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Identification of students' misconceptions is crucial in Physics learning as an evaluation tool to address and reduce these misconceptions. This study aims to assess the quality of a four-tier diagnostic test using the CRI instrument, assisted by JotForm, and describe the profile of students' misconceptions related to momentum and impulse. The quality of the instrument is evaluated based with validity and reliability. The research follows the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) method. The instrument is developed during the analysis, design, and development stages. The implementation and evaluation stages involve capturing the profile and causes of students' misconceptions. The instrument's quality is assessed based on theoretical validity, which reached 89.29%. Empirical content validity haved percentages of false positives 6.93%and false negatives 6.53%. The empirical validity of the construct, with a significance level of 0.05, resulted in an rtableof 0.273. From the 15 questions tested, 12 questions were found to have empirical validity, and a reliability score of 0.475 was obtained. The study revealed that 3 students had low misconceptions, 14 students had medium misconceptions, and 6 students had high misconceptions. The causes of students' misconceptions were primarily false positives and humanistic thinking, accounting for 28.56%. In conclusion, the instrument developed in this study is valid and reliable, and it effectively identifies the profile and causes of students' misconceptions.

This study aims to determine the effect of applying the learning discussion model on students' critical thinking skills. This study uses a type of pre-experimental research with a research design, one group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this research are students who program general physics courses from chemistry study program, biology study program, and mathematics study program. This research tested by giving pretest questions, treating discussion learning models, and posttest in general physics courses. The results of this study found that critical thinking skills students are the highest student (1) study program mathematics, (2) biology study program, and (3) chemistry study program. In addition, test results and learning each has a relationship with the other, proven by paired sample t-tests. That way, critical thinking skills are essential for students to master to compete in the era of technological development and the demands of the 21st century. Critical thinking skills are not seen from the department but from the ability of each individual in solving problems.

Critical-thinking skill is one of the 21st-century abilities that students must have. This study aimed to analyze the critical thinking abilities to improve physics learning that was reviewed: overall, learning model, education level, subject matter, and the media used. This research method used meta-analysis. The meta-analysis research stage was to determine the research topic, decide data selection criteria, search for data, visualize VOSviewer, classify data information, calculate the effect size, and then analyze the data and conclude. The data collection technique used secondary data from previous research of 18 scientific publication articles. The data analysis technique used the effect size. This meta-analysis concluded that critical-thinking skills significantly influence physics learning, with an average effect size of 1.33 and an influence of 90%. Critical thinking skills in learning physics can significantly affect vocational education with the cooperative-learning time-token type model, using the subject of static fluid, and assisted by real learning media using a puzzle.

Needs assessment aims to understand the requirements of learning in the COVID-19 pandemic era, the use of online learning platforms, the constraints and solutions offered, the "Merdeka Belajar" curriculum in this course, the challenges and needs in the future. It is an exploratory study for students need on the new learning condition because of the COVID-19 pandemic era. The data gathered from the questionnaire of some lectures and undergraduate programme of physics education students through an online survey also included observation and analysis from various sources. The results show the following facts. It needs online learning with a user-friendly device for students. There are multiple online education platforms based on learning activities, but some students have constraints on internet network stability. Another problem is the need for internet data packages that are not small in the online learning process, especially when using virtual face-to-face platforms. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the semester credit system's weight for the physics learning evaluation course in the "Merdeka Belajar" curriculum. The content of Bloom's taxonomy is quite dense and takes time to understand each level of thinking. So, the future challenge is to develop a learning media that students can use in studying Bloom's taxonomy topic and solve the problem of internet data packages and internet network stability. One alternative solution to learning problems is using learning media in electronic books that students can use offline.