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Kumaravel Kaliaperumal,1 Emna Hidoussi Sakly,1,2 Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti,3 Abinaya Gayathri,1 Kumaran Subramanian,4 Nabil Nasraoui,5 Mohammad Aly Ibrahim,6 Salma Aly Ibrahim6 1Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, India; 2Department of Dentistry, Hadj Ali Soua Hospital Ksar Hellal, Oral Health and OroFacial Rehabilitation Laboratory Research (LR12ES11), Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; 3Department of Dentistry, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba – UEPB, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil; 4P.G.Research Department of Microbiology, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India; 5Dentistry-Endodontics, University of Monastir, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, Department of Restorative Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia; 6Faculty of Medicine, University of Tanta, Tanta, EgyptCorrespondence: Emna Hidoussi Sakly, Email minoumd@gmail.comIntroduction: Root canal retreatment is carried out in cases where previous endodontic therapies failed and involves the removal of root canal filling materials, followed by cleaning, shaping, and obturating of the canals.Aims: : The objective of this study was to collect information regarding attitudes, methods, and materials employed during the non-surgical endodontic retreatment (NSER) by general dentists working in Sousse Governorate, Tunisia.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 147 general dentists working in the Sousse Governorate, Tunisia, from May to November 2021. Data were collected by sending a structured questionnaire to the dental practitioners through email. All the data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10 computer software.Results: A total of 96 dentists responded to this survey. The response rate was 63.5%, with a female predominance (53.2.3%). 81.2% of the respondents performed at least one non-surgical endodontic retreatment (NSER) weekly. Our study revealed that the mandibular first molar is the tooth that most often requires endodontic retreatment (83.5%). Half of the participants never used the rubber dam during this procedure. Moreover, the majority of respondents (61.9%) simultaneously used manual files and rotary nickel-titanium instruments for root canal desobturation. Most of the dentists (69.57%) systematically use solvents during root canal desobturation.Conclusion: Our survey highlights that the majority of general dentists have adequate knowledge about endodontic retreatment. Nevertheless, dentists are yet to start the application of these newer strategies towards the management of endodontic failures.Keywords: nonsurgical endodontic retreatment, surveys, questionnaires, general practitioners

West Nile virus is one of the most known arboviruses around the world, along with Dengue virus, Toscana virus, Chikungunya (CHIK). In Tunisia, many epidemics of WNV had occurred in the past. The last one dated from 2018. The aim of our work was to perform a sero-epidemiological investigation on WNV without any records of their symptoms from three different hospitals from Tunisia. Patients without any records of their symptoms of the infection of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection were included in the period from October 2017 to January 2020 from three different Virology departments in the country (the Military Hospital in Tunis, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital in Monastir and Sahloul Hospital in Sousse). A venous blood sample was taken from all patients at the bend of the elbow using a sterile syringe under aseptic conditions. Serological investigation for WNV was conducted through ELISA and IFI assays. RT-PCR was used to confirm the infection. The study included 353 patients. Twenty-eighty percent (28.8%) of the population were tested positive for IgM antibodies, males were having less positive antibodies than women (24.6% vs. 36.3%, p<0.05). In the city of Sousse, positive IgM were found more than in the other cities. As for IgG, 19.2% of the patients were having positive antibodies. No significant association was found between genders (p>0.05). One quarter of the IgM antibodies were tested positive using IFI technique, with no difference between genders (p>0.05). Only 9.2% of the samples were positive by PCR. Our results highlight the importance of establishing sustainable entomological systems and effective clinical ones and of promoting appropriate biological control strategies to optimize the limitation of the circulation of WNV as well as other arboviruses to inhibit their harmful effects on health., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)