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Objective: To examine the short-term health effects of air pollution on daily mortality in four Australian cities (Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney), where more than 50% of Australians reside. Methods: The study used a similar protocol to APHEA2 (Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach) study and derived single-city and pooled estimates. Results: The results derived from the different approaches for the 1996-99 period showed consistent results for different statistical models used. There were significant effects on total mortality, (RR=1.0284 per 1 unit increase in nephelometry [[10.sup.-4].[m.sup.-1]], RR=1.0011 per 1 ppb increase in N[O.sub.2]), and on respiratory mortality (RR=1.0022 per 1ppb increase in [O.sub.3]). No significant differences between cities were found, but the N[O.sub.2] and particle effects may refer to the same impacts. Meta-analyses carried out for three cities yielded estimates for the increase in the daily total number of deaths of 0.2% (-0.8% to 1.2%) for a 10 [micro]g/[m.sup.3] increase in P[M.sub.10] concentration, and 0.9% (-0.7% to 2.5%) for a 10 [micro]g/[m.sup.3] increase in P[M.sub.2.5] concentration. Conclusions: Air pollutants in Australian cities have significant effects on mortality.

Comments on the ways to improve the relationship between environmental and public health management in Australia. Discussion on biotic impoverishment; Overview of the complexity of environmental health management in the country; Information on the National Environmental Health Strategy and its significance for the country.

The objective of this prospective pilot study was to investigate the predictors of outcome at 6 months for whiplash-associated disorder in a general practitioner primary care population. Psychosocial screening questionnaires, patient-reported outcomes of cervical functional impairment, demographic and accident-specific data have been indicated as predictive of future recovery status and treatment requirements. Participants (n=30, age=37+/-14 years, 77% females) from eight general practitioners were initially screened with a modified Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire, and had recovery status monitored and classified for 6 months using both patient-reported outcomes, quantitatively (Neck Disability Index) and qualitatively (patient status self-classification). Analysis at two separate cutoff levels showed 30% of participants nonrecovered and 17% with moderate/severe impairment. Nonrecovery status and increased treatment was predicted by a 109-point screening score cutoff while moderate/severe impairment was predicted by including the presence of cervical rotation at impact. Initial cervical functional impairment status measured with the Neck Disability Index was sensitive but not specific for prediction. A larger population study investigating these protocols is warranted.