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Main objectives of the research are to analyze the importance of implementation of DMOs in tourism destination development and to provide recommendations for multi-stakeholder cooperation concept in the creation of a better environment for sustainable tourism destination planning and management in the Republic of Croatia. The base for this qualitative research design is an international literature review which gave a theoretical framework for conceptual and contextual perspectives on DMO competitiveness and stakeholder collaboration. Stakeholder information was also gathered through semi- structured interviews with selected stakeholder representatives. The newness of the research lies in the recent international literature review both on the DMO and multi- stakeholder cooperation concept and empirical research formulated through interviews. The research resulted in the basic guidelines for proposed solutions on adopting the Croatian law on tourism in a more harmonizing progress direction of the sustainable destination development with a mission to create positive synergies among stakeholders.

Croatia has seen rapid growth of tourist arrivals with record braking 13% in 2017. Main attractions are scenic nature and UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS) out of which most prominent ones are Dubrovnik and Plitvice Lakes that came under attention of UNESCO and ICOMOS “reactive missions”. They have been demanded to develop and implement effective management plans that include improvements in monitoring and managing visitors and their impacts. Nevertheless, other nature protected areas in tourism regions are also facing growing pressures that raise concerns with stakeholders. The managing institutions are swiftly becoming aware of the challenges and the need to assess and adapt to the circumstances. The authors here present an approach that combined efforts of various disciplines with the goal to gather information, produce analysis and derive correlations that can inform visitor management. The goal was to consider the conservation requirements and needs of users, to produce a Study that would inform planning and management processes.

The paper examines the dialog between cultural and natural heritage and tourism, and advocates sustainable approach to tourism planning in cultural landscapes. The study is based on the theory models of heritage tourism sustainable planning that act as a catalyst for tourist attractiveness and the recognisability of the destination. From the spatial-planning point of view, the competitiveness of the destination is based on the cultural experience of unique spatial units and on the regional quality of the environment and landscape, which recognize how the interaction between tourism and heritage can promote quality of the destination as a place to live, work and invest. Models of heritage tourism sustainable planning imply the harmony and balance between the global tourism standards and the preservation of the cultural identity of the destination. They are comprised of two main components: an autochthonous place and its cultural and socioeconomic characteristics and viable tourism scenario and its sustainable cultural product. A case study is carried out on the Croatian Island of Mljet, the oldest National Park in the Adriatic, the island which combines myths, legends and cultural historical processes from the stone age, the periods of Illyrians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Slavs, Republic of Dubrovnik, Austro-Hungarian empire, up to the present times. The research, based on the all stakeholder visual perception questionnaire, proves that the heritage tourism sustainable planning models must support the development of tourism without jeopardizing the spatial and socioeconomic characteristics of both natural and anthropogenic features of the area and without creating social or economic difficulties for the local community. At the same time, they must be possible to regulate the visitor capacity which is consistent with the image of the destinations’ lifescape and with the quality of the cultural tourism experience of the visitors. This work has been supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project HERU-2032.

Istraživanje odnosa između turizma i naslijeđa temelji se na modelima planiranja kulturnog turizma u službi pokretača turističke atraktivnosti i prepoznatljivosti odredišta. S prostorno- -planerskog motrišta, konkurentnost odredišta se temelji na doživljajnom iskustvu jedinstvenih prostornih cjelina, regionalnih kvaliteta ambijenta i krajolika, koji prepoznaju koliko modeli interakcije između turizma i naslijeđa potiču povećanje kvalitete odredišta kao mjesta za život, rad i ulaganje

The paper examines tension between the ideas of cultural heritage and tourism and advocates the need for a sustainable approach to tourism planning in heritage sites. The paper argues that heritage urbanism offers a new model for sustainable tourism planning - a means of achieving improved balance between economic health, social equity, environmental responsibility and cultural vitality – by enhancing the role of place-based identity in tourism as a local development tool, stressing that the controlled active use of cultural heritage in tourism can bring about a positive response to global competitiveness and development of a tourist site, regarding its positive influence on destination recognition and heritage revitalization. It investigates the spatial elements of highly valued and highly vulnerable areas that can be included in the identification and actualization of the tourism potential as a cultural heritage places. Three challenging issues in linking heritage and tourism from the heritage urbanism point of view are pointed out: 1) the criteria for protection of cultural heritage places considering uniqueness, authenticity and capability as key factors, 2) the criteria for planning cultural heritage places taking into consideration all stake holders – professionals, locals and tourists and 3) the criteria for managing cultural heritage places that provides heritage- tourism benefits and takes into consideration scenario planning and strategic forecasting. Cultural heritage places have extensive life cycles with the need to perceive past and anticipate future longer term trends and accordingly functions in very long term dynamics. Therefore, the verification of the heritage urbanism model is set in the dialog between the cases of Cockatoo Island, Australia – UNESCO World Heritage Site and St. Catherine Island, Croatia – potential future cultural and natural resource. Both sites are brownfield areas with unique historical, architectural, anthropological and sociological significance and the associated symbolic values. For both, enormous efforts have supported development of comprehensive and sustainable land use strategies which introduce new responsible tourism approaches that offer increasing recognition of the importance of culture and heritage for both tourist and resident motivation, behavior and experiences. The aim of this paper is to balance the tension between the preservation and change of the existing heritage touristic places and to make a contribution to the advancement of promoting and protecting cultural heritage, cultural heritage tourism and urban regeneration of the cultural heritage destination and to make a contribution to both cultural heritage and tourism scientific areas. This work has been supported by the Croatian Science Foundation under the project HERU-2032.

The paper examines conflicts among the ideas of heritage and tourism and argues sustainable approach to tourism planning in cultural landscape. The research introduces heritage urbanism, as a sustainable method for enhancing the role of heritage in tourism as a local development tool, stressing that active use of cultural landscape in tourism can bring about a positive response to global competitiveness and development of tourist site, regarding its positive influence on destination recognition and heritage revitalization. It investigates specific problematic context of tourism planning and tension between the preservation of the existing landscape's character and change based on the example of the Croatian Island of Vis.

The paper examines conflicts between the ideas of heritage and tourism, and advocates sustainable approach to tourism planning in cultural landscape. The research introduces heritage urbanism as a sustainable method for enhancing the role of heritage in tourism as a local development tool, stressing that active use of cultural landscape in tourism can bring about positive response to global competitiveness and development of a tourist site, regarding its positive influence on destination recognition and heritage revitalization. A case study carried out on the Croatian Island of Hvar investigates this tension between the preservation of the existing landscape’s character and change.

The expansion of the city of Zagreb in the east- west direction has always followed the legacy of traffic flows which are parallel to the hills of the mountain Medvednica and to the alluvial plains of the river Sava. In the mid-19th century, the railway has passed in the same direction, becoming a linking factor in this east-west direction, but at the same time also a spatial barrier between north and south city area. This ambivalence of the railway as a factor of development, but also as a limiting element in urban tissue cohesion, it significantly determines the directions of the city expansion - today, just as it has in the past. Large urban infrastructural projects such as railway area revitalization are determining the future of the city, its long-term development and progress, simultaneously solving both global metropolitan area problems and local area problems. From the original idea to the final realization of each big scale project there is a long lasting procedure of initiatives, solutions and studies with active city strategy and continuous intellectual and financial efforts. The subject of this research is questioning the paradigm of the urban tissue transformation through the revitalization and improvement of urban railway. The city already owns the infrastructure which has to be adjusted into the organizational city system. Research was conducted in collaboration with the students of undergraduate studies at the course named “City Planning”. The aim was to set up the problem and provide urban solutions for certain neglected or unconsolidated urban spaces along the railroad, mostly infrastructure nodes, applying a model of urban valorisation, based on placing additional value to the space, as a central start up tool for the city central area Zagreb transformation.

The paper examines conflicts among the ideas of heritage and tourism and argues a sustainable approach to the tourism planning of heritage places. The research considers the role of heritage tourism in local development by stressing that tourism can bring about a positive response to global competitiveness, regarding its positive influence on recognition of destination. It investigates the specifi c problematic context of heritage tourism planning based on Croatian example, identifying that most of the cultural heritage resources are still forgotten, unused or depleted. Finally, the paper explores the shift from traditional spatial planning toward valorization of heritage in spatial planning, meant as an evolution of tourism planning directed toward an engaged and authentic experience.

The globally spreading mass tourism has increasingly led to environmental problems, and the same goes nowadays for the participation of the process of globalization in tourism. The new sustainable tourism, therefore, has a potential of classifying landscapes as tourist attractions, which could be used in planning feasible tourism development and environmental protection. The major goal in landscape planning is to foster environmental protection and conservation, whereas the aims of tourism planning are to engender tourism promotion and areal development. This paper seeks to determine how these two opposite attitudes could be combined to bring about sustainable tourism development under the banner of landscape planning models. The research is proposed on the Croatian island of Hvar, which is one of UNESCO’s World Heritage sites. The proposed methodology consists of mapping landscape values and surveying residents and visitors. The objectives set for the research process include articulating the landscape’s distinctive and recognizable features and defining tools for incorporating landscape values into the tourism planning process. The main goal is to determine the criteria for the evaluation of landscape resources as a means of defining the factors of space identity. Evaluating authentic island landscape is essential in determining the capability of potential tourist destination areas. In this way tourism planning must be shifted from the domain of noting the capacity and calculations to the diversification of tourist activity and the creation of new synergies with landscape benefits. It is highly important to integrate the possible scenarios of landscape identity recognition, evaluation and protection into the planning process, so as to create a new brand which will trigger a new form of specific sustainable tourism.

At a theoretical abstract level, carrying capacity can be defined as the number of user unit use periods that a tourist area can provide each year without permanent natural and physical deterioration of the area’s ability to support tourism and without appreciable impairment of the visitors’ recreational experience. Early definitions of carrying capacity have concentrated on a unidisciplinary and onedimensional perspective. However, recent interpretations underline the need for a multidimensional approach combining both quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Many important archaeological sites in Croatia are neglected and they are not presented to the visitors. We argue that the soundscape approach offers the possibility for attractive and non- invasive presentation. The model for sustainable soundscape presentation of archaeological sites is proposed. This research is conducted in order to: 1. contribute to the development of the theoretical model for reconstruction/ presentation of ancient urban soundscapes in situ. 2. investigate its possible application as a tool for presentation of unexcavated archaeological sites 3. enhance the method for presentation and interpretation of archaeological sites through their integration in contemporary town and tourism as the new element within heritage tourism. The theoretical model is investigated on the archaeological site of the ancient Greek town of Issa, located at the island of Vis in the Adriatic Sea, Croatia. The proposed model includes the assessment of historical, archaeological, spatial, urban planning, landscape and soundscape factors and determining the key soundscape elements for the presentation. The possible means of the presentation and interpretation are considered in relation to the results of the soundscape analyses and recognised key elements.

On the examples of the islands of Šolta, Ugljan, Brač and Mljet, this paper seeks to show that the planned capacities of tourist zones in spatial designation plans of municipalities/towns and detailed urban designation plans of several tourist zones are not entirely coherent with their maintenance possibilities (executed by the current inhabitants), nor the housing zones for new inhabitants (who would enable the maintenance of said tourist zones) have been planned. The method of work is based on the research of documentation sources and on the parallel analyses of urban parameters: - spatial planning documents, - construction sites of the settlements of the island and its population, - tourist zones on the islands and the number of employees, and detailed allocations of areas and program abstracts of the examples of tourist zones. Conclusions: The CSS residential density on the islands is lower than 20 pph. The unbuilt sections of the CSS with low residential density (lower than 100 pph) can accomodate twice as many residents than the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The number of TZ bedding capacity is bigger than the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The number of necessary employees for the planned TZ makes up at least 20% (Mljet), and up to 70% (Ugljan) of the existing number of the islands’ inhabitants. The necessary area of the CSS allocated as the TZ employees’ accomodation can be located on the unbuilt sections of the islands’ CSS, but they weren’t allocated as such although they encompass the area of up to 40% (Brač) of the unbuilt section of the islands’ CSS. The facilities and areas for the employees’ accomodation weren’t specifically planned in the UDPs and DDPs of TZ/TL. There is enough additional space for the accomodation of a larger number of the necessary employees in the built sections of the settlements. It is important to regulate the planning of a section within the TZ as an accomodation area for the temporary (seasonal) employees. Cilj rada je pokazati na primjerima otoka Šolte, Ugljana, Brača i Mljeta, da u prostornim planovima uređenja općina / gradova i detaljnijim urbanističkim planovima uređenja za pojedine turističke zone, nisu u potpunosti usklađeni planirani kapaciteti turističkih zona sa mogućnostima njihovog servisiranja od strane postojećih stanovnika, te da također, nisu planirane niti stambene zone za nove stanovnike koji omogućuju servisiranje tih turističkih zona. Metoda rada se zasniva na istraživanju dokumentacijskih izvora i usporednim analizama urbanističkih parametara: prostorno planskih dokumenata, -građevinskog područja naselja otoka i broja njihovih stanovnika, turističkih zona na otocima i broja njihovih djelatnika, i detaljne namjene površina i programa sadržaja primjera turističkih zona. Zaključci: Gustoća stanovanja u GPN na otocima je niža od 20 st/ha. U neizgrađenim dijelovima GPN sa niskom gustoćom stanovanja (do 100 st/ha) može se smjestiti dvostruko veći broj stanovnika od postojećeg broja stanovnika na otocima. Broj planiranih ležaja u TZ veći je od postojećeg broja stanovnika otoka. Broj potrebnih djelatnika za planirane TZ čini najmanje 20% (Mljet), a najviše 70% (Ugljan) postojećeg broja stanovnika otoka. Potrebnu površinu GPN namijenjenu smještaju djelatnika TZ moguće je smjestiti u neizgrađenim dijelovima GPN otoka, ali ona nisu planirana za tu namjenu iako zauzimaju površinu do 40% (Brač) neizgrađenog dijela GPN otoka. U Upu-ovima i Dpu- ovima TZ/TL nisu posebno planirani sadržaji i površine za smještaj djelatnika. U izgrađenim građevinskim područjima naselja ima rezerve za smještaj većeg broja potrebnih djelatnika. Unutar obuhvata TZ potrebno je omogućiti regulativom da se dio iste planira za smještaj privremenih (sezonskih) zaposlenika.

The urban culture on the eastern Adriatic coast is traceable for at least twenty-five centuries. After the Ancient Greeks arrived on the eastern Adriatic coast, they traded with the Illyrians (the contemporaries of the Etruscans) since the 9th century BC, but the first town, Issa, was not founded until the the 4th ct. BC. Of all the towns founded by the Ancient Greeks, there are those which have remained as such until today (two of which, Tragurion/Tragurium and Pharos, are protected by UNESCO), and those which ceased to exist, with their remains preserved solely in the archaeological layers. An example of the latter is Issa which became “a dead town” in the Early Middle Ages. A new settlement developed later in the same cove (somewhat farther from the ancient town) that served as a foundation for the modern town of Vis. This significant cultural-historical (archaeological) heritage from the Greek-Roman period is poorly tended and remains mostly unknown to the general public. Despite legal protection, the heritage has not been recognized locally, nor has it been satisfactory incorporated into everyday life or the tourist and economic activities. Due to a number of factors (the islandʼs isolation, immigration of the inhabitants, military presence from the mid-20th ct. until 1990), there are only two larger settlements (Vis and Komiža) on the island of Vis ; the population density being low, this affected the preservation of the elements of the cultural and natural landscape. The islandʼs landscape contains the remains of the Ancient Greek town of Issa (that later became Roman), the Greek agrarian partition, villae rusticae, vineyards, olive-groves, ancient means of communication, numerous archaeological sites underwater, elements of the cultural-historical heritage from later periods and the preserved elements of the natural landscape. This research represents a concept (model) for the sustainable spatial development of the town and the island based on the following: the recognition of the relevance of the Ancient Greek and Roman archaeological heritage, its presentation and integration into the contemporary life in the town of Vis, the recognition of spatial authenticity (elements from the Greek-Roman period) of the island and the incorporation of the cultural and natural heritage into the concept of development of tourism in the town and the island as a basis for economic development and the improvement of insular life in general. This paper offers a concise overview of the historical development and the spatial context of Vis, as well as the representation of the history of the town of Issa from its first mention to the point of its abandonment and destruction. It also provides an overview of the site today and of the archaeological research hitherto conducted. Furthermore, this paper explores the possibilities of the enhancement and presentation of the Issa archaeological site with the aim of turning it into one of the relevant bearers of spatial identity and development of the modern town of Vis. In order to enhance the archaeological site and to develop the island in general, the paper also addresses the topic of perceptual / phenomenological authenticity (the authentic cultural and natural landscape of the island of Vis – “an Ancient Hellenistic landscape”) with the aim of its preservation and incorporation into the plan as the new element within the development of the selective tourist offer on the island. The topic of spatial development of the town and the island through the enhancement of the archaeological site of the ancient town of Issa has been explored in terms of its local significance (the townʼs identity, the development of cultural tourism) and the overall significance, which represents the contribution to the method of the enhancement (urban integration) of archaeological heritage within the context of sustainable spatial development.

The space and the environment are the inherent notions of tourism and, conversely, the concept of tourism is inconceivable without the components of space and environment. Tourism helps to bring people closer together and to raise awareness of the value of the natural and cultural heritage, while promoting respect for different cultures. Physical planning has a specific role to play here, particularly regarding tourism planning in a long term perspective. The aim of this paper is to provide useful information about traditional physical planning methods. It seeks to examine the similarities and differences of the tourism planning impacts on space, landscape and nature. In order to achieve these goals, the method of work is based on the research of documentation sources and on the parallel analysis of tourism planning parameters and landscape and nature protection through physical planning documents: physical plans of the counties, and physical plans of towns and municipalities on the three Croatian islands of Cres, Hvar and Mljet. Planned tourism zones in physical plans of the counties are redirected to lower plans in accordance with the law, without further obligation to verify the feasibility and acceptability of the proposed sites. Tourism zones on islands are planned almost exclusively along the coastline and in protected coastal area. Protection of nature and landscape is mostly implemented through nature protection legislation and almost not at all through physical plans. The landscape concern should be upgraded from basic protection to a higher level of landscape planning and management. Tourism planning must be moved from the domain of noting capacity and calculations to diversification of tourism activity and the creation of new synergies with landscape benefits. It is highly important to integrate possible scenarios of recognition in the physical planning process, as well as the evaluation and protection of landscapes identity that must be used to create a new brand which will trigger a new form of specific sustainable tourism.

Alternative cultures provide both cultural spaces and unique urban experiences, but can also give a place a new type of symbolic value. We ask ourselves whether art can become a tool of urban life generator, especially in neglected city areas. The system of public spaces - parks and gardens, plantain avenues and private gardens were once one of the basic trademarks of the identity of city of Mostar - the centre of Herzegovina. Nowadays the consequences of recent war devastations are still evident there, and have led to the gradual decline of cultural life in the town and the waning of the distinctive city features. Provoked by this situation the Faculty of Architecture in Zagreb organized a summer workshop for students in 2010 with the aim of raising awareness on the importance of forgotten public spaces as a potential initiator for the recovery of the town. A method of recognition in this workshop was off culture scene with its performing art as a more flexible, short-term and provoking medium of exposition. The specificities of this kind of cultural production, and the changes in consumption patterns lead everyone to reconsider the role of alternative cultures and marginal artists and scenes in the social sphere of the urban environment. The idea was to understand how the off spaces can easily be articulated into the in, throughout the creative behaviour which strongly affected local population and authority. In a in/off system, the in is organized and planned, while the off is spontaneous, creative and innovative, and needs in to build its legitimacy. And little by little, a part of the off leads to the in. Based on this Mostar example, this paper intends to show the shift in the attitude of residents, planners and authorities toward what we call off cultural scenes. Finally our work here stands as a reminder of the importance of performing art in urban life. It proofs how small artistic site specific actions can provoke big city changes and participate in raising of awareness of the importance of forgotten public spaces.

The aim of this research is to determine the possible ways of achieving contemporary development of selective tourism on specific locations of Croatian coastal brownfields – abandoned mine and military areas. By analysing four selected international examples of the transformation of similar places of former special use, basic conditions for successful implementation of the necessary steps in spatial policy of these areas have been established. In such way basic guidelines for reuse planning of selected sites in Croatia have been set up. These starting points can serve as a paradigm for numerous other similar examples that will pass through the process of such development transformation.

The town of Mostar is the cultural, university and economic centre of Herzegovina. It is situated at the convergence of the Rivers Radobolja and Neretva Canyon which greatly defines the physiognomy of the town. Its landscape has played an important role in the shaping of the town and its matrix since its founding in the Middle Ages. Partly destroyed at the end of the 20th century, renewal was slow and difficult due to ensuing social and political circumstances within the last 15 years. Layers from the Ottoman, Historicism periods, and from modern times, bear witness to the continuity and care afforded concerning public spaces, resulting in an exceptionally valuable cultural, historical and urban heritage. The system of public spaces - parks and gardens, plantain avenues and private gardens were once one of the basic trademarks of the town’s identity. Today, these urban elements have been neglected. A systematic urban plan which would fulfil existing needs does not exist ; neither does an institution which would care for the upkeep of public spaces and the establishment of direly needed public and social facilities. The consequences of recent devastations are still evident and have led to the gradual decline of cultural life in the town and the waning of the distinctive features of Mostar. Inspired by this fact, the Faculty of Architecture and the Town of Mostar organised a summer workshop for students in 2010 in the aim of raising awareness on the importance of public spaces – especially parks and gardens, as a potential initiator for the recovery of the town. The workshop was based on contemporary trends of landscape urbanism theory according to which landscape is very important in the organisation of towns. The basic starting point for projects was - low cost and sustainability & art. Seven neglected public spaces within residential areas were chosen for the research project. The manner and form of interventions was set at several levels. At the preparatory level of the workshop a survey was conducted among residents living in the vicinity to the public spaces chosen to establish real needs, whereby they were actively involved in the urban planning process. During the duration of the workshop, site specific installations were set up at select locations with the intention of drawing public attention to the significance of the neglected space. During a seven-day period of intensive work on projects, students were given the task of providing their solutions for the spatial development of “pocket” parks through modern and fresh approaches that would help create a new identity for the town. Workshop participants were also exposed to local media coverage in the aim of sensitivizing the public to the project. Special attention was also paid to the creating of an identity for the workshop and included an exhibition under the motto: ‘Green up!’. The presentation and exhibition of students’ works at the town gallery was well-visited and received good media coverage, and a good awareness-raising opportunity for town residents. The initiative of the Town of Mostar to realize some of the students’ works is ample proof that the entire project was a success and reinforces the prospect of making changes through small actions. In addition, the benefits and results of the workshop are multifarious and provided both students and professors from the Faculty of Architecture in Zagreb the opportunity to confirm how valuable and effective “short-form” summer workshops are. This work is part of the research project “The Urban and Landscape Heritage of Croatia as Part of the European Culture” which is being carried out by the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Zagreb.

The research papers published in this volume are the result of four years work on the Urban and Spatial Models for the Revival and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage research project. The project and the researchers faced the question of how to preserve and present cultural heritage and how to tackle the challenges arising from modern needs and new interventions on historic buildings and in the sphere of cultural heritage. Various types of heritage have been explored from different periods—ranging from cultural landscapes to individual buildings, from ancient archaeological sites to modern architecture, from the tangible to the intangible heritage—from different perspectives—interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary. To achieve this, the project was open to everyone who could contribute to its development, including researchers and experts of different professions and interests. Everyone attempted to answer the question posed in the title of this research project: what the potential models for the revival and enhancement of cultural heritage are?

The historical and cultural area spanning from the Lake Balaton in Hungary to the Sava River in Croatia calls for stronger international and intraregional connections between Southern Transdanubia and Central Slavonia. Considering the main spatial, natural and cultural factors of the demarcated historical route, this paper aims to inaugurate a new theoretical basis for a spatial development which overcomes territorial borders and to propose a unique concept of heritage revitalisation. Focusing on country house building as a clear formal manifestation of socio-cultural givens, the authors deliberate over four main functional models for built heritage revitalisation and creative utilisation – the seasonal, educational, ecological, and medical model. Interconnected in the rhizomatic system, the country houses serve as nodes of different functional intensity along the route marked by the historic presence of Counts Jankovich.

Urban and architectural characteristics of medieval settlements in Istria were created by mixing of two different cultural traditions (Central European and Venetian). The settlements of central Istria, historical Pazin County, still retains its medieval character and scope. The case studies of Kršan and Žminj will allow us to observe the models and scenarios of the development of historical settlements in central Istria. In addition, the relationship between architectural heritage and development of these settlements will be observed. Kršan and Žminj were selected as examples for the interpretation of two different models: Žminj – a settlement that lives and Kršan – a settlement that is mostly abandoned. Previous research, conducted in the last two decades of the 20th century (research projects and master’s studies), offered only guidelines for the preservation and revitalization of certain settlements in Istria. Previous studies have not considered the different scenarios and neither offered a development model that would suit each individual settlement. After a review of previous research, archival and cartographic materials and conducted field surveys, the historical settlements in Pazin County are classified into several models on which the research results are going to be applied. The paper provides an overview of the research that examines the model of development of the Istrian settlements based on urban and architectural heritage. The aim of the research is to propose a new development model that is the most appropriate for individual settlements including a model for the protection and use of architectural heritage. These scenarios offer three options of development models: the ideal reconstruction of historic settlements, entrepreneurial development and sustainable development.

Memorials create places where people can reconnect with a past event, circumstance or person. The reconnection is essential to make this type of heritage present in today’s fast- paced era. Unlike historical monuments, memorials use different ways to achieve not only remembrance, but also conciliation, mediation, oblivion, the healing of space or new concepts for the future. Therefore, their main characteristic is designing experience in a public space by using artistic methods rather than just representing heritage, by which those places become cultural landscapes and landmarks. The chosen methodological research approach is typological identification based on case studies with a proposal of memorial models, methods and criteria for planning. The aim is to contribute to the interdisciplinary topic of memorials by defining spatial aspects. / Memorijali stvaraju mjesta gdje se ljudi mogu ponovo povezati s prošlim događajem, okolnostima ili osobom. Povezivanje je važno kako bi se naslijeđe prošlosti učinilo prisutnim u današnjem dobu ubrzanog ritma. Za razliku od povijesnih spomenika, memorijali koriste različita sredstva kako bi postigli uz sjećanje i pomirenje, medijaciju, zaborav, liječenje prostora ili koncept za budućnost. Stoga, njihovo glavno obilježje nije reprezentacija naslijeđa, već oblikovanje doživljaja u javnom prostoru umjetničkim metodama, što ih čini kulturnim pejsažima i orijentirima. Za metodološki istraživački postupak primjenjena je identifikacija tipova memorijala temeljem analize primjera, te postavljanje modela memorijala, kriterija i metoda za njihovo planiranje. Cilj je doprinjeti interdisciplinarnoj temi memorijala utvrđujući prostorne aspekte.