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Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema are conditions that carry significant morbidity. They are uncommonly seen as complications of lung abscess formation and prompt recognition and treatment is necessary. We present a 59‐year‐old male patient who complained of shortness of breath and chest pain for 2 weeks. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax showed a left lower lobe lung abscess. This was associated with leucocytosis and raised C‐reactive protein. Ultrasound‐guided drainage revealed viscous pus requiring manual aspiration for adequate drainage. The patient later developed extensive pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema involving the pretracheal space, without evidence of pneumothorax. Left lower lobectomy was performed to control sepsis. The patient achieved a complete recovery following his surgery and antibiotic treatment, with interval resolution of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. We present the radiological and clinical features leading to the diagnosis of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Previous studies found that the fractional nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath (FeNO) levels in healthy Chinese adults was higher than in White adults. More understanding of serial changes of FeNO levels with asthma control in a real-life clinical setting would be important to explore the utility of this biomarker in routine asthma management. This study assessed the FeNO levels of Chinese asthma subjects with different levels of asthma control and the serial changes with respect to the changes in asthma control over 1 year., Methods: A 12-month prospective study (subjects recruited between November 2019 and January 2021) with serial measurement of FeNO levels at baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months. Asthma control was assessed by the Global Initiative for Asthma classification, Asthma Control Test (ACT) and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ)., Results: Altogether, 136 subjects (mean age 51.51±15.09 years, 46[33.8%] male) had successful baseline FeNO measurements. At baseline, the FeNO levels did not show a statistically significant difference for controlled, partly controlled and uncontrolled asthma according to GINA classification, ACT and ACQ. FeNO levels decreased with improving asthma control and stayed at similar levels with unchanged or worsening asthma control for all subjects. For subjects with baseline blood eosinophil levels ≥300 cells/µL(n=59), FeNO levels decreased with improving asthma control, stayed similar without change for asthma control and increased with worsening asthma control. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with the highest area under curve (AUC) for changes in FeNO levels for improving asthma control was between ≤ -10 to -25 ppb at various time points in the 12-month study., Conclusion: Changes in FeNO levels over time were associated with changes in clinical asthma control, particularly in those with higher blood eosinophil count and are likely more useful than a single time point measurement in managing asthma., Competing Interests: All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this manuscript., (© 2023 Ko et al.)

Background: Microwave ablation of lung nodules may provide a faster, larger and more predictable ablation zone than other energy sources, while bronchoscopic transbronchial ablation has theoretical advantage of fewer pleural-based complications than percutaneous approach. Our study aims to determine whether the novel combination of bronchoscopic approach and microwave ablation in management of lung nodules is technically feasible, safe and effective., Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of a single center experience in electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy microwave ablation in hybrid operating room. Patients had high surgical risks while lung nodules were either proven malignant or radiologically suspicious. Primary endpoints include technical feasibility and safety., Results: Total of 30 lung nodules from 25 patients were treated. Mean nodule size was 15.1 mm, and bronchus directly leads to the nodules (bronchus sign positive) in only half of them. Technical success rate was 100%, although some nodules required double ablation for adequate coverage. Mean minimal ablation margin was 5.51 mm. The mean actual ablation zone volume was -21.4% compared to predicted, likely due to significant tissue contraction ranging from 0-43%. There was no significant heat sink effect. Mean hospital stay was 1.73 days, and only 1 patient stayed for more than 3 days. Complications included pain (13.3%), pneumothorax requiring drainage (6.67%), post-ablation reaction (6.67%), pleural effusion (3.33%) and hemoptysis (3.33%). After median follow up of 12 months, none of the nodules had evidence of progression., Conclusions: Bronchoscopic transbronchial microwave ablation is safe and feasible for treatment of malignant lung nodules. Prospective study on clinical application of this novel technique is warranted., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tlcr-20-1231). CSHN is a consultant for Johnson and Johnson; Medtronic, USA; and Siemens Healthineer. RWHL is a consultant for Medtronic, USA; and Siemens Healthineer. TSKM has no potential conflicts of interest that exist with companies/organizations whose products or services are discussed in this article. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2021 Translational Lung Cancer Research. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objective: Mesenteric fat thickness (MFT) was associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in separate studies. This study aimed to assess whether the association of MFT with MetS was independent of OSA in subjects with suspected OSA., Methods: Two hundred forty-two subjects (men: 181; women: 61) with suspected OSA underwent ultrasound examinations for measurements of mesenteric, subcutaneous and preperitoneal fat thicknesses after overnight polysomnography. Anthropometric measurements and metabolic risk profile were assessed., Results: Two hundred twenty-one (91%) subjects were confirmed to have OSA with Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (AHI) >5/h. MFT had significant correlation (P < 0.01) with AHI and most MetS components. In partial correlation with adjustment for AHI, MFT had significant correlation (P < 0.01) with most MetS components including fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.25), triglycerides (r = 0.24), HDL cholesterol (r = -0.29) and waist circumference (r = 0.56). In multivariate logistic regression with adjustments for the confounding variables including AHI, MFT was the only variable independently associated with MetS, with the odds ratio of 5.48 (95% CI: 1.5-20.0) for every 1 cm increase of MFT. When the subjects were subdivided into obese (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m(2) ) and non-obese (BMI < 27.5 kg/m(2) ) groups, the positive association of MFT with MetS persisted in the non-obese group only, with the odds ratio of 22 (95% CI 2.8-174.1) for every 1 cm increase of MFT. The AHI had significant association with MetS in male subjects only., Conclusion: MFT, rather than AHI, is the major independent determinant of MetS in subjects with suspected OSA, particularly in non-obese subjects. See Editorial, page 408., (© 2015 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)

Background and Objective: Mesenteric fat is a type of intraperitoneal adipose tissue draining into portal circulation. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between mesenteric fat thickness and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in patients with suspected OSA., Methods: One hundred forty-nine subjects (men: 114; women: 35) with suspected OSA underwent ultrasound examinations of mesenteric, preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat thickness after overnight polysomnography. Body mass index (BMI) and neck circumference were recorded., Results: The subjects with OSA (n = 130, apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI) >5/h) had greater neck circumference, higher BMI, and greater mesenteric and preperitoneal fat thickness than those without OSA (n = 19, AHI ≤ 5/h). There was positive correlation of AHI with mesenteric (r = 0.43, P < 0.001) and preperitoneal fat thickness (r = 0.3, P < 0.001), whereas no significant association was observed between AHI and subcutaneous fat thickness (r = 0.09, P = 0.27). On multivariate logistic regression, after adjustments for gender, age, BMI, neck circumference, and preperitoneal and subcutaneous fat thickness, the mesenteric fat thickness had a positive association with the presence of moderate OSA and severe OSA, with odds ratios of 7.18 and 7.45 for every 1 cm increase in mesenteric fat thickness when AHI was defined as ≥15/h and AHI ≥ 30/h, respectively., Conclusions: Mesenteric fat thickness is associated with increased risk of OSA, independent of other abdominal fat thickness, BMI and neck circumference. Sonographic measurement is potentially a useful tool for further evaluating the complex association of visceral fat, metabolic syndrome and OSA., (© 2013 The Authors. Respirology © 2013 Asian Pacific Society of Respirology.)