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The current study is related to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, “Climate action”. As a consequence of environmental variations caused by global climate change, turf-forming algae supposedly tend to replace dominant foundation species, resulting in loss of marine biodiversity. Hypnea brasiliensis, H. cervicornis and H. spinella are three turf-forming species widely distributed along the Brazilian coast with a problematic taxonomic history. Specimens from the warm temperate region are morphologically similar, and their correct identification is only possible based on molecular markers. In the present study, specimens- were cultivated in the laboratory, and temperature gradient experiments (20, 24, 28 and 32°C) were carried out for 21 days. At 28°C, the growth rate, branching ratio, and photosynthetic pigment content were higher in all species, however in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were at the lowest. Moreover, no species survived at the warmest temperature 32°C. The effects of temperature on the three Hypnea species revealed that useful morphological characters for species identification were only observed in specimens cultured at 28°C, and the morphology of the three species was basically identical in low temperature treatments of 20 and 24°C. The annual average temperature of the sea surface in the Brazilian warm temperate region is 24°C, which may explain the current difficulty of distinguishing the three Hypnea species from this region using only morphology. Furthermore, our findings show that these turf-forming Hypnea species are negatively impacted by rising temperatures, emphasizing the importance of species-specific research to better understand the effects of global climate change. Consequently, predictions of the replacement of dominant foundation species by turf-forming seaweed in an elevated sea surface temperature scenario are less certain. The negative impact of temperature increases raises awareness of the importance of public policies to mitigate the future degradation of marine ecosystems.

Seaweeds play an important role for the environment, since they are photosynthetic organisms, contributing to the cycling of nutrients and to the protection and feeding of several animals. The potential for biotechnological applications of marine macroalgae biomass is enormous, and to attend the demand of the current market, the knowledge of the physiological characteristics of these organisms is essential to ensure a high productivity in cultivation systems. In this review, we contribute to the knowledge about the photosynthetic characteristics of seaweeds, describing relevant aspects of marine macroalgae and photosynthesis, and the biotechnological use of these organisms.

Amaresh Vydyanathan,1 Priya Agrawal,2 Naveen Shetty,3 Singh Nair,1 Nancy Shilian,4 Naum Shaparin1 1Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; 2Sutter Health System, Oakland, CA, USA; 3Department of Anesthesiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA; 4Department of Family Medicine, Mount Sinai South Nassau Hospital, Oceanside, NY, USACorrespondence: Amaresh Vydyanathan, 1250 Waters Place, Tower II, 8th Floor, Bronx, NY, USA, Tel +216-702-5965, Fax +929-263-3950, Email avydyana@montefiore.orgPurpose: Ultrasound guidance during nerve blockade poses the challenge of maintaining in-plane alignment of the needle tip. The needle guidance device maintains needle alignment and assists with in-plane needle visualization. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of this device by comparing procedure performance during brachial plexus blockade with the conventional approach.Methods: After the Institutional Review Board approval and obtaining informed consent, 70 patients receiving either interscalene or supraclavicular nerve blocks were randomly assigned into 2 groups, a conventional approach versus utilizing the needle guidance device. An independent observer recorded: total procedure time; needle insertion time; number of unplanned redirections; and number of reinsertions. Additionally, physician satisfaction and ease of needle visualization were assessed.Results: Data from seventy patients were analyzed. The median [25th percentile-75th percentile] time to complete the block by the device assisted needle guidance group was 3 (2– 3.75) minutes and 4 (3– 6) minutes in the conventional approach group (p < 0.001). Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed in the supraclavicular block and interscalene block. Supraclavicular blockade, needle insertion time (median [25th percentile-75th percentile] in seconds) (106 [92– 162] vs 197 [140– 278]), total procedure time (3 [2– 3] vs 4.5 [4– 6] in minutes) and unplanned needle redirections (2 [1– 5] vs 5.5 [3– 9]) were significantly lower in needle guidance group (p < 0.001). With interscalene blockade, needle insertion time (86 [76– 146] vs 126 [94– 295]) and unplanned needle redirections (2 [1– 3] vs 4 [2– 8.5]) were significantly lower with needle guidance (p < 0.001), but total procedure time was similar. All the physicians reported that they would use the needle guidance again, and 90% would prefer it for in-plane blocks.Conclusion: Performing regional blocks using the needle guidance device reduces needle insertion time and unplanned needle redirections in brachial plexus blockade. Moreover, physician satisfaction also improved compared to the use of the conventional technique.Keywords: brachial plexus blockade, ultrasound guidance, peripheral nerve blockade, needle guidance, needle visualization

Several studies reported that gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of Gigartinaceae produce different carrageenan types, as observed in Sarcopeltis species although they have isomorphic haploid and diploid phases. Cystocarpic and non-fertile plants of Sarcopeltis (ex Gigartina) skottsbergii produced kappa-carrageenans, while tetrasporophytes produced lambda-carrageenans, and yields were higher in cystocarpic and sterile specimens than in tetrasporophytes. However, comparison on the other primary metabolites among different life history phases still needed to be investigated. Then, we tested the hypothesis if the variation on primary metabolites (pigments, proteins and carbohydrates) are related to the life history phases of Sarcopeltis antarctica and Sarcopeltis skottsbergii, and/or are influenced by abiotic factors. Primary metabolites of S. antarctica varied according to the life-history phases: non-fertile specimens presented higher phycobiliprotein concentrations, tetrasporophytes presented higher chlorophyll a concentrations, and cystocarpic specimens presented higher concentrations of proteins, polysaccharides and floridean starch. However, primary metabolites of S. skottsbergii varied in response to some abiotic factors (nutrients, temperature and salinity), since principal component analysis evidenced two groups; one was related by the higher nitrate and phosphate concentrations, and the other was related to the higher temperatures and lower salinities. Concentrations of floridean starch, low molecular weight carbohydrates, and polysaccharides are higher in S. antarctica than in S. skottsbergii, which could be related to the protective role of these compounds against salinity variation and low temperatures faced in the Antarctic extreme environments.

Prasad Apsangikar, Pravin Ghadge, Manoj Naik, Santosh Nair, Ravikiran Payghan Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, IndiaCorrespondence: Prasad ApsangikarReliance Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., 282 MIDC, Thane Belapur Road, Rabale, Navi Mumbai, 400701 Tel +919867610090Fax +912235338099Email prasad.apsangikar@relbio.comPurpose: The study was undertaken for regulatory purposes to establish clinical biosimilarity and interchangeability of a ranibizumab biosimilar with reference product.Patients and Methods: A total of 159 subjects with neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were dosed with ranibizumab. Initial double blind period of 16 weeks was followed by open-label phase till week 24. Efficacy assessment was performed at weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 based on best corrected visual acuity. Change in central macular thickness was assessed by optical coherence tomography from baseline to week 24. Immunogenicity assessment was done in both arms at baseline, week 16 and week 24. Safety evaluation included clinical and ophthalmic examination, adverse events, vital signs, laboratory parameters and immunogenicity in both treatment arms.Results: In the biosimilar test arm, 104 (98.11%) and 105 (99.06%) patients lost fewer than 15 letters in visual acuity at week 16 and week 24, respectively, compared with 53 (100%) at both follow-ups in reference arm. In the test arm, 27 (25.47%) and 34 (32.08%) patients gained at least 15 letters in visual acuity till week 16 and week 24 respectively, compared with 17 (32.08%) and 23 (43.30%) in the reference arm. In the test arm, mean change in central macular thickness at 24 weeks was − 89.93 μm against − 64.42 μm in the reference arm. Difference was statistically not significant for any endpoint at 16 and 24 weeks for the primary and secondary endpoints.Conclusion: The evaluation of efficacy, safety and immunogenicity was concluded to show no meaningful clinical difference for biosimilar ranibizumab with the reference product.Keywords: ranibizumab, biosimilar, AMD, intravitreal, visual acuity

Swapna Nair,1 Ramachandran Unnikrishnan Nair2 1Department of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, 2Department of Vitreoretinal Services, Chaithanya Eye Hospital and Research Institute, Trivandrum, Kerala, India Background: To study phacoemulsification probe shaft/wound and corneal surface/tip temperatures in vivo during longitudinal, torsional and combined phacoemulsification modes and their relationship to machine parameters. Design: This was a prospective study at Chaithanya Eye Hospital and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India (tertiary). Participants: Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients were randomized into six groups depending on the grade of nuclear sclerosis (NS) and the type of ultrasound used: Group 1, torsional in NS2; Group 2, torsional in NS3; Group 3, torsional with intermittent longitudinal in NS2; Group 4, torsional with intermittent longitudinal in NS3; Group 5, longitudinal in NS2; Group 6, longitudinal in NS3. Methods: Patients underwent phacoemulsification by torsional, longitudinal or combined modalities. A thermal camera was used to measure phaco probe temperatures. Main outcome measures: The mean probe shaft and tip temperatures were documented for different ultrasound modalities. Results: The mean shaft and tip temperatures were: Group 1, 29.22°C±0.71°C and 28.4°C±0.88°C; Group 2, 32.12°C±0.62°C and 31.88°C±0.84°C; Group 3, 30.25°C±0.71°C and 29.35°C±0.62°C; Group 4, 31.95°C±0.65°C and 32.01°C±1.31°C; Group 5, 23°C and 27.6°C and Group 6, 23°C and 29.68°C, respectively. In all groups using longitudinal ultrasound, the phaco tip surface temperatures were higher than the shaft temperatures, except in Group 3. Shaft temperatures were higher than tip temperatures in cases using torsional phaco, except in Group 4. The mean temperature difference between groups was significant only for shaft temperatures (P=0.001). On thermal imaging, for torsional phaco, the rise in temperature of the probe from shaft to tip was dependent on the amplitude of ultrasound applied (P=0.009). Conclusion: The shaft temperatures were higher than over the phaco tip during torsional phacoemulsification. Keywords: thermal imaging, cataract, phacoemulsification, microincision, torsional ultrasound

Matthew R Peterson, Samantha E Haller, Jun Ren, Sreejayan Nair, Guanglong He School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, USA Abstract: Systemic inflammation and localized macrophage infiltration have been implicated in cardiovascular pathologies, including coronary artery disease, carotid atherosclerosis, heart failure, obesity-associated heart dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis. Inflammation induces macrophage infiltration and activation and release of cytokines and chemokines, causing tissue dysfunction by instigating a positive feedback loop that further propagates inflammation. Cytosolic adaptor caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 (CARD9) is a protein expressed primarily by dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, in which it mediates cytokine secretion. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of CARD9 as a potential target in inflammation-related cardiovascular pathologies. Keywords: inflammation, heart failure, pressure-overload, hypertension

The present study reports the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) evaluation of the hexanes and dichloromethane fractions from extracts of the red alga Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh) Montagne. Twenty three compounds were identified, totaling ca. 42% of both fractions (0.18 g mass extract). The main constituents of the fractions were hexadecanoic acid (17.6%) and pentadecanoic acid (15.9%). Several secondary metabolites with interesting biological activity, such as (-)-loliolide, neophytadiene, phytol were identified. In addition, several classes of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds (e.g., phenylacetic acid), terpene derivatives, fatty acids, halogenated compound (e.g., 2-chlorocyclohexenol), lignoids, steroids, esters, amides (e.g., hexadecanamide), ketones, carboxylic acids, aldehydes and alcohols were observed. The occurrence of several of these structural classes is described for the first time in this species. The same fractions analyzed by GC-MS, and a separate set of polar fractions, were evaluated against two life cycle stages (epimastigote and trypomastigote forms) of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and against phytopatogenic fungi Cladosporium cladosporiodes and C. sphaerospermum. The dichloromethane fraction was active against both T. cruzi forms (epimastigote IC50 = 19.1 μg.mL−1 and trypomastigote IC50 = 76.2 μg.mL−1). The hexanes and ethyl acetate fractions also displayed activity against both fungi species (200 μg) by TLC-bioautography.

Objective: To describe the clinical, radiological, and cerebrovascular fluid (CSF) findings and the outcome of microbiologically or histopathologically proven fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in HIV-negative patients. Methodology and Results: We identified definite cases of CNS mycosis by screening the medical records of our institute for the period 2000-2008. The clinical and imaging details and the outcome were abstracted from the medical records and entered in a structured proforma. There were 12 patients with CNS mycosis (i.e., 2.7% of all CNS infections treated in this hospital); six (50%) had cryptococcal infection, three (25%) had mucormycosis, and two had unclassified fungal infection. Four (33%) of them had diabetes as a predisposing factor. The common presentations were meningoencephalitis (58%) and polycranial neuritis (41%). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydrocephalus in 41% and meningeal enhancement in 25%, as well as some unusual findings such as subdural hematoma in the bulbocervical region, carpeting lesion of the base of the skull, and enhancing lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. The CSF showed pleocytosis (66%), hypoglycorrhachia (83%), and elevated protein levels (100%). The diagnosis was confirmed by meningocortical biopsy (in three cases), paranasal sinus biopsy (in four cases), CSF culture (in three cases), India ink preparation (in four cases), or by cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen test (in three cases). Out of the ten patients for whom follow-up details were available, six patients recovered with antifungal medications (amphotericin B, 1 mg/kg/day for the minimum period of 6 weeks) and/or surgical treatment. Four patients expired (only one of them had received antifungal therapy). Conclusions: Most patients with CNS mycosis recover with appropriate therapy, but the diagnosis and management of these rare infections remains a challenge to clinicians.

The management of of unruptured intracranial aneurysms is one of the most important issues confronting neurosurgeons today. The high mortality and morbidity associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has prompted interest in repair of aneurysms that are discovered before they have ruptured. A strong risk factor for intracranial aneurysm which causes SAH is a positive family history, polycystic kidney disease and patients who have survived a SAH. There is no cutoff size of aneurysm below which rupture is not possible. Presently there are no definitive guidelines in the management of incidental aneurysms and many centers consider each case individually with treatment offered for lesions more than 7 mm in diameter especially if patient is relatively young without major co-morbidities. Even though microsurgery offers the advantage of proven durability and higher rates of total aneurysm obliteration, the choice of treatment modality between open microsurgery and endovascular occlusion is flexibly adjusted to each case.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a atividade de hematofagia de Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus em área submetida ao controle e à vigilância entomológica. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado de abril de 1993 a setembro de 1994, na cidade de Cosmópolis, Estado de São Paulo. Utilizou-se isca humana para coleta dos exemplares. Calculou-se o número médio mensal de fêmeas capturadas por domicílio segundo as áreas central e periférica do município e os locais intra e peridomiciliar. Apresenta-se o índice pluviométrico mensal sem ajuste de modelo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se a presença de fêmeas das espécies em 83% (Ae. albopictus) e 61% (Ae. aegypti) do período estudado. Os meses de janeiro, fevereiro e março apresentaram maior atividade de fêmeas para as duas espécies, com maior presença de Ae. albopictus do que de Ae. aegypti. Os exemplares foram capturados na área central e periférica da cidade, nos períodos matutino, das 9:00 às 12:00 e crepuscular vespertino, das 16:00 às 19:00. Com utilização de modelo de regressão de Poisson, observou-se que fêmeas de Ae. albopictus foram mais capturadas no peridomicílio, independente se área central ou periférica. CONCLUSÕES: Foi detectada diferença no perfil de atividade da hematofagia somente para o Ae. albopictus, sendo de relevância o peridomicílio.OBJECTIVE: To describe the hematophagous activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in an area under control and surveillance. METHODS: The study was conducted during 18 months, from April, 1993 to October, 1994, in Cosmópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil. Human baits were used to collect mosquitoes. The number of females captured is presented monthly by area of the city and local in the household. The rainfall was measured and indices are presented without model adjustment. RESULTS: The presence of females of both species was observed in 83% (Ae albopictus) and 61% (Ae. aegypti) of the period studied. The months of January, February and March presented the highest rates of activity for females of both species, with Ae. albopictus being more frequently captured than Ae. aegypti. Both species were captured in central and peripheral areas of the city, during the day from 9 to 12 am and from 4 to 7 pm. By a Poisson regression, it was observed that Ae. albopictus females were more frequently captured in the peri-housed area, in an independent way considering the area of the city. CONCLUSIONS: It has been identified difference on the hematophagous activity only for Ae. albopictus, being of importance the outside area of the house.

Spontaneous remission for a substantial period is a rare feature of SSPE. We report a 21 year old boy who was diagnosed to have SSPE at the age of 11 years, based on clinical, CSF and electroencephalographic features. Over a period of one year, he gradually deteriorated to a bedridden state, being dependent for all activities of daily living. He showed a substantial spontaneous remission in clinical and electroencephalographic features and maintained this till 18 years of age. He however slowly deteriorated after prolonged remission over three years. A combination of clinical improvement and disappearance of periodic complexes with normalization of the background activity in the EEG may indicate long-term survival.

This study describes the isolation and structural determination of two amides, isolated for the first time: N,4-dihydroxy-N-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide (0.019%) and N,4-dihydroxy-N-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-benzeneacetamide (0.023%). These amides, produced by the red macroalgae Bostrychia radicans, had their structures assigned by NMR spectral data and MS analyses. In addition, this chemical study led to the isolation of cholesterol, heptadecane, squalene, trans-phytol, neophytadiene, tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acids, methyl hexadecanoate and methyl 9-octadecenoate, 4-(methoxymethyl)-phenol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, methyl 4-hydroxybenzeneacetate, methyl 2-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate, hydroquinone, methyl 4-hydroxymandelate, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid and (4-hydroxyphenyl)-oxo-acetaldehyde. This is the first report concerning these compounds in B. radicans, contributing by illustrating the chemical diversity within the Rhodomelaceae family.

We report the effect of thickness and width on the spin wave transport and dispersion characteristics of permalloy (Py) microstripes using analytical calculations and experiments. Py waveguides with widths ranging from 2 to 4 μm were fabricated for two different thicknesses: 5 and 20 nm. Our results show a notable increase in the group velocity of spin waves with greater thickness, showing a fourfold rise as the thickness increases. Additionally, the accessible frequency range expands from 0.6 to 2.5 GHz as the thickness increases. We find that the spin wave mode frequency is affected by both thickness and width, with a frequency shift of approximately 0.2 GHz observed when the width increases from 2 to 4 μm. Moreover, spin waves decay more rapidly in thinner films, with the decay length of 20 nm-thick waveguides being four times longer than that of 5 nm-thick waveguides. Thicker and wider waveguides provide a longer decay length, facilitating the transmission of information over longer distances without significant energy loss. Our study offers an understanding of the spin wave propagation in microstrip waveguides and its potential in the development of future magnonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurocysticercosis is one of the common parasitic diseases of central nervous system. We report here a case of histopathologically confirmed case of cysticercus cellulosae presenting as a solitary cyst in the brain stem of a thirty-three year old female patient. This is being reported because of the uncommon anatomical location of the lesion and secondly magnetic resonance imaging features did not contribute to the preoperative diagnosis.

Abstract Background Specific properties of amphiphilic copolymeric micelles like small size, stability, biodegradability and prolonged biodistribution have projected them as promising vectors for drug delivery. To evaluate the potential of δ-valerolactone based micelles as carriers for drug delivery, a novel triblock amphiphilic copolymer poly(δ-valerolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(δ-valerolactone) (VEV) was synthesized and characterized using IR, NMR, GPC, DTA and TGA. To evaluate VEV as a carrier for drug delivery, doxorubicin (DOX) entrapped VEV micelles (VEVDMs) were prepared and analyzed for in vitro antitumor activity. Results VEV copolymer was successfully synthesized by ring opening polymerization and the stable core shell structure of VEV micelles with a low critical micelle concentration was confirmed by proton NMR and fluorescence based method. Doxorubicin entrapped micelles (VEVDMs) prepared using a modified single emulsion method were obtained with a mean diameter of 90 nm and high encapsulation efficiency showing a pH dependent sustained doxorubicin release. Biological evaluation in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells by flow cytometry showed 2-3 folds increase in cellular uptake of VEVDMs than free DOX. Block copolymer micelles without DOX were non cytotoxic in both the cell lines. As evaluated by the IC50 values VEVDMs induced 77.8, 71.2, 81.2% more cytotoxicity in MCF7 cells and 40.8, 72.6, 76% more cytotoxicity in U87MG cells than pristine DOX after 24, 48, 72 h treatment, respectively. Moreover, VEVDMs induced enhanced apoptosis than free DOX as indicated by higher shift in Annexin V-FITC fluorescence and better intensity of cleaved PARP. Even though, further studies are required to prove the efficacy of this formulation in vivo the comparable G2/M phase arrest induced by VEVDMs at half the concentration of free DOX confirmed the better antitumor efficacy of VEVDMs in vitro. Conclusions Our studies clearly indicate that VEVDMs possess great therapeutic potential for long-term tumor suppression. Furthermore, our results launch VEV as a promising nanocarrier for an effective controlled drug delivery in cancer chemotherapy.