates of under-5 and neonatal mortality at a resolution of 5 × 5 km grid cells across 46 African countries for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. We used a Bayesian geostatistical analytical framework to generate these estimates, and implemented predictive validity tests. In addition to reporting 5 × 5 km estimates, we also aggregated results obtained from these estimates into three different levels—national, and subnational administrative levels 1 and 2—to provide the full range of geospatial resolution that local, national, and global decision makers might require. Findings Amid improving child survival in Africa, there was substantial heterogeneity in absolute levels of under-5 and neonatal mortality in 2015, as well as the annualised rates of decline achieved from 2000 to 2015. Subnational areas in countries such as Botswana, Rwanda, and Ethiopia recorded some of the largest decreases in child mortality rates since 2000, positioning them well to achieve SDG targets by 2030 or earlier. Yet these places were the exception for Africa, since many areas, particularly in central and western Africa, must reduce under-5 mortality rates by at least 8·8% per year, between 2015 and 2030, to achieve the SDG 3.2 target for under-5 mortality by 2030. Interpretation In the absence of unprecedented political commitment, financial support, and medical advances, the viability of SDG 3.2 achievement in Africa is precarious at best. By producing under-5 and neonatal mortality rates at multiple levels of geospatial resolution over time, this study provides key information for decision makers to target interventions at populations in the greatest need. In an era when precision public health increasingly has the potential to transform the design, implementation, and impact of health programmes, our 5 × 5 km estimates of child mortality in Africa provide a baseline against which local, national, and global stakeholders can map the pathways for ending preventable child deaths by 2030. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

12. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Palwasha Anwari, Adrian Davis, Claire L. Wang, Mona Jeffreys, Blake Thomson, Bulat Idrisov, Tommi Vasankari, Yousef Khader, Jasvinder A. Singh, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Fadia AlBuhairan, Nayu Ikeda, Hideaki Toyoshima, Amitava Banerjee, Derek F J Fay, Lela Sturua, Yoshihiro Kokubo, Samuel Oti, Aliya Naheed, Alireza Esteghamati, Seok Jun Yoon, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Graeme J. Hankey, Abraham D. Flaxman, Jihyun Yoon, Ivy Shiue, Tom Achoki, Edmond K. Kabagambe, Nelson Alvis Guzmán, Rafael Alfonso, Derrick A Bennett, Bryan L. Sykes, Andre Pascal Kengne, Elisabete Weiderpass, Simon I. Hay, Tom P Fleming, Karen J. Courville, Michael H. Criqui, Paulo A. Lotufo, Rajeev Gupta, Stan Biryukov, Shiwei Liu, Theo Vos, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Jixiang Ma, Christopher Margono, Steven van de Vijver, Rasmus Havmoeller, Marian L. Neuhouser, Mohammed K. Ali, Shankuan Zhu, Christopher J L Murray, Marie Ng, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson, Jung-Chen Chang, Sanjay Basu, Raghib Ali, Lucia Hernandez, Emmanuela Gakidou, J. Lennert Veerman, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Y Claire Yang, Yong Zhao, Kaustubh Dabhadkar, Anand Dayama, Yichong Li, Mall Leinsalu, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Erica Leigh Nelson, Gene F. Kwan, Andrea Pedroza, Xiao Rong Wang, Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Jed D. Blore, Farhad Islami, Walid Ammar, George A. Mensah, Martin Tobias, N Cabral, Jerry Abraham, Erin C Mullany, Soewarta Kosen, Simerjot K. Jassal, Atsushi Goto, Hyeyoung Seo, Gustavo Velasquez-Melendez, Giancarlo Logroscino, Eric L. Ding, Valery L. Feigin, Mohsen Naghavi, Jost B. Jonas, Vegard Skirbekk, Heather Harewood, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar, Mark A. Green, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Adnan M. Durrani, Gitanjali M Singh, Eiman Jahangir, Alan D. Lopez, Ali H. Mokdad, Bach Xuan Tran, Xiaofeng Liang, Yuan Qiang Lu, Ruth W Kimokoti, Shams Eldin Ali Hassan Khalifa, K.M. Venkat Narayan, Semaw Ferede Abera, Devina Nand, Samath D Dharmaratne, Rahman Shiri, Stein Emil Vollset, Andrea Werdecker, Taavi Lai, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Rajiv Chowdhury, David K. Cundiff, Young-Ho Khang, Nobhojit Roy, Daniel Kim, Abdullatif Husseini, Jonas Minet Kinge, Joanna Moschandreas, Leonardo Trasande, Ismael Ricardo Campos Nonato, Kenji Shibuya, Sun Ha Jee, Maigeng Zhou, Farshad Farzadfar, Nana Kwaku Mainoo, Simón Barquera, Takayoshi Ohkubo, Margaret Robinson, Nicholas Graetz, Jonathan L. Wright, Cristiana Abbafati, Tony R. Merriman, and Lalit Dandona
Subjects: Adult, Male, Gerontology, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population health, Overweight, Cost of Illness, Prevalence, medicine, Global health, Nutrition transition, Humans, Obesity, Child, business.industry, Public health, General Medicine, Models, Theoretical, medicine.disease, Years of potential life lost, Regression Analysis, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, Demography
Abstract: Background In 2010, overweight and obesity were estimated to cause 3·4 million deaths, 3·9% of years of life lost, and 3·8% of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide. The rise in obesity has led to widespread calls for regular monitoring of changes in overweight and obesity prevalence in all populations. Comparable, up-to-date information about levels and trends is essential to quantify population health effects and to prompt decision makers to prioritise action. We estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013. Methods We systematically identified surveys, reports, and published studies (n=1769) that included data for height and weight, both through physical measurements and self-reports. We used mixed effects linear regression to correct for bias in self-reports. We obtained data for prevalence of obesity and overweight by age, sex, country, and year (n=19 244) with a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings Worldwide, the proportion of adults with a body-mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m2 or greater increased between 1980 and 2013 from 28·8% (95% UI 28·4-29·3) to 36·9% (36·3-37·4) in men, and from 29·8% (29·3- 30·2) to 38·0% (37·5-38·5) in women. Prevalence has increased substantially in children and adolescents in developed countries; 23·8% (22·9-24·7) of boys and 22·6% (21·7-23·6) of girls were overweight or obese in 2013. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has also increased in children and adolescents in developing countries, from 8·1% (7·7-8·6) to 12·9% (12·3-13·5) in 2013 for boys and from 8·4% (8·1-8·8) to 13·4% (13·0-13·9) in girls. In adults, estimated prevalence of obesity exceeded 50% in men in Tonga and in women in Kuwait, Kiribati, Federated States of Micronesia, Libya, Qatar, Tonga, and Samoa. Since 2006, the increase in adult obesity in developed countries has slowed down. Interpretation Because of the established health risks and substantial increases in prevalence, obesity has become a major global health challenge. Not only is obesity increasing, but no national success stories have been reported in the past 33 years. Urgent global action and leadership is needed to help countries to more effectively intervene. Funding Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. The global burden of injury: Incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the global burden of disease study 2013

Author: Juanita A Haagsma, Nicholas Graetz, Ian Bolliger, Mohsen Naghavi, Hideki Higashi, Erin C Mullany, Semaw Ferede Abera, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham, Koranteng Adofo, Ubai Alsharif, Emmanuel A Ameh, Walid Ammar, Carl Abelardo T Antonio, Lope H Barrero, Tolesa Bekele, Dipan Bose, Alexandra Brazinova, Ferrán Catalá-López, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Paul I Dargan, Diego De Leo, Louisa Degenhardt, Sarah Derrett, Samath D Dharmaratne, Tim R Driscoll, Leilei Duan, Sergey Petrovich Ermakov, Farshad Farzadfar, Valery L Feigin, Richard C Franklin, Belinda Gabbe, Richard A Gosselin, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Randah Ribhi Hamadeh, Martha Hijar, Guoqing Hu, Sudha P Jayaraman, Guohong Jiang, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sanjay Krishnaswami, Chanda Kulkarni, Fiona E Lecky, Ricky Leung, Raimundas Lunevicius, Ronan Anthony Lyons, Marek Majdan, Amanda J Mason-Jones, Richard Matzopoulos, Peter A Meaney, Wubegzier Mekonnen, Ted R Miller, Charles N Mock, Rosana E Norman, Ricardo Orozco, Suzanne Polinder, Farshad Pourmalek, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Amany Refaat, David Rojas-Rueda, Nobhojit Roy, David C Schwebel, Amira Shaheen, Saeid Shahraz, Vegard Skirbekk, Kjetil Søreide, Sergey Soshnikov, Dan J Stein, Bryan L Sykes, Karen M Tabb, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Eric Yeboah Tenkorang, Alice M Theadom, Bach Xuan Tran, Tommi J Vasankari, Monica S Vavilala, Vasiliy Victorovich Vlassov, Solomon Meseret Woldeyohannes, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Chuanhua Yu, Christopher J L Murray, Theo Vos, Shivanthi Balalla, Michael R Phillips, and Public Health
Subjects: Gerontology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, Poison control, Developing country, Global Health, Occupational safety and health, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Injury prevention, Global health, Medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Child, Cause of death, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Middle Aged, Quality-adjusted life year, Child, Preschool, Wounds and Injuries, Original Article, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Demography
Abstract: © 2016 BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Background The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD), Injuries, and Risk Factors study used the disabilityadjusted life year (DALY) to quantify the burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. This paper provides an overview of injury estimates from the 2013 update of GBD, with detailed information on incidence, mortality, DALYs and rates of change from 1990 to 2013 for 26 causes of injury, globally, by region and by country. Methods Injury mortality was estimated using the extensive GBD mortality database, corrections for illdefined cause of death and the cause of death ensemble modelling tool. Morbidity estimation was based on inpatient and outpatient data sets, 26 cause-of-injury and 47 nature-of-injury categories, and seven follow-up studies with patient-reported long-term outcome measures. Results In 2013, 973 million (uncertainty interval (UI) 942 to 993) people sustained injuries that warranted some type of healthcare and 4.8 million (UI 4.5 to 5.1) people died from injuries. Between 1990 and 2013 the global age-standardised injury DALY rate decreased by 31% (UI 26% to 35%). The rate of decline in DALY rates was significant for 22 cause-of-injury categories, including all the major injuries. Conclusions Injuries continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. The decline in rates for almost all injuries is so prominent that it warrants a general statement that the world is becoming a safer place to live in. However, the patterns vary widely by cause, age, sex, region and time and there are still large improvements that need to be made.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, Abdurahman, A. A. ac, Abera, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, Abreha, G. F. ad, Adane, K. af, Adelekan, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, Agarwal, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, Agrawal, A. as, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, Ahmadi, A. ax, Ahmed, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, Akinyemi, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, Akseer, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, Alam, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Alemu, Z. A. ay, Alene, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, Ali, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, Alizadeh-Navaei, R. bq, Alkerwi, A. bs, Alla, F. bt, Allebeck, P. bu, Allen C. a, Al-Raddadi, R. cb, Alsharif, U. cd, Altirkawi, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, Alvis-Guzman, N. cg, Amare, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, Ammar, W. cl, Amo-Adjei, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, Androudi, S. cq, Ansari, H. cr, Ansha, M. G. cs, Antonio, C. A. T. ct, Ärnlöv, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, Asayesh, H. cx, Assadi, R. cy, Astatkie, A. cz, Atey, T. M. ag, Atique, S. da, Atnafu, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, Avila-Burgos, L. df, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A. dg, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, Ayele, N. N. dl, Azzopardi, P. dm, dn dr, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, Bärnighausen, T. du, dz ea, Bacha, U. eb, Badawi, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, Barac, A. eg, Barboza, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, Barrero, L. H. en, Basu, S. eo, Baune, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Bayou, Y. T. er, Bazargan-Hejazi, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, Beghi, E. ev, Béjot, Y. ew, Bello, A. K. ex, Bennett, D. A. bm, Bensenor, I. M. ez, Berhane, A. fa, Bernabé, E. fd, Bernal, O. A. fe, Beyene, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, Bikbov, B. fl, Birlik, S. M. fm, Birungi, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, Bisanzio, D. bk, Bizuayehu, H. M. fn, Bose, D. fo, Brainin, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, Brenner, H. fw, Butt, Z. A. fx, Cárdenas, R. fy, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, Carrero, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, Caso, V. ga, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A. gb, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, Chibalabala, M. gj, Chibueze, C. E. gk, Chisumpa, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, Chowdhury, R. go, Christensen, H. gp, Christopher, D. J. gq, Ciobanu, L. G. ci, Cirillo, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, Cooper, L. T. gt, Cortinovis, M. fl, Crump, J. A. gu, Dalal, K. gv, Danawi, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, Dargan, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, Davitoiu, D. V. he, Davletov, K. hf, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, Dellavalle, R. P. hi, Deribe, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, Dharmaratne, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, Ding, E. L. dx, Dokova, K. ho, Dorsey, E. R. hp, Doyle, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, Ellingsen, C. L. hu, Elyazar, I. hv, Enayati, A. hw, Ermakov, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, Fanuel, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, Farinha, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, Farvid, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, Feigin, V. L. im, Feigl, A. B. du, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M. bx, Fernandes, J. G. in, J. C. io, Feyissa, T. R. ip, Fischer, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, Foigt, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, Franklin, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, Gambashidze, K. iv, Gamkrelidze, A. iv, Gao, W. ix, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, Gebru, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, Geleijnse, J. M. fh, Genova-Maleras, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, Giref, A. Z. eq, Gishu, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, Gona, P. N. ji, Goodridge, A. jj, Gopalani, S. V. jk, Goto, A. jl, Graetz N. a, Greaves, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, Gugnani, H. C. jo, Gupta, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, Habtewold, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, Haile, D. eq, Hailu, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, Hambisa, M. T. ff, Hamidi, S. kc, Hammami, M. kd, Hankey, G. J. ke, kf kg, Hao, Y. kh, Harb, H. L. cl, Hareri, H. A. eq, Haro, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, Hay, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, Hendrie, D. kl, Heredia-Pi, I. B. df, Hoek, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, Horita, N. kp, Hosgood, H. D. kq, Htet, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, Huang, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, Iburg, K. M. kw, Ileanu, B. V. kx, Innos, K. ky, Irenso, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, Jakovljevic, M. B. lb, James, P. dv, S. L. lc, Javanbakht, M. ld, Jayaraman, S. P. le, Jayatilleke, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, Jonas, J. B. lm, Juel, K. ln, Kabir, Z. lo, Kalkonde, Y. lp, Kamal, R. lq, Kan, H. ls, Karch, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, Katikireddi, S. V. ly, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, Kereselidze, M. iv, Kesavachandran, C. N. lq, Khader, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, Khan, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Khang, Y. -H. mj, Khoja, A. T. A. ml, Khonelidze, I. iv, Khubchandani, J. mm, Kibret, G. D. ay, Kim, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, Kimokoti, R. W. mp, Kinfu, Y. mq, Kissoon, N. fq, Kivipelto, M. by, Kokubo, Y. mr, Kolk, A. ms, Kolte, D. mt, Kopec, J. A. fq, Kosen, S. mu, Koul, P. A. mv, Koyanagi, A. mw, Kravchenko, M. mx, Krishnaswami, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, Kuipers, E. J. nd, Kulkarni, V. S. ne, Kumar, G. A. lj, Kumsa, F. A. fg, kj Kutz, M. a Kyu, H. H. a Lager, A. C. J. nf, Lal, A. ng, D. K. ni, Lalloo R. k, Lallukka, T. nj, Lan, Q. nl, Langan S. M. i, Lansingh, V. C. nm, nn Larson, H. J. a h, Larsson, A. no, Laryea, D. O. cp, Latif, A. A. np, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B. nq, Leasher, J. L. nr, Leigh, J. bf, Leinsalu, M. ky, nt Leshargie, C. T. ay, Leung J. e, j Leung, R. nu, Levi, M. nv, Liang, X. nw, Lim S. S. a, Lind M. a, Linn, S. nx, Lipshultz, S. E. ny, nz Liu, P. a Liu, Y. oa, L. -T. ob, oc Logroscino, G. od, Lopez, A. D. do, Lorch, S. A. oe, Lotufo, P. A. ez, Lozano, R. df, Lunevicius, R. of, og Lyons, R. A. mb, Macarayan, E. R. K. kv, Mackay, M. T. oh, Magdy Abd El Razek, H. oi, M. oj, Mahdavi, M. ok, ol Majeed, A. ib, Malekzadeh R. z, xe Malta, D. C. on, Mantovani LG, Manyazewal, T. op, Mapoma, C. C. gl, Marcenes, W. oq, Marks, G. B. md, ns Marquez, N. a Martinez-Raga, J. or, os Marzan, M. B. ot, Massano, J. hc, ou Mathur, M. R. ni, Maulik, P. K. ov, Mazidi, M. ow, McAlinden, C. ox, oy McGrath, J. J. l McNellan, C. a Meaney, P. A. oz, pa Mehari, A. pb, Mehndiratta, M. M. pc, Meier, T. pd, Mekonnen, A. B. bf, bj Meles, K. G. ad, Memish, Z. A. pe, pf Mengesha, M. M. ff, Mengiste, D. T. ae, Mengistie M. A. n, Menota, B. G. eq, Mensah, G. A. pg, Mereta S. T. n, Meretoja, A. dp, ph Meretoja, T. J. nk, pi Mezgebe, H. B. ag, Micha, R. pj, Millear A. a, Mills, E. J. pl, Minnig S. a, Mirarefin M. a, pm Mirrakhimov, E. M. pn, po Mock, C. N. c Mohammad, K. A. pp, Mohammed, S. ea, pq Mohanty, S. K. hs, Mokdad A. H. a, Mola, G. L. D. pr, Molokhia, M. fd, Monasta, L. ps, Montico, M. ps, Moradi-Lakeh M. a, pt Moraga, P. pz, Morawska, L. pv, pw Mori, R. qa, Moses M. a, Mueller, U. O. qc, Murthy, S. fq, Musa, K. I. qd, Nachega, J. B. qe, qf qg, Nagata, C. qh, Nagel, G. qj, Naghavi M. a, Naheed, A. bh, Naldi, L. qk, Nangia, V. ql, Nascimento, B. R. qm, qn Negoi, I. qo, Neupane, S. P. ks, Newton, C. R. qp, Ng M. a, Ngalesoni, F. N. qq, Ngunjiri, J. W. qr, Nguyen G. a, Ningrum, D. N. A. db, qs Nolte, S. cc, qt rj, Nomura, M. qv, Norheim, O. F. jx, Norrving, B. av, Noubiap, J. J. N. jz, qw Obermeyer, C. M. qx, Ogbo, F. A. qy, I. -H. ra, Okoro, A. rb, Oladimeji, O. rc, rd Olagunju, A. T. ci, Olivares, P. R. re, Olsen H. E. a, Olusanya, B. O. rf, J. O. rf, Opio, J. N. rg, Oren, E. rh, Ortiz, A. ri, Osborne, R. H. rk, Osman, M. dy, rl Owolabi, M. O. rm, rn Mahesh, P. A. ro, Pain A. W. a, Pakhale, S. rp, Palomares Castillo, E. rq, rr Pana, A. kx, Papachristou, C. cd, Parsaeian M. u, v xa, Patel, T. rs, Patton, G. C. dn, Paudel, D. rt, Paul, V. K. aq, Pearce N. i, Pereira, D. M. ru, Perez-Padilla, R. rv, Perez-Ruiz, F. rw, rx Perico, N. Pesudovs, K. ry, Petzold, M. rz, sa Phillips, M. R. oa, sb Pigott, D. M. a Pillay, J. D. sc, Pinho C. a, Polinder, S. nc, Pond, C. D. sd, Prakash, V. se, Purwar, M. sf, Qorbani, M. sg, Quistberg D. A. c, d Radfar, A. sh, Rafay, A. si, sj Rahimi, K. bm, Rahimi-Movaghar, V. aa, xf Rahman, M. sk, Rahman, M. H. U. hs, Rai, R. K. sl, Ram, U. hs, Rana, S. M. si, sj Rankin, Z. a Rao, P. V. sm, sn Rao, P. C. a Rawaf, S. ib, Rego, M. A. S. om, Reitsma M. a, Remuzzi, G. fl, so sp, Renzaho, A. M. N. N. qz, Resnikoff, S. sq, sr Rezaei, S. aw, Rezai, M. S. br, Ribeiro, A. L. qm, Roba, H. S. ff, Rokni, M. B. ac, Ronfani, Roshandel G. z, st xe, Roth G. A. a, Rothenbacher, D. qi, Roy, N. K. su, sv Sachdev, P. S. ss, sw Sackey, B. B. sx, Saeedi, M. Y. sy, Safiri, S. sz, Sagar, R. aq, Sahraian, M. A. ab, xg Saleh, M. M. ta, Salomon, J. A. du, Samy, A. M. tb, Sanabria, J. R. tc, td Sanchez-Niño, M. D. te, Sandar L. a, Santos, I. S. ey, J. V. hc, Santric Milicevic, M. M. eh, ei Sarmiento-Suarez, R. tf, Sartorius, B. tg, ti Satpathy, M. aq, Savic, M. hu, Sawhney, M. tj, Saylan, M. I. tk, Schöttker, B. fv, tl Schutte, A. E. tm, tn Schwebel, D. C. bb, Seedat, S. qf, Seid, A. M. ff, Seifu, C. N. if, Sepanlou S. G. z, xe Serdar, B. to, Servan-Mori, E. E. df, Setegn, T. ck, Shackelford K. A. a, Shaheen, A. tp, Shahraz, S. tq, Shaikh, M. A. tr, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour M. x, Shariful Islam, S. M. bh, Sharma, J. ts, R. tt, She, J. lr, Sheikhbahaei S. t, wz Shen, J. ft, tu Shi, P. pk, Shigematsu, M. tv, tw Shin, M. -J. tx, Shiri, R. nj, Shoman, H. tz, Shrime, M. G. dy, Sibamo, E. L. S. if, Sigfusdottir, I. D. ua, Silva, D. A. S. ub, Silveira, D. G. A. uc, Sindi, S. ca, Singh, J. A. ud, O. P. ue, P. K. uf, V. ug, Sinke, A. H. uh, Sinshaw, A. E. ui, Skirbekk, V. hu, kn Sliwa, K. jy, Smith A. a, Sobngwi, E. uj, uk Soneji, S. ul, Soriano, J. B. um, Sousa, T. C. M. un, Sposato, L. A. uo, Sreeramareddy, C. T. up, Stathopoulou, V. uq, Steel, N. jm, ur Steiner, C. a Steinke, S. us, Stokes, M. A. qu, Stranges, S. bs, Strong, M. ut, Stroumpoulis, K. uu, uv Sturua, L. iv, Sufiyan, M. B. uw, Suliankatchi, R. A. ux, Sun, J. px, py uy, Sur P. a, Swaminathan, S. uz, Sykes, B. L. va, Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. gf, Tabb, K. M. vb, Taffere, G. R. ad, Talongwa, R. T. vc, Tarajia, M. vd, Tavakkoli, M. ve, Taveira, N. vf, vg Teeple, S. a Tegegne, T. K. ay, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A. pu, Tekelab, T. ip, vh Tekle, D. Y. ag, Temam Shifa, G. eq, vi Terkawi, A. S. vj, vk vl, Tesema, A. G. ag, Thakur, J. S. vm, Thomson, A. J. vn, Tillmann, T. ee, Tiruye, T. Y. ay, Tobe-Gai, R. vo, Tonelli, M. vp, Topor-Madry, R. vq, vr Tortajada, M. vs, Troeger C. a, Truelsen, T. vt, Tura, A. K. fg, jv Uchendu, U. S. vu, Ukwaja, K. N. vv, Undurraga, E. A. vw, Uneke, C. J. vx, Uthman, O. A. vy, Van Boven, J. F. M. jv, Van Dingenen, R. vz, Varughese, S. gq, Vasankari, T. wa, Venketasubramanian, N. wb, Violante, F. S. wc, Vladimirov, S. K. wd, Vlassov, V. V. we, Vollset S. E. a, ht jw, Vos T. a, Wagner J. A. a, Wakayo T. n, Waller, S. G. wf, Walson J. L. e, wg Wang, H. a Wang, Y. -P. wh, Watkins D. A. e, jz Weiderpass, E. bz, wi wj, wk Weintraub, R. G. dn, oh Wen, C. -P. iw, Werdecker, A. qb, Wesana, J. wl, wm Westerman, R. qc, wn Whiteford, H. A. a j, gi Wilkinson, J. D. ny, nz Wiysonge, C. S. qf, wo Woldeyes, Wolfe, C. D. A. fc, wp Won, S. mk, Workicho A. n, wq Workie, S. B. if, Wubshet, M. wr, ws Xavier, D. wt, G. wu, Yadav, A. K. hs, Yaghoubi, M. wv, Yakob, B. th, Yan, L. L. ww, Yano, Y. wx, Yaseri, M. la, xi Yimam, H. H. dc, Yip, P. xj, xk Yonemoto, N. xl, Yoon, S. -J. ty, Younis, M. Z. xm, C. xn, xo Zaidi, Z. xp, El Sayed Zaki, M. xq, Zambrana-Torrelio, C. xr, xs Zapata, T. xt, Zenebe, Z. M. ag, Zodpey, Zoeckler L. a, Zuhlke, L. J. xu, Murray C. J. L., Barber, Ryan, Fullman, Nancy, Sorensen, Reed, Thomas, Bollyky, Martin, Mckee, Ellen, Nolte, Amanuel, Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan, Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja, Abba, Foad, Abd Allah, Abdishakur, Abdulle, Ahmed, Abdulahi, Abdurahman, Semaw, Ferede, Abera, Biju, Abraham, Girmatsion, Fisseha, Abreha, Kelemework, Adane, Ademola, Lukman, Adelekan, Ifedayo, Morayo, Adetifa, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay, Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar, Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Alireza, Ahmadi, Kedir, Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar, Beshir, Ahmed, Rufus, Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi, F, Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad, Al Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed, Saidul, Alam, Zewdie, Aderaw, Alemu, Kefyalew, Addi, Alene, Lily, Alexander, Raghib, Ali, Syed, Danish, Ali, Reza, Alizadeh Navaei, Ala’A, Alkerwi, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa, Al Raddadi, Ubai, Alsharif, Khalid, Altirkawi, Elena, Alvarez, Martin, Nelson, Alvis Guzman, Azmeraw, Amare, Erfan, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Joshu, Amo Adjei, Yaw, Ampem, Amoako, Benjamin, Anderson, Sofia, Androudi, Hossein, Ansari, Mustafa, Geleto, Ansha, Carl, Abelardo, Antonio, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Reza, Assadi, Ayalew, Astatkie, Tesfay, Mehari, Atey, Suleman, Atique, Niguse, Tadele, Atnafu, Sachin, Atre, Leticia, Avila Burgo, Euripide, Frinel, Arthur, Avokpaho, Beatriz, Paulina, Ayala, Quintanilla, Ashish, Awasthi, Nebiyu, Negussu, Ayele, Peter, Azzopardi, Huda, Omer, Ba, Saleem, Till, Bärnighausen, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Miguel, Barboza, Suzanne, Barker Collo, Lope, Barrero, Sanjay, Basu, Bernhard, Baune, Kaleab, Baye, Yibeltal, Tebekaw, Bayou, Shahrzad, Bazargan Hejazi, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Aminu, Bello, Derrick, Bennett, Isabela, Bensenor, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar, Alberto, Bernal, Addisu, Shunu, Beyene, Tariku, Jibat, Beyene, Zulfiqar, Bhutta, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Boris, Bikbov, Sait, Mente, Birlik, Charles, Birungi, Stan, Biryukov, Donal, Bisanzio, Habtamu, Mellie, Bizuayehu, Dipan, Bose, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas, Breitborde, Hermann, Brenner, Zahid, Butt, Rosario, Cárdena, Lucero, Cahuana Hurtado, Ismael, Ricardo, Campos, Nonato, Josip, Car, Juan, Jesu, Carrero, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos, Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline, Castillo, Rivas, Ferrán, Catalá López, Pedro, Cecilio, Kelly, Cercy, Fiona, Charlson, Alan, Chen, Adrienne, Chew, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Chioma, Ezinne, Chibueze, Vesper, Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Abdulaal, Chitheer, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Devasahayam, Jesuda, Christopher, Liliana, Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Megan, Coggeshall, Leslie, Trumbull, Cooper, Monica, Cortinovi, John, Crump, Koustuv, Dalal, Hadi, Danawi, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul, Dargan, Jose, Da, Neves, Gail, Davey, Dragos, V, Davitoiu, Kairat, Davletov, Diego, De, Leo, Liana, Del, Gobbo, Borja, Del, Pozo, Cruz, Robert, Dellavalle, Kebede, Deribe, Amare, Deribew, Don, De, Jarlais, Subhojit, Dey, Samath, Dharmaratne, Daniel, Dicker, Eric, Ding, Klara, Dokova, Ray, Dorsey, Kerrie, Doyle, Manisha, Dubey, Rebecca, Ehrenkranz, Christian, Lycke, Ellingsen, Iqbal, Elyazar, Ahmadali, Enayati, Sergey, Petrovich, Ermakov, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Kara, Estep, Thomas, Fürst, Imad, Faghmou, Fanuel, Belayneh, Bekele, Fanuel, Emerito, Jose, Aquino, Faraon, Talha, Farid, Carla, Sofia, Sa, Farinha, Andre, Faro, Maryam, Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery, Feigin, Andrea, Feigl, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson, Fernande, João, Fernande, Tesfaye, Regassa, Feyissa, Florian, Fischer, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Thomas, Fleming, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, Mohammad, Forouzanfar, Richard, Franklin, Joseph, Frostad, Tsegaye, Tewelde, G/hiwot, Emmanuela, Gakidou, Ketevan, Gambashidze, Amiran, Gamkrelidze, Wayne, Gao, Alberto, Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Amanuel, Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Mengistu, Welday, Gebremichael, Alemseged, Aregay, Gebru, Amha, Admasie, Gelaye, Johanna, Geleijnse, Ricard, Genova Malera, Katherine, Gibney, Ababi, Zergaw, Giref, Melkamu, Dedefo, Gishu, Giorgia, Giussani, William, Godwin, Audra, Gold, Ellen, Goldberg, Philimon, N, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer, Vali, Gopalani, Atsushi, Goto, Nicholas, Graetz, Felix, Greave, Max, Griswold, Peter, Imre, Guban, Harish, Chander, Gugnani, Prakash, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Tesfa, Dejenie, Habtewold, Nima, Hafezi Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Alemayehu, Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew, Bugssa, Hailu, Alex, Hakuzimana, Randah, Ribhi, Hamadeh, Mitiku, Teshome, Hambisa, Samer, Hamidi, Mouhanad, Hammami, Graeme, Hankey, Yuantao, Hao, Hilda, Harb, Habtamu, Abera, Hareri, Josep, Maria, Haro, Mohammad, Sadegh, Hassanvand, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Roderick, Hay, Simon, Hay, Delia, Hendrie, Ileana, Beatriz, Heredia, Pi, Hans, Hoek, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, Dean, Hosgood, Aung, Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, John, Huang, Bethany, Huntley, Chantal, Huynh, Kim, Moesgaard, Iburg, Bogdan, Vasile, Ileanu, Kaire, Inno, Asnake, Ararsa, Irenso, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo, Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Spencer, Lewi, James, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Sudha, Jayaraman, Achala, Upendra, Jayatilleke, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Denny, John, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah, Johnson, Jost, Jona, Knud, Juel, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Andre, Karch, Corine, Kakizi, Karema, Seyed, Karimi, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas, Kassebaum, Anshul, Kastor, Srinivasa, Vittal, Katikireddi, Konstantin, Kazanjan, Peter, Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew, Haddon, Kemp, Andre, Pascal, Kengne, Amene, Abebe, Kerbo, Maia, Kereselidze, Chandrasekharan, Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef, Saleh, Khader, Ibrahim, Khalil, Abdur, Rahman, Khan, Ejaz, Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Abdullah, Tawfih, Abdullah, Khoja, Irma, Khonelidze, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, Yohannes, Kinfu, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Anneli, Kolk, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Sanjay, Krishnaswami, Kristopher, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Ernst, Kuiper, Veena, Kulkarni, Anil, Kumar, Fekede, Asefa, Kumsa, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, Kyu, Anton, Carl, Jonas, Lager, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Sinead, Langan, Van, Lansingh, Heidi, Larson, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, Janet, Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven, Lipshultz, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Alan, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, Paulo, Lotufo, Rafael, Lozano, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Ronan, Lyon, Erlyn, Rachelle, King, Macarayan, Mark, Mackay, Hassan, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mohammed, Magdy, Abd, El, Razek, Mahdi, Mahdavi, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah, Carvalho, Malta, Lorenzo, Mantovani, Tsegahun, Manyazewal, Chabila, Mapoma, Wagner, Marcene, Guy, Mark, Neal, Marquez, Jose, Martinez Raga, Melvin, Barriento, Marzan, João, Massano, Manu, Raj, Mathur, Pallab, Maulik, Mohsen, Mazidi, Colm, Mcalinden, John, Mcgrath, Claire, Mcnellan, Peter, Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Man, Mohan, Mehndiratta, Toni, Meier, Alemayehu, Mekonnen, Kidanu, Gebremariam, Meles, Ziad, Memish, Melkamu, Merid, Mengesha, Desalegn, Tadese, Mengiste, Mubarek, Abera, Mengistie, Bereket, Gebremichael, Menota, George, Mensah, Seid, Tiku, Mereta, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo, Meretoja, Haftay, Berhane, Mezgebe, Renata, Micha, Anoushka, Millear, Edward, Mill, Shawn, Minnig, Mojde, Mirarefin, Erkin, Mirrakhimov, Charles, N, Mock, Karzan, Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Shafiu, Mohammed, Sanjay, Mohanty, Ali, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Lorenzo, Monasta, Marcella, Montico, Maziar, Moradi Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Mark, Mose, Ulrich, Mueller, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, Nachega, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruno, Ramo, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Sudan, Prasad, Neupane, Charles, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Jean, Jacque, N, Noubiap, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Anselm, Okoro, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Pedro, Olivare, Helen, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard, Osborne, Majdi, Osman, Mayowa, Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, Pain, Smita, Pakhale, Elizabeth, Palomare, Castillo, Adrian, Pana, Christina, Papachristou, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, George, Patton, Deepak, Paudel, Vinod, Paul, Neil, Pearce, David, Pereira, Rogelio, Perez Padilla, Fernando, Perez Ruiz, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, David, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, Pond, V, Prakash, Manorama, Purwar, Mostafa, Qorbani, Alex, Quistberg, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Usha, Ram, Saleem, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Paturi, Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja, Rao, Salman, Rawaf, Maria, Albertina, Santiago, Rego, Marissa, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, N, N, Renzaho, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, Hirbo, Shore, Roba, Mohammad, Bagher, Rokni, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Nawal, Roy, Perminder, Sachdev, Ben, Benasco, Sackey, Mohammad, Yahya, Saeedi, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Mohammad, Ali, Sahraian, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Joshua, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez, Niño, Logan, Sandar, Itamar, Santo, João, Vasco, Santos, Milena, Santric, Milicevic, Rodrigo, Sarmiento Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Mete, Saylan, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, Schutte, David, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Abdulbasit, Musa, Seid, Canaan, Negash, Seifu, Sadaf, Sepanlou, Berrin, Serdar, Edson, Servan Mori, Tesfaye, Setegn, Katya, Anne, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh Nazarova, Mansour, Shamsipour, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Peilin, Shi, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Haitham, Shoman, Mark, Shrime, Ephrem, Lejore, Sibamo, Sibamo, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Abiy, Hiruye, Sinke, Aklilu, Endalamaw, Sinshaw, Vegard, Skirbekk, Karen, Sliwa, Alison, Smith, Eugene, Sobngwi, Samir, Soneji, Joan, Soriano, Tatiane, Cristina, Moraes, Sousa, Luciano, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nicholas, Steel, Caitlyn, Steiner, Sabine, Steinke, Mark, Andrew, Stokes, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Lela, Sturua, Muawiyyah, Babale, Sufiyan, Rizwan, Abdulkader, Suliankatchi, Jiandong, Sun, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, Syke, Rafael, Tabarés Seisdedo, Karen, Tabb, Getachew, Redae, Taffere, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Musharaf, Tarajia, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Nuno, Taveira, Stephanie, Teeple, Teketo, Kassaw, Tegegne, Arash, Tehrani Banihashemi, Tesfalidet, Tekelab, Dejen, Yemane, Tekle, Girma, Temam, Shifa, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Azeb, Gebresilassie, Tesema, Js, Thakur, Alan, Thomson, Taavi, Tillmann, Tenaw, Yimer, Tiruye, Ruoyan, Tobe Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor Madry, Miguel, Tortajada, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Uche, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, Undurraga, Chigozie, Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan, Uthman, Job, F, Van, Boven, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vo, Joseph, Wagner, Tolassa, Wakayo, Stephen, Waller, Judd, Walson, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Wang, David, Watkin, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, Weintraub, Chi Pang, Wen, Andrea, Werdecker, Joshua, Wesana, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey, Whiteford, James, Wilkinson, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Belete, Getahun, Woldeye, Charles, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Shimelash, Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Ajit, Kumar, Yadav, Mohsen, Yaghoubi, Bereket, Yakob, Lijing, Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Hassen, Hamid, Yimam, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Seok Jun, Yoon, Mustafa, Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa, El, Sayed, Zaki, Carlos, Zambrana Torrelio, Tomas, Zapata, Zerihun, Menlkalew, Zenebe, Sanjay, Zodpey, Leo, Zoeckler, Liesl, Joanna, Zuhlke, Murray, Christopher, Barber, R, Fullman, N, Sorensen, R, Bollyky, T, Mckee, M, Nolte, E, Abajobir, A, Abate, K, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abd-Allah, F, Abdulle, A, Abdurahman, A. A., A, Abera, S. F., A, Ah, A, B., A, G. F., A, Adane, K., A, Adelekan, A. L., A, Ak, A, I. M. O. i., A, Afshin, A, A., A, Ap, A, S. K., A, S., A, Agrawal, At, Ahmad, K, Ahmadi, Ahmed, K. Y., A, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R. O., A, Az, A, T. F., B, Akseer, N., A, Bc, A, Z., B, Alam, K., B, Bf, D, Dq, A, N., B, S. S., B, Alemu, Z. A., A, K. A., B, Alexander, L, R., B, S. D., B, Bo, B, Alizadeh-Navaei, Alkerwi, A., B, Alla, F., B, Allebeck, P., B, Allen, C, Al-Raddadi, R., C, Alsharif, U., C, Altirkawi, K. A., C, Alvarez, M, E., C, Alvis-Guzman, N., C, Amare, A. T., C, Cj, G, Amini, E, T, W, Ammar, W., C, Amo-Adjei, J., C, Cn, A, Y. A., C, Anderson, B, Androudi, S., C, Ansari, H., C, Ansha, M. G., C, Antonio, C. A. T., C, Ärnlöv, J., B, Cv, A, A., C, Asayesh, Assadi, Astatkie, T. M., A, Atique, S., D, N. T., D, Dd, A, S. R., D, Avila-Burgos, L., D, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A., D, Dh, Ayala, Q, B. P., D, Dj, A, A., D, N. N., D, Azzopardi, P., D, Dn, D, Ds, Ba, S, H. O., D, Bärnighausen, T., D, Dz, E, Bacha, U., E, Badawi, Ec, B, A., E, Barac, Barboza, M. A., E, Ek, B, S. L., E, Barrero, L. H., E, Basu, S., E, Baune, B. T., C, Gr, B, K., E, Y. T., E, Bazargan-Hejazi, Et, B, N., E, Beghi, E., E, Béjot, Y., E, Bello, A. K., E, Bennett, D. A., B, Bensenor, I. M., E, Berhane, A., F, Bernabé, E., F, Bernal, O. A., F, A. S., F, Ki, B, T. J., E, Fi, B, Z. A., B, Fj, B, S., F, Bikbov, B., F, S. M., F, Birungi, C., E, Biryukov, S, Bisanzio, D., B, H. M., F, Bose, D., F, Brainin, M., F, Brauer, M, Fq, B, Fs, B, N. J. K., F, Brenner, H., F, Butt, Z. A., F, Cárdenas, R., F, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R., D, Dx, C, J., F, J. J., B, Casey, D, Caso, V., G, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A., G, Gc, Castillo, R, J., G, Ge, C, F., G, Gg, C, P., G, Cercy, K, Charlson, F, J, G, Chen, A, Chew, A, Chibalabala, M., G, Chibueze, C. E., G, Chisumpa, V. H., G, Gm, C, A. A., G, Chowdhury, R., G, Christensen, H., G, D. J., G, Ciobanu, L. G., C, Cirillo, Coggeshall, M, L. T., G, Cortinovis, Crump, J. A., G, Dalal, K., G, Danawi, Dandona, L, Gy, D, R. a., G, Dargan, P. I., G, Das, N, J., H, Hb, D, G., H, D. V., H, Davletov, K., H, Hg, De, L, D., H, Del, G, L. C., E, Del, P, B., E, Dellavalle, R. P., H, Deribe, Hj, D, Bk, Des, J, D. C., H, Hl, D, S., H, Dharmaratne, S. D., H, Dicker, D, Ding, E. L., D, Dokova, Dorsey, E. R., H, Doyle, K. E., H, Hr, D, M., H, Ehrenkranz, R, C. L., H, Elyazar, I., H, Enayati, A., H, S. P., H, Hy, E, B., H, Ia, E, A. t., W, Estep, K, Fürst, T, Ic, I, Faghmous, I, Fanuel, F. B. B., C, If, F, E. J. A., C, Ig, F, T. A., I, Farinha, C. S. E. S., I, Ij, F, A., I, Farvid, M. S., D, Il, F, F. u., X, Feigin, V. L., I, Feigl, A. B., D, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., B, Fernandes, J. G., I, J. C., I, T. R., I, Fischer, F., I, Fitzmaurice, C, B, I, Fleming, T, Foigt, N., I, Foreman, K, Ib, F, M. H., I, Franklin, R. C., I, Frostad, J, Ghiwot, T, Gakidou, E, Gambashidze, K., I, Gamkrelidze, Gao, W., I, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., I, Iz, G, T., J, Gebremedhin, A, Jb, G, M. W., A, Gebru, Jc, G, A. A., J, Geleijnse, J. M., F, Genova-Maleras, R., J, Jf, G, K. B., J, Giref, A. Z., E, Gishu, M. D., F, Jh, G, G., E, Godwin, W, Gold, A, Goldberg, E, P. N., J, Goodridge, A., J, S. V., J, Goto, Graetz, N, Greaves, Jm, G, Guban, M, P. I., J, Gugnani, H. C., J, Gupta, P. C., J, V., J, T. D., F, Jv, H, N. t., X, Haile, D., E, Hailu, A. D., E, Jx, H, G. B., A, Jc, H, Ka, H, R. R., K, Hambisa, M. T., F, Hamidi, S., K, Hammami, M., K, Hankey, G. J., K, Kf, K, Hao, Y., K, Harb, H. L., C, Hareri, H. A., E, Haro, J. M., M, Hassanvand, M, Xc, H, Hay, R. J., F, Kk, H, S. I. a., B, Hendrie, D., K, Heredia-Pi, I. B., D, Hoek, H. W., J, Km, H, Horita, N., K, Hosgood, H. D., K, A. S., K, Ks, H, G., K, Huang, H., K, J. J., K, Huntley, B, Huynh, C, Iburg, K. M., K, Ileanu, B. V., K, Innos, K., K, A. A., F, Kj, J, Jakovljevic, M. B., L, S. L., L, Javanbakht, M., L, Jayaraman, S. P., L, A. U., L, Lg, J, Lh, L, Nh, J, V., B, Lk, J, D., L, Johnson, C, Johnson, S, Jonas, J. B., L, Juel, K., L, Kabir, Z., L, Kalkonde, Y., L, Kamal, R., L, Kan, H., L, Karch, A., L, Lu, K, C. K., I, Lv, K, S. M., L, Kasaeian, A, Y, X, Kassebaum, N, Lx, K, S. V., L, Kazanjan, P. N., L, Ma, K, Kemp, L, A. H., M, Me, K, A. P., J, Mf, K, A. A., I, Kereselidze, M., I, Kesavachandran, C. N., L, Khader, Y. S., M, Khalil, I, Khan, A. R., I, E. A., M, G., M, Khang, Y. -H., M, Khoja, A. T. A., M, Khonelidze, I., I, Khubchandani, J., M, G. D., A, D., M, Kim, P, Y. J., M, Kimokoti, R. W., M, Kinfu, Y., M, Kissoon, N., F, Kivipelto, M., B, Kokubo, Kolk, A., M, Kolte, Kopec, J. A., F, Kosen, S., M, Koul, P. A., M, Koyanagi, Kravchenko, M., M, Krishnaswami, Krohn, K, Kuate, D, B., M, Na, Kucuk, B, B., N, Kuipers, E. J., N, Kulkarni, V. S., N, Kumar, G. A., L, F. A., F, Kj, K, Kyu, M, Lager, H, A. C. J., N, A., N, D. K., N, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T., N, Lan, Q., N, Langan, S, Lansingh, V. C., N, Nn, L, H, H, Larsson, Laryea, D. O., C, Latif, A. A., N, Lawrynowicz, A. E. B., N, Leasher, J. L., N, Leigh, Leinsalu, Nt, L, C. T., A, Leung, J, J, L, R., N, Levi, M., N, Liang, X., N, Lim, S, Lind, M, Linn, S., N, Lipshultz, S. E., N, Nz, L, Liu, P, Y., O, Lo, L. -T., O, Oc, L, G., O, Lopez, A. D., D, Lorch, S. A., O, Lotufo, P. A., E, Lozano, R., D, Lunevicius, R., O, Og, L, R. A., M, Macarayan, E. R. K., K, Mackay, M. T., O, Magdy Abd El, R, H., O, M., O, Mahdavi, Ol, M, Malekzadeh, R, Xe, M, D. C., O, Mantovani, L, Manyazewal, T., O, Mapoma, C. C., G, Marcenes, W., O, Marks, G. B., M, Ns, M, Martinez-Raga, N, J., O, Os, M, M. B., O, Massano, Ou, M, M. R., N, Maulik, P. K., O, Mazidi, Mcalinden, C., O, Oy, M, Mcnellan, J, Meaney, C, P. A., O, Pa, M, A., P, M. M., P, Meier, T., P, Mekonnen, A. B., B, Bj, M, K. G., A, Memish, Z. A., P, Pf, M, M. M., F, Mengiste, D. T., A, Mengistie, M, Menota, B. G., E, Mensah, G. A., P, Mereta, S, Meretoja, Ph, M, T. J., N, Pi, M, H. B., A, Micha, R., P, Millear, A, Mills, E. J., P, Minnig, S, Mirarefin, M, Pm, M, E. M., P, Po, M, Mohammad, C, K. A., P, Mohammed, Pq, M, S. K., H, Mokdad, A, G. L. D., P, Molokhia, Monasta, L., P, Montico, M., P, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Pt, M, P., P, Morawska, Pw, M, R., Q, Moses, M, Mueller, U. O., Q, Murthy, K. I., Q, Nachega, J. B., Q, Qf, Q, Nagata, C., Q, Nagel, G., Q, Naghavi, M, Naheed, Naldi, L., Q, Nangia, V., Q, B. R., Q, Qn, N, I., Q, S. P., K, Newton, C. R., Q, Ng, M, Ngalesoni, F. N., Q, Ngunjiri, J. W., Q, Nguyen, G, Ningrum, D. N. A., D, Qs, N, Qt, R, Nomura, M., Q, O. F., J, Norrving, Noubiap, J. J. N., J, Qw, O, C. M., Q, Ogbo, F. A., Q, Oh, I. -H., R, Okoro, A., R, Oladimeji, O., R, Rd, O, Olivares, P. R., R, Olsen, H, Olusanya, B. O., R, J. O., R, J. N., R, Oren, E., R, Ortiz, Osborne, R. H., R, Osman, M., D, Rl, O, M. O., R, Rn, M, P. A., R, Pain, A, Pakhale, S., R, Palomares, C, Rr, P, A., K, Papachristou, C., C, Parsaeian, M, V, X, Patel, T., R, Patton, G. C., D, Paudel, D., R, Paul, V. K., A, Pearce, N, Pereira, D. M., R, Perez-Padilla, R., R, Perez-Ruiz, F., R, Rx, P, N., P, K., R, Petzold, M., R, Sa, P, M. R., O, Sb, P, Pillay, D, J. D., S, Pinho, C, Polinder, Pond, C. D., S, Prakash, V., S, Purwar, M., S, Qorbani, Quistberg, D, D, R, A., S, Rafay, Sj, R, Rahimi-Movaghar, V., A, Xf, R, Rahman, M. H. U., H, R. K., S, Ram, U., H, Rana, S. M., S, Rao, Z, P. V., S, Sn, R, Rawaf, P, S., I, Rego, M. A. S., O, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G., F, So, S, Renzaho, A. M. N. N., Q, Resnikoff, S., S, Sr, R, M. S., B, Ribeiro, A. L., Q, Roba, H. S., F, Rokni, M. B., A, Ronfani, Roshandel, G, St, X, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D., Q, Roy, N. K., S, Sv, S, P. S., S, Sw, S, B. B., S, Saeedi, M. Y., S, Safiri, Sagar, R., A, Sahraian, M. A., A, Xg, S, M. M., T, Salomon, J. A., D, Samy, A. M., T, Sanabria, J. R., T, Td, S, M. D., T, Sandar, L, Santos, I. S., E, J. V., H, Santric, M, M. M., E, Ei, S, R., T, Sartorius, B., T, Ti, S, M., A, Savic, Sawhney, M., T, Saylan, M. I., T, Schöttker, Tl, S, A. E., T, Tn, S, D. C., B, Seedat, S., Q, Seid, A. M., F, Seifu, C. N., I, Sepanlou, S, Xe, S, Servan-Mori, E. E., D, Setegn, T., C, Shackelford, K, Shaheen, A., T, Shahraz, S., T, M. A., T, Shakh-Nazarova, Shamsipour, M, Xh, Shariful, I, S. M., B, Sharma, J., T, She, J., L, Sheikhbahaei, S, Wz, S, Tu, S, Shigematsu, Tw, S, M. -J., T, Shiri, Shoman, H., T, Shrime, M. G., D, Sibamo, E. L. S., I, Sigfusdottir, I. D., U, Silva, D. A. S., U, D. G. A., U, Sindi, Singh, J. A., U, O. P., U, P. K., U, V., U, Sinke, A. H., U, Sinshaw, A. E., U, Skirbekk, V., H, Kn, S, K., J, Smith, A, Sobngwi, E., U, Uk, S, S., U, Soriano, J. B., U, Sousa, T. C. M., U, Sposato, L. A., U, Sreeramareddy, C. T., U, Stathopoulou, Steel, N., J, Ur, S, Steinke, C, M. A., Q, Stranges, S., B, Strong, M., U, Stroumpoulis, K., U, Uv, S, L., I, Sufiyan, M. B., U, Suliankatchi, R. A., U, Sun, J., P, Py, U, Sur, P, Swaminathan, Sykes, B. L., V, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Tabb, K. M., V, Taffere, G. R., A, Talongwa, R. T., V, Tarajia, M., V, Tavakkoli, Taveira, N., V, Vg, T, Tegegne, S, T. K., A, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Tekelab, T., I, Vh, T, D. Y., A, Temam, S, Vi, T, A. S., V, Vk, V, Tesema, A. G., A, Thakur, J. S., V, Thomson, A. J., V, Tillmann, T., E, T. Y., A, Tobe-Gai, R., V, Tonelli, Topor-Madry, Vr, T, Troeger, C, Truelsen, T., V, A. K., F, Jv, U, U. S., V, K. N., V, Undurraga, E. A., V, C. J., V, Uthman, O. A., V, Van, B, J. F. M., J, Van, D, Varughese, S., G, Vasankari, T., W, Venketasubramanian, N., W, Violante, F. S., W, Vladimirov, S. K., W, Vlassov, V. V., W, Vollset, S, Ht, J, Vos, T, Wagner, J, Wakayo, T, Waller, S. G., W, Walson, J, Wg, W, Wang, H, Y. -P., W, Watkins, D, Jz, W, E., B, Wi, W, Wk, W, R. G., D, Oh, W, C. -P., I, Werdecker, A., Q, Wesana, J., W, Wm, W, Wn, W, H. A. a., J, Gi, W, J. D., N, Nz, W, C. S., Q, Wo, W, Wolfe, C. D. A., F, Wp, W, Workicho, A, Wq, W, S. B., I, Wubshet, M., W, Ws, X, D., W, Xu, G., W, A. K., H, Yaghoubi, Yakob, Yan, L. L., W, Yano, Y., W, Yaseri, Xi, Y, H. H., D, Yip, P., X, Xk, Y, N., X, Yoon, S. -J., T, Younis, M. Z., X, Yu, C., X, Xo, Z, Z., X, El Sayed, Z, M., X, Zambrana-Torrelio, Xs, Z, T., X, Z. M., A, Zodpey, Zoeckler, L, L. J., X, Murray, C, Viðskiptadeild (HR), School of Business (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, Molecular Genetics, Cell biology, Neurosciences, Rehabilitation Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Public Health, Hematology, Neurology, Barber, Ryan M, Sorensen, Reed J D, Bollyky, Thoma, McKee, Martin, Nolte, Ellen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abreha, Girmatsion Fisseha, Adane, Kelemework, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adetifa, Ifedayo Morayo O, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Agarwal, Sunilkumar, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alexander, Lily, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amo-Adjei, Joshu, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anderson, Benjamin O, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Assadi, Reza, Astatkie, Ayalew, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atique, Suleman, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Nebiyu Negussu, Azzopardi, Peter, Saleem, Huda Omer Ba, Bärnighausen, Till, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Baye, Kaleab, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Tariku Jibat, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Bori, Birlik, Sait Mente, Birungi, Charle, Biryukov, Stan, Bisanzio, Donal, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Bose, Dipan, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Butt, Zahid A, Cárdenas, Rosario, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Car, Josip, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cecilio, Pedro, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Chen, Alan Z, Chew, Adrienne, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chitheer, Abdulaal A, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesuda, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coggeshall, Megan S, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cortinovis, Monica, Crump, John A, Dalal, Koustuv, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davey, Gail, Davitoiu, Dragos V, Davletov, Kairat, De Leo, Diego, Del Gobbo, Liana C, del Pozo-Cruz, Borja, Dellavalle, Robert P, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Des Jarlais, Don C, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dicker, Daniel, Ding, Eric L, Dokova, Klara, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Enayati, Ahmadali, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Estep, Kara, Fürst, Thoma, Faghmous, Imad D A, Fanuel, Fanuel Belayneh Bekele, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Feigl, Andrea B, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, João C, Feyissa, Tesfaye Regassa, Fischer, Florian, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas D, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle J, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Franklin, Richard C, Frostad, Joseph, G/hiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gao, Wayne, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremichael, Mengistu Welday, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gelaye, Amha Admasie, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Genova-Maleras, Ricard, Gibney, Katherine B, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William W, Gold, Audra, Goldberg, Ellen M, Gona, Philimon N, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Graetz, Nichola, Greaves, Felix, Griswold, Max, Guban, Peter Imre, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Tanush, Gupta, Vipin, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hakuzimana, Alex, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hambisa, Mitiku Teshome, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Harb, Hilda L, Hareri, Habtamu Abera, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Hay, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Huang, John J, Huntley, Bethany M, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Ileanu, Bogdan Vasile, Innos, Kaire, Irenso, Asnake Ararsa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, James, Spencer Lewi, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, John, Denny, Johnson, Catherine, Johnson, Sarah C, Jonas, Jost B, Juel, Knud, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimi, Seyed M, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kastor, Anshul, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Kerbo, Amene Abebe, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah Tawfih Abdullah, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kibret, Getiye Dejenu, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolk, Anneli, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnaswami, Sanjay, Krohn, Kristopher J, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kumsa, Fekede Asefa, Kutz, Michael, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lager, Anton Carl Jona, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lallukka, Tea, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Lansingh, Van C, Larson, Heidi J, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Lawrynowicz, Alicia Elena Beatriz, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lopez, Alan D, Lorch, Scott A, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lunevicius, Raimunda, Lyons, Ronan A, Macarayan, Erlyn Rachelle King, Mackay, Mark T, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mantovani, Lorenzo G, Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Marks, Guy B, Marquez, Neal, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barriento, Massano, João, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, McNellan, Claire, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Meier, Toni, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Meles, Kidanu Gebremariam, Memish, Ziad A, Mengesha, Melkamu Merid, Mengiste, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Menota, Bereket Gebremichael, Mensah, George A, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mezgebe, Haftay Berhane, Micha, Renata, Millear, Anoushka, Mills, Edward J, Minnig, Shawn, Mirarefin, Mojde, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohanty, Sanjay K, Mokdad, Ali H, Mola, Glen Liddell D, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Moses, Mark, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagata, Chie, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naheed, Aliya, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramo, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane, Sudan Prasad, Newton, Charles R, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Ngunjiri, Josephine Wanjiku, Nguyen, Grant, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques N, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Okoro, Anselm, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olagunju, Andrew Toyin, Olivares, Pedro R, Olsen, Helen E, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Osman, Majdi, Owolabi, Mayowa O, PA, Mahesh, Pain, Amanda W, Pakhale, Smita, Castillo, Elizabeth Palomare, Pana, Adrian, Papachristou, Christina, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Paul, Vinod K, Pearce, Neil, Pereira, David M, Perez-Padilla, Rogelio, Perez-Ruiz, Fernando, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pigott, David M, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Polinder, Suzanne, Pond, Constance D, Prakash, V., Purwar, Manorama, Qorbani, Mostafa, Quistberg, D Alex, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Rankin, Zane, Rao, Paturi Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja C, Rawaf, Salman, Rego, Maria Albertina Santiago, Reitsma, Marissa, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Satar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Rokni, Mohammad Bagher, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Nawal K, Sachdev, Perminder S, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Saeedi, Mohammad Yahya, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan Ramon, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolore, Sandar, Logan, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Milicevic, Milena M Santric, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete I, Schöttker, Ben, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Seid, Abdulbasit Musa, Seifu, Canaan Negash, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serdar, Berrin, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shackelford, Katya Anne, Shaheen, Amira, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Shamsipour, Mansour, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Sharma, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shoman, Haitham, Shrime, Mark G, Sibamo, Ephrem Lejore Sibamo, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alve, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy Hiruye, Sinshaw, Aklilu Endalamaw, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sliwa, Karen, Smith, Alison, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soneji, Samir, Soriano, Joan B, Sousa, Tatiane Cristina Morae, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nichola, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steinke, Sabine, Stokes, Mark Andrew, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Sturua, Lela, Sufiyan, Muawiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi, Rizwan Abdulkader, Sun, Jiandong, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Taffere, Getachew Redae, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarajia, Musharaf, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Teeple, Stephanie, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelab, Tesfalidet, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesema, Azeb Gebresilassie, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Tillmann, Taavi, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada, Miguel, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thoma, Tura, Abera Kenay, Uchendu, Uche S, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Boven, Job F M, Van Dingenen, Rita, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wakayo, Tolassa, Waller, Stephen G, Walson, Judd L, Wang, Haidong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Watkins, David A, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Wen, Chi-Pang, Werdecker, Andrea, Wesana, Joshua, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Woldeyes, Belete Getahun, Wolfe, Charles D A, Won, Sungho, Workicho, Abdulhalik, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xavier, Deni, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yaghoubi, Mohsen, Yakob, Bereket, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yimam, Hassen Hamid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zenebe, Zerihun Menlkalew, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zoeckler, Leo, Zuhlke, Liesl Joanna, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Diseases, Health insurance, Globan Burden of Disease, Healthcare Access, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, Methods, Psychology, LIFE EXPECTANCY, Risk assessment, Public health, Globan Burden of Disease, Injuries, Tölfræði, Sjúkdómar, Statistics, DEATH, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Healthcare access, Health status indicators, Health policy, Global burden of disease, Gæðastjórnun, Sálfræði, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Lýðheilsa, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Standards, UNITED-STATES, Sjúkratryggingar, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, Public health systems, medicine (all), Áhættugreining, Science & Technology, Health services accessibility, Staðlar, TRENDS, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, MEDICAL-CARE, AVOIDABLE MORTALITY, Áverkar, Aðferðafræði, Quality of health care, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract: Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

15. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, McNellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, AlBuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arnlov, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bejot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabe, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Boris, Binagwaho, Agnes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert RA, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Helene, Cardenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castillo Rivas, Jacqueline, Catala-Lopez, Ferran, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecilio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, das Neves, Jose, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Jarlais, Don C Des, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Sofia e Sa Farinha, Carla, Faro, Andre, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Mendonca Felicio, Manuela, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph RA, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Furst, Thomas, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Giussani, Giorgia, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nicholas, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Gugnani, Harish, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutierrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica AFM, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayaraman, Sudha P, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, Andre, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Francoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfi K Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-Il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Hans, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Anders, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, James, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlos, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, Joao, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, McGrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert BM, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moges, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefi, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafi U, Monasta, Lorenzo, De la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Montanez Hernandez, Julio Cesar, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Mahesh, PA, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, Joao Mario, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frederic B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz HS, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Rios Blancas, Maria Jesus, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santos, Joao Vasco, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Ines, Schneider, Ione JC, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Naris, Santos Silva, Diego Augusto, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Soreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed JD, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeff rey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nicholas, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stockl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, JS, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Nogales Vasconcelos, Ana Maria, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles DA, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlos, Zapata, Tomas, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, Murray, Christopher JL, Collaborators, GBD 2015 SDG, Stephen S., Lim, Kate, Allen, Zulfi qar A., Bhutta, Lalit, Dandona, Mohammad H., Forouzanfar, Nancy, Fullman, Peter W., Gething, Ellen M., Goldberg, Simon I., Hay, Mollie, Holmberg, Yohannes, Kinfu, Michael J., Kutz, Heidi J., Larson, Xiaofeng, Liang, Alan D., Lopez, Rafael, Lozano, Claire R., Mcnellan, Ali H., Mokdad, Meghan D., Mooney, Mohsen, Naghavi, Helen E., Olsen, David M., Pigott, Joshua A., Salomon, Theo, Vo, Haidong, Wang, Amanuel Alemu, Abajobir, Kalkidan Hassen, Abate, Cristiana, Abbafati, Kaja M., Abba, Foad Abd, Allah, Abdishakur M., Abdulle, Biju, Abraham, Ibrahim, Abubakar, Laith J., Abu Raddad, Niveen M. E., Abu Rmeileh, Gebre Yitayih, Abyu, Tom, Achoki, Akindele Olupelumi, Adebiyi, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedeji, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afanvi, Ashkan, Afshin, Arnav, Agarwal, Anurag, Agrawal, Aliasghar Ahmad, Kiadaliri, Hamid, Ahmadieh, Kedir Yimam, Ahmed, Ali Shafqat, Akanda, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemi, Tomi F., Akinyemiju, Nadia, Akseer, Ziyad Al, Aly, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alam, Deena, Alasfoor, Fadia S., Albuhairan, Saleh Fahed, Aldhahri, Robert William, Aldridge, Zewdie Aderaw, Alemu, Raghib, Ali, Ala’A, Alkerwi, Mohammad AB, Alkhateeb, François, Alla, Peter, Allebeck, Christine, Allen, Rajaa Al, Raddadi, Khalid A., Altirkawi, Elena Alvarez, Martin, Nelson Alvis, Guzman, Azmeraw T., Amare, Alemayehu, Amberbir, Adeladza Kofi, Amegah, Heresh, Amini, Walid, Ammar, Stephen Marc, Amrock, Hjalte H., Andersen, Benjamin O., Anderson, Gregory M., Anderson, Carl Abelardo T., Antonio, Palwasha, Anwari, Johan, Ärnlöv, Al, Artaman, Hamid, Asayesh, Rana Jawad, Asghar, Suleman, Atique, Euripide Frinel G., Arthur Avokpaho, Ashish, Awasthi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Quintanilla, Peter, Azzopardi, Umar, Bacha, Alaa, Badawi, Kalpana, Balakrishnan, Amitava, Banerjee, Aleksandra, Barac, Ryan, Barber, Suzanne L., Barker Collo, Till, Bärnighausen, Lope H., Barrero, Tonatiuh Barrientos, Gutierrez, Sanjay, Basu, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Shahrzad Bazargan, Hejazi, Justin, Beardsley, Neeraj, Bedi, Ettore, Beghi, Yannick, Béjot, Michelle L., Bell, Aminu K., Bello, Derrick A., Bennett, Isabela M., Bensenor, Habib, Benzian, Adugnaw, Berhane, Eduardo, Bernabé, Oscar Alberto, Bernal, Balem Demtsu, Betsu, Addisu Shunu, Beyene, Neeraj, Bhala, Samir, Bhatt, Sibhatu, Biadgilign, Kelly A., Bienhoff, Boris, Bikbov, Agnes, Binagwaho, Donal, Bisanzio, Espen, Bjertne, Jed, Blore, Rupert R. A., Bourne, Michael, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Alexandra, Brazinova, Nicholas J. K., Breitborde, David M., Broday, Traolach S., Brugha, Rachelle, Buchbinder, Zahid A., Butt, Leah E., Cahill, Ismael Ricardo Campos, Nonato, Julio Cesar, Campuzano, Hélène, Carabin, Rosario, Cárdena, Juan Jesus, Carrero, Austin, Carter, Daniel, Casey, Valeria, Caso, Carlos A., Castañeda Orjuela, Jacqueline Castillo, Riva, Ferrán Catalá, López, Fiorella, Cavalleri, Pedro, Cecílio, Hsing Yi, Chang, Jung Chen, Chang, Fiona J., Charlson, Xuan, Che, Alan Zian, Chen, Peggy Pei Chia, Chiang, Mirriam, Chibalabala, Vesper Hichilombwe, Chisumpa, Jee Young Jasmine, Choi, Rajiv, Chowdhury, Hanne, Christensen, Liliana G., Ciobanu, Cirillo, Massimo, Matthew M., Coate, Megan, Coggeshall, Aaron J., Cohen, Graham S., Cooke, Cyrus, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cooper, Benjamin C., Cowie, John A., Crump, Solomon Abrha, Damtew, Rakhi, Dandona, Paul I., Dargan, José das, Neve, Adrian C., Davi, Kairat, Davletov, E., Filipa de Castro, Diego De, Leo, Louisa, Degenhardt, Liana C., Del Gobbo, Kebede, Deribe, Sarah, Derrett, Don C., Des Jarlai, Aniruddha, Deshpande, Gabrielle A., Deveber, Subhojit, Dey, Samath D., Dharmaratne, Preet K., Dhillon, Eric L., Ding, E., Ray Dorsey, Kerrie E., Doyle, Tim R., Driscoll, Leilei, Duan, Manisha, Dubey, Bruce Bartholow, Duncan, Hedyeh, Ebrahimi, Aman Yesuf, Endrie, Sergey Petrovich, Ermakov, Holly E., Erskine, Babak, Eshrati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Saman, Fahimi, Talha A., Farid, Carla Sofi a. e., Sa Farinha, André, Faro, Maryam S., Farvid, Farshad, Farzadfar, Valery L., Feigin, Manuela Mendonca, Felicio, Seyed Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Jefferson G., Fernande, Joao C., Fernande, Alize J., Ferrari, Florian, Fischer, Joseph R. A., Fitchett, Christina, Fitzmaurice, Nataliya, Foigt, Kyle, Foreman, F. Gerry R., Fowke, Elisabeth Barboza, Franca, Richard C., Franklin, Maya, Fraser, Joseph, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Thomas, Fürst, Belinda, Gabbe, Alberto L., Garcia Basteiro, Teshome, Gebre, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebrehiwot, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebremedhin, Alemseged Aregay, Gebru, Bradford D., Gessner, Richard F., Gillum, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Ginawi, Ababi Zergaw, Giref, Maurice, Giroud, Melkamu Dedefo, Gishu, William, Godwin, Philimon, Gona, Amador, Goodridge, Sameer Vali, Gopalani, Carolyn C., Gotay, Atsushi, Goto, Hebe N., Gouda, Nicholas, Graetz, Karen Fern, Greenwell, Max, Griswold, Yuming, Guo, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gupta, Reyna A., Gutiérrez, Bishal, Gyawali, Juanita A., Haagsma, Annie, Haakenstad, Nima Hafezi, Nejad, Demewoz, Haile, Gessessew Bugssa, Hailu, Yara A., Halasa, Randah Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, Mouhanad, Hammami, Graeme J., Hankey, Hilda L., Harb, Josep Maria, Haro, Mohammad Sadegh, Hassanvand, Rasmus, Havmoeller, Ileana Beatriz Heredia, Pi, Hans W., Hoek, Masako, Horino, Nobuyuki, Horita, H., Dean Hosgood, Damian G., Hoy, Aung Soe, Htet, Guoqing, Hu, Hsiang, Huang, Kim Moesgaard, Iburg, Bulat T., Idrisov, Manami, Inoue, Farhad, Islami, Troy A., Jacob, Kathryn H., Jacobsen, Nader, Jahanmehr, Mihajlo B., Jakovljevic, Peter, Jame, Henrica A. F. M., Jansen, Mehdi, Javanbakht, Achala Upendra, Jayatilleke, Sun Ha, Jee, Panniyammakal, Jeemon, Vivekanand, Jha, Ying, Jiang, Tariku, Jibat, Ye, Jin, Jost B., Jona, Zubair, Kabir, Yogeshwar, Kalkonde, Ritul, Kamal, Haidong, Kan, Amit, Kandel, André, Karch, Corine Kakizi, Karema, Chante, Karimkhani, Palitha, Karunapema, Amir, Kasaeian, Nicholas J., Kassebaum, Anil, Kaul, Norito, Kawakami, Jeanne Françoise, Kayibanda, Peter Njenga, Keiyoro, Laura, Kemmer, Andrew Haddon, Kemp, Andre Pascal, Kengne, Andre, Keren, Chandrasekharan Nair, Kesavachandran, Yousef Saleh, Khader, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young Ho, Khang, Tawfi k., Ahmed Muthafer Khoja, Ardeshir, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Christian, Kieling, Cho il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Ruth W., Kimokoti, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Luke D., Knibb, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Dhaval, Kolte, Soewarta, Kosen, Georgios A., Kotsaki, Parvaiz A., Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Hans, Krueger, Barthelemy Kuate, Defo, Ricardo S., Kuchenbecker, Ernst J., Kuiper, Xie Rachel, Kulikoff, Veena S., Kulkarni, G., Anil Kumar, Gene F., Kwan, Hmwe H., Kyu, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Hilton, Lam, Qing, Lan, Sinead M., Langan, Anders, Larsson, Dennis Odai, Laryea, Asma Abdul, Latif, Janet L., Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Li, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven E., Lipshultz, Patrick Y., Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Liu, Belinda K., Lloyd, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Paulo A., Lotufo, Robyn M., Luca, Raimundas, Luneviciu, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Razek, Carlos Magis, Rodriguez, Mahdi, Mahdavi, Marek, Majdan, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho, Malta, Chabila C., Mapoma, David Joel, Margoli, Randall V., Martin, Jose Martinez, Raga, Felix, Masiye, Amanda J., Mason Jone, João, Massano, Richard, Matzopoulo, Bongani M., Mayosi, John J., Mcgrath, Martin, Mckee, Peter A., Meaney, Alem, Mehari, Alemayehu B., Mekonnen, Yohannes Adama, Melaku, Peter, Memiah, Ziad A., Memish, Walter, Mendoza, Gert B. M., Mensink, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Meretoja, Yonatan Moges Mesfi, N, Francis Apolinary, Mhimbira, Renata, Micha, Ted R., Miller, Edward J., Mill, Mojde Mirarefi, N, Awoke, Misganaw, Philip B., Mitchell, Charles N., Mock, Alireza, Mohammadi, Shafi u., Mohammed, Lorenzo, Monasta, Jonathan de la Cruz, Moni, Julio Cesar Montañez, Hernandez, Marcella, Montico, Maziar Moradi, Lakeh, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Ulrich O., Mueller, Michele E., Murdoch, Brighton, Murimira, Joseph, Murray, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul Imran, Musa, Jean B., Nachega, Gabriele, Nagel, Kovin S., Naidoo, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruce, Neal, Chakib, Nejjari, Charles R., Newton, John N., Newton, Frida Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Peter, Nguhiu, Grant, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nguyen, Muhammad Imran, Nisar, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Pete, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole F., Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Carla Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Pedro R., Olivare, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, John Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard H., Osborne, Erika, Ota, Mayowa O., Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Eun Kee, Park, Hye Youn, Park, Charles D., Parry, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, Vikram, Patel, Angel J., Paternina Caicedo, Snehal T., Patil, Scott B., Patten, George C., Patton, Deepak, Paudel, João Mário, Pedro, David M., Pereira, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael Robert, Phillip, Frédéric B., Piel, Julian David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Farhad, Pishgar, Suzanne, Polinder, Richie G., Poulton, Farshad, Pourmalek, Mostafa, Qorbani, Rynaz H. S., Rabiee, Amir, Radfar, Vafa Rahimi, Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rahman, Rajesh Kumar, Rai, Sasa, Rajsic, Murugesan, Raju, Usha, Ram, Saleem M., Rana, Chhabi Lal, Ranabhat, Kavitha, Ranganathan, Puja C., Rao, Amany H., Refaat, Marissa B., Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Serge, Resnikoff, Antonio L., Ribeiro, Maria Jesus Rios, Blanca, Hirbo Shore, Roba, Bayard, Robert, Alina, Rodriguez, David Rojas, Rueda, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory A., Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Roy, Ben Benasco, Sackey, Rajesh, Sagar, Muhammad Muhammad, Saleh, Juan R., Sanabria, Damian F., Santomauro, Itamar S., Santo, Rodrigo Sarmiento, Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Susan M., Sawyer, Josef, Schmidhuber, Maria Inês, Schmidt, Ione J. C., Schneider, Aletta E., Schutte, David C., Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Sadaf G., Sepanlou, Edson E., Servan Mori, Katya, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Teresa Shamah, Levy, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Kevin N., Sheth, Muki, Shey, Peilin, Shi, Kenji, Shibuya, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Kawkab, Shishani, Ivy, Shiue, Inga Dora, Sigfusdottir, Naris, Silpakit, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, Jonathan I., Silverberg, Edgar P., Simard, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M., Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Vegard, Skirbekk, Amber, Sligar, Samir, Soneji, Kjetil, Søreide, Reed J. D., Sorensen, Joan B., Soriano, Sergey, Soshnikov, Luciano A., Sposato, Chandrashekhar T., Sreeramareddy, Hans Christian, Stahl, Jeff rey D., Stanaway, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nadine, Steckling, Nicholas, Steel, Dan J., Stein, Caitlyn, Steiner, Heidi, Stöckl, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Jiandong, Sun, Bruno F., Sunguya, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan L., Syke, Cassandra E. I., Szoeke, Rafael Tabarés, Seisdedo, Karen M., Tabb, Roberto Tchio, Talongwa, Mohammed Rasoul, Tarawneh, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Bineyam, Taye, Hugh R., Taylor, Bemnet Amare, Tedla, Worku, Tefera, Teketo Kassaw, Tegegne, Dejen Yemane, Tekle, Girma Temam, Shifa, Abdullah Sulieman, Terkawi, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema, J. S., Thakur, Alan J., Thomson, Andrew L., Thorne Lyman, Amanda G., Thrift, George D., Thurston, Taavi, Tillmann, Ruoyan Tobe, Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman Topor, Madry, Fotis, Topouzi, Bach Xuan, Tran, Zacharie Tsala, Dimbuene, Abera Kenay, Tura, Emin Murat, Tuzcu, Stefanos, Tyrovola, Kingsley Nnanna, Ukwaja, Eduardo A., Undurraga, Chigozie Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan A., Uthman, Aaron van, Donkelaar, Yuri Y., Varakin, Tommi, Vasankari, Ana Maria Nogales, Vasconcelo, J., Lennert Veerman, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Raj Kumar, Verma, Francesco S., Violante, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vlassov, Patricia, Volkow, Stein Emil, Vollset, Gregory R., Wagner, Mitchell T., Wallin, Linhong, Wang, Valentine, Wanga, David A., Watkin, Scott, Weichenthal, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert G., Weintraub, Daniel J., Wei, Andrea, Werdecker, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey A., Whiteford, James D., Wilkinson, Charles Shey, Wiysonge, Charles D. A., Wolfe, Ingrid, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Anthony D., Woolf, Shimelash Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Gelin, Xu, Ajit Kumar, Yadav, Bereket, Yakob, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yalew, Lijing L., Yan, Yuichiro, Yano, Mehdi, Yaseri, Pengpeng, Ye, Paul, Yip, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Seok Jun, Yoon, Mustafa Z., Youni, Chuanhua, Yu, Zoubida, Zaidi, Maysaa El Sayed, Zaki, Carlos Zambrana, Torrelio, Tomas, Zapata, Elias Asfaw, Zegeye, Yi, Zhao, Maigeng, Zhou, Sanjay, Zodpey, David, Zonie, Christopher J. L., Murray, Lim, Stephen S, Allen, Kate, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Dandona, Lalit, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Goldberg, Ellen M, Hay, Simon I, Holmberg, Mollie, Kinfu, Yohanne, Kutz, Michael J, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mcnellan, Claire R, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Olsen, Helen E, Pigott, David M, Salomon, Joshua A, Vos, Theo, Wang, Haidong, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Kedir Yimam, Akanda, Ali Shafqat, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Uzma, Alasfoor, Deena, Albuhairan, Fadia S, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'A, Alkhateeb, Mohammad AB, Alla, Françoi, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basu, Sanjay, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Bernal, Oscar Alberto, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly A, Bikbov, Bori, Binagwaho, Agne, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brauer, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Broday, David M, Brugha, Traolach S, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Butt, Zahid A, Cahill, Leah E, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Carabin, Hélène, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesu, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cavalleri, Fiorella, Cecílio, Pedro, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charlson, Fiona J, Che, Xuan, Chen, Alan Zian, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Chibalabala, Mirriam, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christensen, Hanne, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Cohen, Aaron J, Cooke, Graham S, Cooper, Cyru, Cooper, Leslie Trumbull, Cowie, Benjamin C, Crump, John A, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargan, Paul I, Neves, José da, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, de Castro, E Filipa, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Del Gobbo, Liana C, Deribe, Kebede, Derrett, Sarah, Des Jarlais, Don C, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Deveber, Gabrielle A, Dey, Subhojit, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Dorsey, E Ray, Doyle, Kerrie E, Driscoll, Tim R, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Duncan, Bruce Bartholow, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Erskine, Holly E, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Fahimi, Saman, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feigin, Valery L, Felicio, Manuela Mendonca, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Jefferson G, Fernandes, Joao C, Ferrari, Alize J, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Foigt, Nataliya, Foreman, Kyle, Fowkes, F Gerry R, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Franklin, Richard C, Fraser, Maya, Friedman, Joseph, Frostad, Joseph, Fürst, Thoma, Gabbe, Belinda, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Gessner, Bradford D, Gillum, Richard F, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Giroud, Maurice, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Godwin, William, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gotay, Carolyn C, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Graetz, Nichola, Greenwell, Karen Fern, Griswold, Max, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gutiérrez, Reyna A, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Haakenstad, Annie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Halasa, Yara A, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hammami, Mouhanad, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassanvand, Mohammad Sadegh, Havmoeller, Rasmu, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hoy, Damian G, Htet, Aung Soe, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Hsiang, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Inoue, Manami, Islami, Farhad, Jacobs, Troy A, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo B, James, Peter, Jansen, Henrica A F M, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kandel, Amit, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Karimkhani, Chante, Karunapema, Palitha, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemmer, Laura, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Sungroul, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotsakis, Georgios A, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kravchenko, Michael, Krueger, Han, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Kuchenbecker, Ricardo S, Kuipers, Ernst J, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Kulkarni, Veena S, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lan, Qing, Langan, Sinead M, Larsson, Ander, Laryea, Dennis Odai, Latif, Asma Abdul, Leasher, Janet L, Leigh, Jame, Leinsalu, Mall, Leung, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Levi, Miriam, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lind, Margaret, Linn, Shai, Lipshultz, Steven E, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Yang, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Loon-Tzian, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimunda, El Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd, Magis-Rodriguez, Carlo, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mapoma, Chabila C, Margolis, David Joel, Martin, Randall V, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Masiye, Felix, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Massano, João, Matzopoulos, Richard, Mayosi, Bongani M, Mcgrath, John J, Mckee, Martin, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mensink, Gert B M, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesfin, Yonatan Moge, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Micha, Renata, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mitchell, Philip B, Mock, Charles N, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, de la Cruz Monis, Jonathan, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murdoch, Michele E, Murimira, Brighton, Murray, Joseph, Murthy, Gudlavalleti Venkata Satyanarayana, Murthy, Sriniva, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nachega, Jean B, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nangia, Vinay, Neal, Bruce, Nejjari, Chakib, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Grant, Le Nguyen, Quyen, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Nolte, Sandra, Nomura, Marika, Norheim, Ole F, Norrving, Bo, Obermeyer, Carla Makhlouf, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Opio, John Nelson, Oren, Eyal, Ortiz, Alberto, Osborne, Richard H, Ota, Erika, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Pa, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parry, Charles D, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Patel, Teja, Patel, Vikram, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patil, Snehal T, Patten, Scott B, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Piel, Frédéric B, Pillay, Julian David, Pinho, Christine, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Poulton, Richie G, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Radfar, Amir, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Rajsic, Sasa, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranganathan, Kavitha, Rao, Puja C, Refaat, Amany H, Reitsma, Marissa B, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Ribeiro, Antonio L, Blancas, Maria Jesus Rio, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Roberts, Bayard, Rodriguez, Alina, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Roy, Ambuj, Roy, Nobhojit, Sackey, Ben Benasco, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Santomauro, Damian F, Santos, Itamar S, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Sawyer, Susan M, Schmidhuber, Josef, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schneider, Ione J C, Schutte, Aletta E, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Shackelford, Katya, Shaheen, Amira, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Levy, Teresa Shamah, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shey, Muki, Shi, Peilin, Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shishani, Kawkab, Shiue, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silpakit, Nari, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silverberg, Jonathan I, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Gitanjali M, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sligar, Amber, Soneji, Samir, Søreide, Kjetil, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stahl, Hans-Christian, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steckling, Nadine, Steel, Nichola, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Stöckl, Heidi, Stranges, Saverio, Strong, Mark, Sun, Jiandong, Sunguya, Bruno F, Sur, Patrick, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabb, Karen M, Talongwa, Roberto Tchio, Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Taylor, Hugh R, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku, Tegegne, Teketo Kassaw, Tekle, Dejen Yemane, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thakur, J.S., Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Thrift, Amanda G, Thurston, George D, Tillmann, Taavi, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Foti, Tran, Bach Xuan, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tuzcu, Emin Murat, Tyrovolas, Stefano, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, van Donkelaar, Aaron, Varakin, Yuri Y, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogale, Veerman, J Lennert, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Volkow, Patricia, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wagner, Gregory R, Wallin, Mitchell T, Wang, Linhong, Wanga, Valentine, Watkins, David A, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wilkinson, James D, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Woolf, Anthony D, Workie, Shimelash Bitew, Wubshet, Mamo, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yalew, Ayalnesh Zemene, Yan, Lijing L, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Zambrana-Torrelio, Carlo, Zapata, Toma, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zonies, David, and Murray, Christopher J L
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, spline regressions, Health Status, Global Health, Goal, Health Statu, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Universal Health Insurance, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, health-related SDG performance indicators, socio-demographic index, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Conservation of Natural Resource, Disabled Persons, Health Status Indicator, Medicine(all), Insurance, Health, Risk Factor, Medicine (all), Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, Cost of Illne, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Disabled Person, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Universal Coverage, Goals, Human
Abstract: Summary Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59·3 (95% uncertainty interval 56·8–61·8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85·5 (84·2–86·5) in Iceland to 20·4 (15·4–24·9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r2=0·88) and the MDG index (r2=0·92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r2=0·79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7·9 (IQR 5·0–10·4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10·0 [6·7–13·1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5·5 [2·1–8·9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for universal health coverage tracer interventions. Moderate improvements were found for indicators such as HIV and tuberculosis incidence, minimal changes for hepatitis B incidence took place, and childhood overweight considerably worsened. Interpretation GBD provides an independent, comparable avenue for monitoring progress towards the health-related SDGs. Our analysis not only highlights the importance of income, education, and fertility as drivers of health improvement but also emphasises that investments in these areas alone will not be sufficient. Although considerable progress on the health-related MDG indicators has been made, these gains will need to be sustained and, in many cases, accelerated to achieve the ambitious SDG targets. The minimal improvement in or worsening of health-related indicators beyond the MDGs highlight the need for additional resources to effectively address the expanded scope of the health-related SDGs. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources

Refine your results

15 results on '"Nicholas Graetz"'

1. Small area estimation of under-5 mortality in Bangladesh, Cameroon, Chad, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia using spatially misaligned data

2. Structural vulnerability to narcotics-driven firearm violence: An ethnographic and epidemiological study of Philadelphia's Puerto Rican inner-city.

3. Improving the estimation of educational attainment: New methods for assessing average years of schooling from binned data.

4. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

5. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

6. Mapping diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine coverage in Africa, 2000–2016: a spatial and temporal modelling study

7. Variation in Childhood Diarrheal Morbidity and Mortality in Africa, 2000-2015

8. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013

9. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

10. Mapping child growth failure in Africa between 2000 and 2015

11. Mapping under-5 and neonatal mortality in Africa, 2000-15: a baseline analysis for the Sustainable Development Goals

12. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

13. The global burden of injury: Incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the global burden of disease study 2013

14. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

15. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Catalog

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

15 results on '"Nicholas Graetz"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources