Search

Lactic acid fermentation of nonblanched potato rods for 45 min reduced acrylamide level in French fries with 48%, and with 71% after 120 min, while by blanching potato rods before fermentation, reductions in acrylamide after 45 min and 120 min were 79% and 94% respectively. These findings concluded that acrylamide formation during production of French fries could be effectively lowered by lactic acid fermentation of potato rods before deep-frying.

Marine macroalgae are considered as promising sustainable alternatives to conventional terrestrial animal feed resources. The advantages include high growth rate, potential cultivation in saltwater, and no occupation of arable land. Macroalgae are broadly classified as brown (Phaeophyta), red (Rhodophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) algae, and are a diverse group of marine organisms. The nutritional value of macroalgae is highly variable. The protein and essential amino acid content can be low, especially in brown species, and indigestible polysaccharides adversely affect the energy value. Optimal use of macroalgae in feeds requires suitable processing, and biorefinery approaches may increase protein content and improve nutrient availability. Macroalgae are rich in unique bioactive components and there is a growing interest in the potentially beneficial health effects of compounds such as laminarin and fucoidan in different macroalgal and macroalgal products. This review summarizes current literature on different aspects of the use of macroalgae as sources of protein and health‐promoting bioactive compounds in feed for monogastric animal species. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim of this experiment was to evaluate the intestinal barrier permeability in vivo in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed increasing levels of soyabean meal (SBM). The relationship between SBM-induced enteritis (SBMIE) and the permeability markers was also investigated. Our results showed that the mean score of morphological parameters was significantly higher as a result of 37·5% SBM inclusion in the diet, while the scores of fish fed 25% SBM or lower were not different from those of the fish meal-fed controls (P < 0·05). SBMIE was found in the distal intestine (DI) in 18% of the fish (eleven of sixty): ten in the 37·5% SBM-fed group and one in the 25% SBM-fed group. Sugar markers in plasma showed large variation among individuals probably due to variation in feed intake. We found, however, a significant linear increase in the level of plasma D-lactate with increasing SBM inclusion level (P < 0·0001). Plasma concentration of endotoxin was not significantly different in groups with or without SBMIE. Some individual fish showed high values of endotoxin in blood, but the same individuals did not show any bacterial translocation. Plasma bacterial DNA was detected in 28% of the fish with SBMIE, and 8% of non-SBMIE fish (P = 0·07). Plasma concentration of D-lactate was significantly higher in fish with SBMIE (P < 0·0001). To conclude, SBMIE in the DI of rainbow trout was associated with an increase in bacterial translocation and plasma D-lactate concentration, suggesting that these permeability markers can be used to evaluate intestinal permeability in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is well known that nutrient availability can alter the gut microbiota composition, while the effect on diversity and temporal stability remains largely unknown. Methods: Here we address the equine caecal microbiota temporal stability, diversity, and functionality in response to diets with different levels of nutrient availability. Hay (low and slower nutrient availability) versus a mixture of hay and whole oats (high and more rapid nutrient availability) were used as experimental diets. Results: We found major effects on the microbiota despite that the caecal pH was far from sub-clinical acidosis. We found that the low nutrient availability diet was associated with a higher level of both diversity and temporal stability of the caecal microbiota than the high nutrient availability diet. These observations concur with general ecological theories, suggesting a stabilising effect of biological diversity and that high nutrient availability has a destabilising effect through reduced diversity. Conclusion: Nutrient availability does not only change the composition but also the ecology of the caecal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary inclusion of solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is associated with inflammation in the distal intestine of salmonid fish, commonly referred to as SBM-induced enteritis. The enteritis is linked to alcohol soluble components in SBM, but the mechanisms have not been established. Previous studies show that bacterial meal (BM) containing mainly Methy/ococcus capsu/atus grown on natural gas is a suitable protein source for salmonids. The BM is rich in nucleotides, phospholipids, and small peptides that might be beneficial for intestinal homeostasis. In this study, a fish meal (FM)-based control diet (FM diet) and diets with 200 g/kg SBM )SBM diet), 300 g/kg BM )BM diet), and 300 g/kg BM and 200 g/kg SBM )BM-SBM diet) were fed to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Sa/mo salad for 80 d. Dietary inclusion of SBM reduced growth (P = 0.007). Inclusion of BM redi'iced digestibility of protein )P = 0.002) and lipids (P = 0.011) and increased )P < O.O1(the re)ative weights (g/kg whole body) of total gut, liver, and stomach, and mid and distal intestine. Fish fed the SBM diet developed enteritis, lacked carbonic anhydrase 12 in the brush border of epithelial cells in distal intestine, and had more epithelial cells reacting for proliferating cell nuclear antigen compared with fish fed the other diets. Fish fed the same amount of SBM combined with BM showed no signs of inflammation in the distal intestine. Our results demonstrate that BM grown on natural gas can be used to prevent SBM-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of yeasts on intestinal health and transcriptomic profiles from the distal intestine and spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon fed SBM-based diets in seawater. Cyberlindnera jadinii (CJ) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (WA) yeasts were heat-inactivated with spray-drying (ICJ and IWA) or autolyzed at 50 °C for 16 h (ACJ and AWA), followed by spray-drying. Six diets were formulated, one based on fishmeal (FM), a challenging diet with 30% soybean meal (SBM) and four other diets containing 30% SBM and 10% of each of the four yeast fractions (i.e., ICJ, ACJ, IWA and AWA). The inclusion of CJ yeasts reduced the loss of enterocyte supranuclear vacuolization and reduced the population of CD8α labeled cells present in the lamina propria of fish fed the SBM diet. The CJ yeasts controlled the inflammatory responses of fish fed SBM through up-regulation of pathways related to wound healing and taurine metabolism. The WA yeasts dampened the inflammatory profile of fish fed SBM through down-regulation of pathways related to toll-like receptor signaling, C-lectin receptor, cytokine receptor and signal transduction. This study suggests that the yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus are novel high-quality protein sources with health-beneficial effects in terms of reducing inflammation associated with feeding plant-based diets to Atlantic salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Plant based feed ingredients pose a risk for developing intestinal inflammatory diseases in fish. The salmon is in particular sensitive to solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM). Recent studies have shown that dietary inclusion of a bacterial meal (BM) grown on natural gas containing mainly Methylococcus capsulatus can prevent SBM-induced inflammation. The present study aimed to identify BM fractions and products that have this beneficial effect. A fish meal (FM) based diet, a diet with 200gkg−1 SBM, and six diets with 200gkg−1 SBM in combination with basic BM, autolyzed BM (AUT), permeate (PER) or retentate (RET) from filtration of AUT, nucleic acid reduced M. capsulatus (MCap), and M. capsulatus grown on methanol (MeOH) were made for this study. The inclusion of the BM products were equivalent to 150gkg−1 basic BM. The diets were fed for 4weeks to triplicate tanks of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in salt water. No significant (P <0.05) differences were found for feed intake and growth among fish fed the experimental diets. Morphometric measurements of the length of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) stained cells in distal intestinal tissue revealed that all BM products except the PER provided significant protection against SBM-induced enteritis. The effective component in the BM products was present in the retentate that mainly consisted of large molecules and water insoluble components. Nucleic acids and small water soluble molecules did not seem to provide any protective effect. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Dietary inclusion of solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is associated with inflammation in the distal intestine of salmonid fish, commonly referred to as SBM-induced enteritis. The enteritis is linked to alcohol soluble components in SBM, but the mechanisms have not been established. Previous studies show that bacterial meal (BM) containing mainly Methy/ococcus capsu/atus grown on natural gas is a suitable protein source for salmonids. The BM is rich in nucleotides, phospholipids, and small peptides that might be beneficial for intestinal homeostasis. In this study, a fish meal (FM)-based control diet (FM diet) and diets with 200 g/kg SBM )SBM diet), 300 g/kg BM )BM diet), and 300 g/kg BM and 200 g/kg SBM )BM-SBM diet) were fed to juvenile Atlantic salmon (Sa/mo salad for 80 d. Dietary inclusion of SBM reduced growth (P = 0.007). Inclusion of BM redi'iced digestibility of protein )P = 0.002) and lipids (P = 0.011) and increased )P < O.O1(the re)ative weights (g/kg whole body) of total gut, liver, and stomach, and mid and distal intestine. Fish fed the SBM diet developed enteritis, lacked carbonic anhydrase 12 in the brush border of epithelial cells in distal intestine, and had more epithelial cells reacting for proliferating cell nuclear antigen compared with fish fed the other diets. Fish fed the same amount of SBM combined with BM showed no signs of inflammation in the distal intestine. Our results demonstrate that BM grown on natural gas can be used to prevent SBM-induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Up to 40% of the crude protein in traditional piglet diets was replaced by yeast. • The yeast Candida utilis was grown on local lignocellulosic biomass. • Digestive function improved and growth performance was maintained. • The digestibility of crude protein and minerals improved. • Intestinal villi-height and fecal dry matter increased. Yeast such as inactivated Candida utilis produced from lignocellulosic biomass from underutilized wood co-products as a second-generation sugar source is a potentially sustainable protein feed ingredient in diets for piglets. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of C. utilis added to diets for weaned piglets on growth performance and digestive function when replacing main protein sources. Forty-eight piglets weaned at 30 days of age, with a mean starting weight of 11.06 ± 0.84 kg were fed one of four dietary treatments for 28 days: a conventional control diet with soybean meal, fishmeal, rapeseed meal, and potato protein or one of three experimental diets containing 10, 20 or 40% crude protein (CP) from yeast (CU10, CU20, and CU40, respectively). Adding yeast to diets did not affect growth performance compared with the control. The diet with 40% CP from C. utilis had higher apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP compared with the control (P = 0.034) and higher ATTD of ash (P < 0.001) compared with the control. The ATTD of neutral detergent fiber decreased in the CU40 diet compared with the control (P = 0.006). The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of ash increased (P = 0.001) in the CU40 diet compared with the control, while the AID of CP and amino acids was unaffected. Villi-height increased in jejunum (P = 0.007) and ileum (P = 0.047), and villus-height: crypt-depth ratio increased (P = 0.001) in jejunum of piglets fed the CU40 diet compared with the control. Fecal dry matter increased linearly with increasing levels of C. utilis in the diets at day 7 after weaning (P = 0.001) and was higher for the CU40 group compared with the control group at day 21 after weaning (P = 0.027). Trypsin activity and messenger RNA expression of nine genes encoding for nutrient transporters in the jejunum did not differ among diets. Collectively, the results indicated that C. utilis can replace 40% of CP from the main protein sources traditionally used in diets for weaned piglets while maintaining growth and improving digestive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola meal is an abundant and economic source of energy and nutrients for production animals, but it contains more antinutrients, less protein, and has a lower nutrient digestibility compared to soybean meal. In this study, mechanical fractionation and solid-state fungal fermentation were conducted to improve nutrient profile and reduce antinutrient content of canola meal. Mechanical processing, including milling, sieving, and air classification, was used to fractionate canola meal and redistribute its components in different fractions. Then these fractions were inoculated for fungal fermentation. The results showed that 12-day solid-state fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus increased the protein content in all fractions by 11–18 %, decreased sinapine, glucosinolates, and phytate up to 99.8 %, 98.8 % and 75.8 %, respectively, and increased the in vitro digestibility of selective fractions. Overall, Pleurotus ostreatus -based solid-state fermentation has the potential to be an effective treatment to improve the nutritional profile of canola meal. [Display omitted] • Pleurotus ostreatus could grow on different particle sizes of canola meal with variable protein and fiber content. • Pleurotus ostreatus -based solid-state fermentation of mechanically fractionated canola meal increased its protein content. • Fungal fermentation degraded glucosinolates and phytate up to 98.8 % and 75.8 %, respectively. • Sinapine content of all fractions reduced by 96.8–99.8 % after fungal fermentation. • Combining fungal fermentation with mechanical fractionation effectively improved the nutritional profile of canola meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed soybean meal (SBM) are known to develop SBM-induced enteritis with atrophy of intestinal folds and inflammation in the lamina propria. In this study, intestinal contents of mid (MI) and distal intestine (DI) were collected from 12 fish fed one of the following diets for 80days: a fish meal (FM) diet and SBM diet. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was used to evaluate whether changes in bacterial population were associated with healthy and inflamed intestines. Fish fed the same diet were mainly clustered together in both MI and DI. The diversity indices were strongly reduced by the SBM diet in DI, as shown by both richness and Shannon–Weaver indices. The SBM diet gave a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes bacteria than the FM diet in the DI. The most dominant species were Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Weissella confusa, and Photobacterium phosphoreum. To conclude, the intestinal bacterial population was highly affected by dietary conditions and might play a role in the development of SBM-induced enteritis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Europe is heavily dependent on imported feed protein sources such as soybean meal (SBM); thus, investigating local sustainable alternatives is crucial to increase self-sufficiency. This study evaluated the effects of the inactivated yeast Cyberlindnera jadinii grown on local lignocellulosic sugars on the growth performance and digestive function of Ross 308 broiler chickens. A total of 1,000 male chicks were allocated to 20 pens. There were 5 replicate pens with 50 birds each, from 1 to 30 D after hatch. The birds were offered one conventional wheat-oat-SBM-based control diet and 3 diets with increasing levels of C. jadinii replacing 10, 20, and 30% of dietary crude protein (CP), whereas SBM levels were gradually decreased. The feed intake and weight gain of the birds decreased linearly, and feed conversion ratio increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary levels of C. jadinii. Nevertheless, growth performance and feed intake were similar between the birds fed with control diets and diets containing 10% CP from C. jadinii in the starter and grower periods. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter, crude fat, organic matter, and carbohydrates was higher in control diets than in diets with 30% C. jadinii CP (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.01) with incremental levels of dietary C. jadinii. Regardless, the AID of CP, starch, ash, and phosphorus was unaffected. Ileal villus height on day 10 was maintained in birds fed with diets containing 30% C. jadinii CP compared with the birds fed with control diets but was lower for birds fed with diets containing 10 and 20% C. jadinii protein (P < 0.05). To conclude, up to 10% C. jadinii CP can replace SBM CP in broiler chicken diets, maintaining growth performance and digestive function, whereas higher levels of C. jadinii may decrease bird performance. Altogether, this suggests the potential of C. jadinii as a local-based protein source in broiler chicken diets, contributing to a more sustainable feed., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The conversion of nonedible biomass to protein for use in feed is an attractive strategy toward improved sustainability in aquaculture. We have studied the possibility to produce protein-rich yeast Candida utilis on a medium consisting of enzymatically hydrolyzed sulphite-pulped spruce wood, mainly providing glucose, and enzymatically hydrolyzed brown seaweed, supplemented with ammonium sulfate. The results show that this blend constitutes a complete fermentation medium that enables good growth rates and cell yields. Results from a salmon feeding trial showed that the yeast can replace parts of a traditional fishmeal diet without harmful effects, although the apparent protein digestibility coefficient for the yeast was suboptimal. While further optimization of both the fermentation process and downstream processing is needed, the present proof-of-concept study shows a path to the production of microbial protein based on a simple, local and sustainable fermentation medium.

Apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients could be an alternative measure of feed efficiency (FE) when breeding for robust animals that are fed fiber-rich diets. Apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients requires measuring individual feed intake of a large number of animals which is expensive and complex. Alternatively, ATTD of nutrients and feces chemical composition can be predicted using fecal near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (FNIRS). The objective of this study was to assess if the feces chemical composition and ATTD of nutrients can be predicted using FNIRS that originate from various pig-experimental datasets. Fecal samples together with detailed information on the feces chemical composition and ATTD of nutrients were obtained from four different pig experiments. Feces near-infrared spectroscopy was analyzed from fecal samples of a complete dataset. The model was calibrated using the FNIRS and reference samples of feces chemical composition and ATTD of nutrients. The robustness and predictability of the model were evaluated by the r2 and the closeness between SE of calibration (SEC) and SE of cross-validation (SECV). Prediction of the feces chemical components and ATTD of nutrients were successful as SEC and SECV were equivalent. Calibration model was developed to estimate the ATTD of nutrients and fecal chemical composition from the FNIRS and worked well for OM (r2 = 0.94; SEC = 48.5; SECV = 56.6), CP (r2 = 0.89; SEC = 18.1; SECV = 18.8), GE (r2 = 0.92; SEC = 1.2; SECV = 1.4), NDF (r2 = 0.94; SEC = 55; SECV = 60.2), OM digestibility (r2 = 0.94; SEC = 5.5; SECV = 6.7), GE digestibility (r2 = 0.88; SEC = 2.3; SECV = 2.6), and fat digestibility (r2 = 0.79; SEC = 6, SECV = 6.8). However, the SE of prediction was slightly higher than what has been reported in another study. The prediction of feces chemical composition for fat (r2 = 0.69; SEC = 11.7, SECV = 12.3), CP digestibility (r2 = 0.63; SEC = 2.3; SECV = 2.7), and NDF digestibility (r2 = 0.64, SEC = 7.7, SECV = 8.8) was moderate. We conclude that the FNIRS accurately predicts the chemical composition of feces and ATTD of nutrients for OM, CP, and GE. The approach of FNIRS is a cost-effective method for measuring digestibility and FE in a large-scale pig-breeding programs.