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Introduction: Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of musculoskeletal consultation causing significant pain and disability in performing tasks for daily living. For the diagnosis of shoulder joint pathologies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy are commonly used. Currently arthroscopy is the gold standard in diagnosing shoulder pathologies. Also, many studies have reported MRI to be sensitive and accurate tool for investigations. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of MRI and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of shoulder pathologies and find the correlation between MRI and arthroscopic finding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The prospective, comparative study was conducted between January 2020 and July 2021; patients presenting to the institute with chronic shoulder pain were included in the study after applying selection criteria. MRI followed by shoulder arthroscopy was performed for all patients, and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Synovitis (65.9%) was the most common pathology. MRI reported high specificity (100%) for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff tendinitis, subacromial bursitis, and Bankart’s lesion followed by superior labrum, anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion (96.6%), and bicep tendinitis (95.8%) while moderate specificity for synovitis (78.6%) and partial rotator cuff tear (66.7%). MRI reported to have high sensitivity for Hill–Sachs lesion, subacromial bursitis, and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and Bankart’s lesion and low sensitivity for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, synovitis, SLAP lesions, and bicep tendinitis. MRI detected subacromial bursitis (0.807), Bankart’s lesion (0.792), and Hill–Sachs lesion (0.707) with substantial correlation whereas it detected synovitis (0.064) with only slight correlation. The accuracy of MRI was highest in diagnosing subacromial bursitis (0.90) and Bankart’s lesion (0.90) and lowest for synovitis (0.46). Conclusion: MRI is an effective technique for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears, subacromial bursitis, synovitis, and rotator cuff tendinitis but was less effective in detecting SLAP lesions and less in differentiating the partial or complete rotator cuff tear.

Kidney stones, known medically as nephrolithiasis, present a significant health concern globally, particularly in regions such as India and the Middle East. Despite extensive research, the complexity of ureteral obstruction due to kidney stones remains a challenge in urology. This study addresses this gap by analysing the effects of obstruction in a three-dimensional model of the ureter with a constant diameter, simulating various percentages of blockage. Through computational analysis, the pressure and velocity effects on the ureter wall are explored, providing insights into the dynamics of obstructed ureters. Building upon previous research, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing flow patterns and pressure variations within the urinary tract. Additionally, findings from this study may lead to advancements in non-invasive assessment methods for diagnosing and treating ureteral obstruction caused by kidney stones. Furthermore, insights gained from this research could potentially inform clinical decision-making, leading to improved management strategies and better outcomes for patients affected by this debilitating condition. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive analysis of the effects of obstruction on the ureteral wall, offering valuable implications for urological practice and patient care.

The selection of abrasive material and parameters of the Air-Abrasion device for a particular application is a crucial detail. However, there are no standard recommendations or manuals for choosing these details; the operator must depend on his experience and knowledge of the procedure to select the best possible material and set of parameters. This short review attempts to identify some of the effects that the selection of material and parameters could have on the performance of the Air-Abrasion procedure for a particular application. The material and parameter data are collected from various studies and categorized according to the most popular materials in use right now. These studies are then analyzed to arrive at some inferences on the performance of Air-Abrasion materials and parameters. This review arrives at a few conclusions on the effectiveness of a material and parameter set, and that there is potential for developments in the area of standardizing parameter selection; also, there is scope for further studies on Bio-Active Glass as an alternative to the materials currently used in Air-Abrasion.

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for improved survival and quality of life in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, perirenal fluid collections are common surgical complications after renal transplant, with about 0.6 to 18% of patients developing a lymphocele. Conventional treatments include percutaneous aspiration and drainage, laparoscopic fenestration, and open surgical decompression stepwise. Recently, a new image-guided percutaneous transperitoneal balloon fenestration technique has been described as an alternative to the laparoscopic or surgical technique. We present the case of a 25-year-old male patient diagnosed with a lymphocele after 2 months of transplantation and no resolution of the lymphocele with percutaneous aspiration and drainage. We used this new technique under ultrasound and fluoroscopy guidance, which resulted in the resolution of the lymphocele at 1 month postprocedure. This case report highlights this new technique's potential role in successfully managing the posttransplant lymphocele in a minimally invasive manner.

AbstractThe airflow behaviour and particle deposition before and after the maxillary expansion are evaluated using the computational fluid dynamics method. A pediatric patient was subjected to maxillary expansion and the CT scans of pre and post were recorded. The procured CT scans were developed into 3D models using Materialise MIMICS 21.0 (Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI). The analysis was performed using ANSYS FLUENT 2020 R2 with three different flow rates defined at the nostril inlet as 5, 10, and 15 LPM. The surface area and nasal volume increased by 5.1% and 16.5%, respectively, for the post-maxillary expansion case. The velocity profiles show a maximum value at the nasal valve regions followed by a decreased velocity in the mid-nasal region with an 85% lower velocity observed at the nasal valve for the post-maxillary expansion case. The nasal resistance and pressure drop decrease by 46% to 66% in post-maxillary expansion cases. The maximum WSS at the nasal valve region is observed which is reduced by around 47% for post-maxillary expansion cases. Particle deposition studies show a reduction in particle depositions in post cases indicating a greater number of inhaled particles reaching the lungs. The pressure drop and the nasal resistance values were reduced by more than 50% for post-maxillary expansion. The particle deposition studies show increased depositions at higher flow rates for both cases.

The worldwide demand has been raised to use natural dyes in all applied fields of life due to their environmental-friendly and therapeutic nature. For the current study microwave rays as an eco-friendly extraction tool has been used to explore the natural coloring potency of Arjun bark for cotton dyeing. Arjun bark powder was exposed to microwave irradiation for up-to 5 min and was used for extraction of colorant in different media. It has been found that 50 mL of acidified methanol-solubilized extract obtained from 5 min microwave-treated powder has given excellent results when employed onto MW treated cotton at 55°C for 75 min, salt of Fe as chemical mordant and extracts of acacia and turmeric as bio-mordants employed at optimum condition has shown good to the excellent fastness ratings at grey scales. It is concluded that microwave treatment has good potential for the extraction of the colorant from Arjun bark for cotton dyeing and the application of sustainable mordants has made the process more aesthetic and sustainable.

Abstract Cerebral intracranial aneurysms are serious problems that can lead to stroke, coma, and even death. The effect of blood flow on cerebral aneurysms and their relationship with rupture are unknown. In addition, postural changes and their relevance to haemodynamics of blood flow are difficult to measure in vivo using clinical imaging alone. Computational simulations investigating the detailed haemodynamics in cerebral aneurysms have been developed in recent times not only to understand the progression and rupture but also for clinical evaluation and treatment. In the present study, the haemodynamics of a patient-specific case of a large aneurysm on the left side internal carotid bifurcation (LICA) and no aneurysm on the right side internal carotid bifurcation (RICA) was investigated. The simulation of these patient-specific models using fluid–structure interaction provides a valuable comparison of flow behavior between normal and aneurysm models. The influences of postural changes were investigated during standing, sleeping, and head-down (HD) position. Significant changes in flow were observed during the HD position and quit high arterial blood pressure in the internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm model was established when compared to the normal ICA model. The velocity increased abruptly during the HD position by more than four times (LICA and RICA) and wall shear stress by four times (LICA) to ten times (RICA). The complex spiral flow and higher pressures prevailing within the dome increase the risk of aneurysm rupture.

In replacement surgery of the hip joint, an implant is replaced into the natural femur which recreates the articulation and functionally of a natural joint. Total hip replacement is significantly increasing by the day worldwide and is likely to increase by 174% by 2030. Primary revision is another major concern for total hip replacement with revision rates likely to increase by 137%. The first part of the article states the basic anatomy of the hip joint, different ligaments in the hip, the disorders associated with the joint, and evaluation of total hip arthroplasty. In the second part some of the major works are highlighted followed by a detailed discussion about different design considerations and wear-related issues in hip joints. More emphasis is given to the tribological behavior of implants under different conditions. The design aspects and several parameters which affect the wear rate in implants are summarized. Also, different testing methods which are used both in experimental and numerical techniques are reported to estimate the wear rates in hip implants with the evolution of hip implants since the early 20th century, in terms of different designs, materials and wear hip implant arthroplasty is known as one of the best advancements in healthcare. Further research is needed to establish to improve the life expectancy of hip implants.

The total hip prosthesis is considered one of the greatest advancements in orthopaedic surgery in the early 20th century. In hip implant replacement, the stem is inserted into the femur and femoral head, acetabular cup, and backing cup over the stem. This felicitates the normal range of motion and stability of an individual compared to the natural hip joint. Several different types of biomaterials are used in the total hip prosthesis. Where the combination of UHMWPE, CoCrMo alloy, and Ti-6Al-4 V alloy is widely used due to their superior mechanical properties over the others. In this work, these material combinations are used for the analysis with changes in the femoral head sizes from 24 mm to 48 mm to know the best size with the better material combination. Static structural analyses are carried out using Ansys R-19. Two sets of analyses are performed for two different material combinations between Ti-6Al-4 V, CoCr, and UHMWPE. The circular cross-shaped stem with change in femoral head sizes from 24 mm to 48 mm is used for analysis. The acetabular cup and backing cup thickness are kept constant throughout the study. The size of the acetabular cup and backing cup is considered 6 mm and 4 mm respectively. Loading and boundary conditions are considered as per the ASTM standards. Hip implant with Ti-6Al-4 V for stem and a 4 mm backing cup of CoCr and 6 mm acetabular cup of UHMWPE shown the least stress value of 203.48 MPa over all the other models which are used in the analysis. This work shows the analysis to know the effect of the change in femoral head size and also the change in material combinations used in hip implants. Further experimental work can be carried out to validate the results obtained in the current work.

The Li-ion batteries used in electric vehicles widely employ cooling plates with mini channels for thermal management purpose. Researches on battery thermal management systems of electric vehicles are largely focused on improving the cooling efficiency hence obtaining temperature uniformity across the cells. In the present work, a streamline configuration has been incorporated in cooling plate design to enhance the performance of mini-channel cooling plate. These kinds of configurations are usually found in submarine and aerospace applications. By adopting streamline design the flow resistance is found to reduce. Five plates with different number of channels (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) were computationally studied at a coolant (water and ethylene glycol mixture) flow rate of 0.002 kg/s. The maximum cell temperature is decreased by 7.8% for 7-channel configuration. Temperature uniformity is also found to improve using this design. The results reveal that this design is able to maintain the temperature of Li-ion battery in safe operating range. Hence this could be a better solution for thermal management of Li-ion batteries in future.

Background and objective: Causes for nasal airway obstruction (NAO) are many but septum deviation is the most prevalent etiology. A deviated septum affects the airflow dynamics in the human nasal cavity, which in turn affects the physiological functions of the nasal cavity like heating, humidification, and filtration capabilities. The present study investigates and compares the airflow patterns in a healthy nasal cavity to a septal deviated nasal cavity.Methods: Two nasal airway models are considered and compared in this study. One with a septal deviation and the second with a healthy patent nasal cavity. Airflow analysis is carried out by developing the CT scans into 3D models using Materialise MIMICS (Materialise, Ann Arbor, MI), and then using the FLUENT solver of ANSYS 2020R2. The simulations are carried out for airflows ranging in laminar and turbulent flows using the SST k-ω turbulence model. Polyhedral meshes are used and the mesh check using Grid Convergence Index studies is adopted.Results: The pressure and velocity profiles are assessed for a wide range of mass flow rates. The results indicate a turbulent flow pattern for mass flow rates over 15 LPM. The velocity profiles show aberrated flow profiles in a septal deviated nasal cavity where the peak velocity is observed at the mid-nasal region rather than the nasal valve region. There was a 38% to 55% higher nasal resistance in the septal deviated nasal cavity as compared to a normal and healthy nasal cavity. The pressure drop in the septal deviated nasal cavity is higher by 60%–120% when compared to a healthy nasal cavity.Conclusion: The septal deviated nasal cavity greatly affects the nasal airflow distribution resulting in higher velocities in the mid-nasal region, increased pressure drop and higher nasal resistance. Hence the NAO with septal deviation has to be rectified with proper surgical procedures.

The transmission mechanism of artificial flapping-wing drones generally needs low weight and the fewest interconnecting components, making their development challenging. The four-bar Linkage mechanism for flapping actuation has generally been used till now with complex and heavy connecting designs, but our proposed novel perpendicularly organized 3-cylindrical joint mechanism is designed to be unique and lighter weight with smooth functioning performance. The proposed prototype transforms the rotary motion of the motor into a specific angle of flapping movement, where the dimensions and specifications of the design components are proportional to the obtained flapping angle. Power consumption and flapping actuation can be monitored by adjusting the motor’s rotational speed to control the individual wing in this mechanism. The proposed mechanism consists of a crank with three slightly slidable cylindrical joints perpendicularly arranged to each other with a specified distance in a well-organized pattern to produce a flapping movement at the other end. In order to examine the kinematic attributes, a mathematical process approach is formulated, and kinematic simulations are performed using SIMSCAPE multibody MATLAB, PYTHON programming and COMPMECH GIM software. The proposed invention’s real-time test bench prototype model is designed, tested and analyzed for flapping validation.

Sustainable extraction of functional colorant from dye-yielding plant through microwave radiations is gaining popularity due to its cost, time and effective nature. Current study is concerned with the microwave-assisted exploration of Arjun bark natural colorant for dyeing of mordanted wool fabric. Extracts obtained in various media were irradiated up to 6 min and were used to dye wool. It is found that acid methanol-solubilized extract (3 pH) from 4 g powder upon irradiation for 4 min has given darker shades onto irradiated wool at dyeing for 75 min. FTIR analysis shows that there is no change in chemical nature of functional site of wool, whereas SEM analysis shows that there are some morphological changes occurring at the surface. At optimal conditions, acceptable fastness characteristics are obtained, when 9% of turmeric extracts as pre- and post-bio-mordant and 5% of Fe as pre- and 3% of Fe as post-mordant is employed. It is concluded that microwave has not only improved the functional behavior of natural colorant from Arjun bark for wool dyeing but also the addition of green mordants has made dyeing process more esthetic.

The utilization of bio-mordants to make natural coloring process more eco-friendly is gaining worldwide fame, whereas the addition of microwave treatment has added value to the extraction of colorant under mild conditions. The Current study has been undertaken to isolate tannin from neem (Azadirachta indica) bark under the impact of microwave radiation for the dyeing of mordanted (chemical and bio) silk fabric. For this purpose, the extraction of colorant (tannin) has been carried out in various media and dyeing variables have been optimized. For making the process more sustainable and clean, extracts ofbio-mordants such as turmeric (Curcuma longa), henna (Lawsonia inermis), pomegranate (Punica granatum) and acacia (Acacia nilotica) have been employed at given conditions. It is found that microwave radiation for 2 min. to acidified methanolic extract of 2 pH obtained from 6 g powder has given good color strength in irradiated silk when it is used to dye at 75°C for 65 min. by employing 3 g/100 mL of Glauber’s salt the as exhausting agent. It is concluded that microwave treatment has not only enhanced the extraction of tannin from neem bark but also improved the color characteristics under low conditions.

Food products as a source of natural colorants are gaining widespread popularity around the globe due to their ayurvedic and eco-friendly nature. Current study is aimed with the utilization of food products (Saffron and madder) as a source of dye for woolen yarn. It is found that, for Saffron, irradiation of yarn for 6 min gives high color strength by dyeing for 45 min in the presence of 2% of salts using un-irradiated dye bath of 1 pH, whereas for madder, 4 min is optimal irradiation time for extract to dye irradiated yarn for 25 min in the presence of 6% of salts using the irradiated dye bath of pH 1. The mordanting carried out at optimal conditions show that using both extracts, woolen yarn dyed at optimal conditions has given good color characteristics. It is concluded that microwave radiation has not only improved natural dyeing process but also make the process more eco-friendly and sustainable as well.

Due to an increase in awareness of harmful aspects of synthetic dyes among the global community, the demand of natural dyes in textile sector has been dramatically increased. The current study has been conducted to explore new eco-friendly source of natural brown colorant from arjun bark for textile. Both bark powder and silk fabrics were microwave irradiated for 1–6 min. Dyeing was performed at different variables onto irradiated and un-irradiated silk using extracts obtained from irradiated and un-irradiated powder. To make the dyeing process more sustainable, two chemical and bio-mordants were employed at optimal conditions. The results show that acidified methanolic extract from irradiated powder (RP, 8g) has given high color strength if irradiated silk (RSi) is dyed for 65 min. at 65°C using dye bath of 1 pH in presence of 7% of Na2SO4 as exhausting agent. Good shades and improved fastness characteristics have been obtained by employing 1% of Fe (iron sulfate) and Al (aluminum sulfate) as Chemical and 1% of turmeric and pomegranate extracts as bio-mordants. Hence, microwave radiation has not only explored the coloring efficacy of arjun bark as potential source of natural brown dye but also made its applicability under sustainable conditions.

The current study is aimed to utilize the microwave for isolation of colorant from neem bark and its application onto chemical & bio-mordanted cotton fabric. For the purpose, aqueous, acid and organic media have been employed to isolate the colorant and to make its application onto surface modified and bio-mordanted cotton fabric followed by microwave treatment up to 6min. It is found that using optimum extraction and dyeing conditions, acceptable fastness properties have been rated when 9% of Al & Fe, 7% of tannic acid as pre chemical, 7% of acacia, 9% of henna, 7% of pomegranate & 5% of turmeric extract as pre bio mordants. Similarly, 5% of Al, 9% of T.A, 7% of pomegranate, and turmeric extract as post-mordants have been employed. It is recommended that isolation of colorant & dyeing under MW treatment has not only improved the natural dyeing process but also the addition of herbal-based bio-mordants have made the dyeing process more sustainable & ayurvedic. So it is concluded that microwave treatment has not only explored the coloring potential of neem bark but also made possible use of bio-mordants for making process more green with excellent color characteristics under reduced optimal conditions.

The need for eco-friendly tool in textile processing is the major concern of consumers and traders. The current study is aimed to use ultrasonic radiation for improvement of Vat dyeing of cellulosic fibers using Vat Blue 4. For this purpose, both fabric and dye solutions were ultrasonically treated for 15–60 min at variable dyeing conditions. Dyeing has been performed onto irradiated and un-irradiated fabrics using irradiated and un-irradiated dye solutions. It is found that good color characteristics are obtained if un-irradiated fabric is dyed at 55 C for 60 min using 50 mL of neutral dye bath. For optimization of vat dyeing conditions, 2.5 mL of sodium dithionite, 2 mL of acetic acid and 2 mL of hydrogen peroxide at redox conditions have been optimized. Organization of International Standards (ISO) standard methods employed onto variable shades for colorfastness show that the Ultrasonic treatment has improved the rating of color characteristics. It is concluded that the Ultrasonic treatment has been proved as a cost- and time-effective tool for Vat dyeing of cellulosic fabric under mild conditions.

Insect RoboFlyers are interesting and active focuses of study but producing high-quality flapping robots that replicate insect flight is challenging., due to the dual requirement of both a sophisticated transmission mechanism with light weight and minimal intervening connections. This innovative mechanism was created to address the need for a producible structure that is small in size, small in mass, and has reduced design linkages. The proposed Single Crank-Slotted Dual Lever (SC-SDL) mechanism transforms rotational motion into specific angular motion at different velocities for each of its two strokes, i.e., the forward stroke and the return stroke. The discovery of a lag between the left and right lever motions in our design mechanism-I leads us to the conclusion that the flapping is asymmetric. To eliminate the position lag, the design has been altered, and a new design mechanism-II has been developed. Comparative kinematic analysis of both design systems is performed using simulations. Two-dimensional analysis of the base ornithopter configuration using ANSYS FLUENT yielded deeper insights regarding the influence of varying flapping frequency on critical flow metrics regarding adequate lift and thrust. For a flapping frequency of 24 Hz, adequate lift generation was achieved with minimal flow disturbances and wake interactions. Averaged dual wing estimations were made as part of the CFD study, which showed similar agreements. To validate the estimations, experimental tests were performed over the design mechanism-II configuration.

Hip implants consist of a stem, femoral head, acetabular cup, and backing cup. There is a wide variety of sizes and lengths. Their adaptability is limited because of the inter-anatomical variations. There is no single fit-for-all implant design that satisfies the orthopedic requirement satisfactorily. In this work, the trapezoidal-shaped stem with three different cross-sections is considered. The femoral head size, acetabular cup thickness, backing cup thickness, and trunnion geometry were varied to arrive at the best possible combination. ANSYS R-19 was used to perform the static analysis. It is found that trapezoidal-shaped profile two has the least amount of stress and total deformation. The von Mises stresses were found to be higher when the femoral head size was between 32 mm to 40 mm in profile two. It was also observed that the femoral head with 24 mm has the least stress compared to higher head sizes. The maximum von Mises stress-induced in profile two was 141.0 MPa, the total deformation of 0.04436 mm and elastic strain of 7.6 × 10−4 mm/mm. Trunnion interface does not have a significant role with respect to the structural strength of the implant. From the findings of this study, it is inferred that profile two shaped stems with the femoral ball size of 36 mm, acetabular cup thickness of 2 mm and backing cup thickness of 1mm is best suited for the hip replacement. The major outcome of this study is the utilization of the DoE method to determine the optimized value of the implant.

Background: The Hip joint is the primary joint which gives stability to the human body. The wear and tear associated with age and other factors, require these joints to be replaced by implants using hip arthroplasty surgeries. Cobalt chromium alloy (CoCr), titanium alloy, stainless steel are some of the most common hip joint materials used for hip implants. The design requirement for hip joint implants are very stringent to avoid revision joint surgeries due to aseptic loosening. There are various choices in shapes and materials used for stem and acetabular designs. This makes it more difficult to make an informed decision on the type of design and material that can be used for hip implants. Methods: Circular, Oval, ellipse and trapezoidal designs with three individual cross sections (defined as profile 1, profile 2 and profile 3) are considered for the study. All models are modeled using CATIA V-6. Static structural analysis is performed using ANSYS R-19 to arrive at the best possible design and material combination for stem and acetabular cup. Results: It was found that, profile 2 of all the four designs has the lowest possible deformation and von Mises stress when compared to profile 1 and profile 3. In general, profile 2 with trapezoidal stem has best outcomes in terms of its mechanical properties. Besides, stem designed with material CoCr and its associated acetabular cup with CoC (ceramic on ceramic) material can produce an implant having better properties and longer durability. Conclusions: CoCr was found to be the preferred choice of material for stem design. It was also observed that, irrespective of material considered for the analysis profile 2 with trapezoidal stem showcased lesser deformation and von Mises stress over the other eleven models. For analysis involving acetabular cups, CoC implants exhibited better mechanical properties over the conventional CoPE (Ceramic on polyethylene) materials such as Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). It is inferred from the findings of this study that, the profile 2 with trapezoidal stem design made of CoCr material and acetabular cup made of CoC material is best suited for hip joint implants.

The dyeing behaviour of UV irradiated cotton and polyester fabrics using multifunctional reactive and disperse dyes has been investigated. The plain, woven, mercerized, bleached, cotton and polyester fabrics were exposed to UV radiation (180 w, 254 nm) for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Dyeing was performed using irradiated fabric with a dye solution of un-irradiated reactive and disperse/azo dyes. The dyeing parameters such as, temperature, time, pH and salt concentration have been optimized. The colour strength values of dyed fabrics were evaluated by comparing irradiated and un-irradiated cotton and polyester fabrics in CIE Lab systems using spectra flash SF600. Finally ISO standard methods were employed to observe the effect of UV radiation on fastness properties. It was found that UV radiation has a potential to improve the colour strength values of cotton and polyester fabrics by using reactive and disperse dyes.

For management of fish stocks, assessing the various parameters of population dynamics are regarded as being extremely important. Under this backdrop the population dynamics parameters viz. growth, mortality and recruitment of Pethia conchonius, inhabiting the Dal Lake of Kashmir Himalayas were analysed using FiSAT II software. The analysed specimens were collected from five different sites within the lake and exhibited a total weight range of 0.3 to 6.4 g and a total length range of 3.1 to 7.8 cm. The relative condition factor for the fish was reported to be 1.11. The growth parameter i.e., asymptotic length, age at zero length, growth performance index and growth constant were reported to be 10.0 cm, –0.75 years, 1.48 and 0.30 year–1 respectively. The total mortality of 1.49 year–1, consisting of natural mortality of 0.88 year–1 and fishing mortality of 0.61 year–1 was reported. An exploitation rate of 0.41 is suggestive of a less exploited state of the fish. The length at first maturity was found to be higher than the length at first capture, a condition that can disturb the stock, as such the utility of a net with relatively larger mesh size is advisable. The current research on the population dynamics of P. conchonius can be used as the baseline data for its management practices.

Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a first-line treatment in ulcerative colitis (UC) that targets the α4β7- mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 (MAdCAM-1) axis. To determine the mechanisms of action of VDZ, we examined five distinct cohorts of patients with UC. A decrease in naïve B and T cells in the intestines and gut-homing (β7 + ) plasmablasts in circulation of VDZ-treated patients suggested that VDZ targets gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Anti-α4β7 blockade in wild-type and photoconvertible (KikGR) mice confirmed a loss of GALT size and cellularity because of impaired cellular entry. In VDZ-treated patients with UC, treatment responders demonstrated reduced intestinal lymphoid aggregate size and follicle organization and a reduction of β7 + IgG + plasmablasts in circulation, as well as IgG + plasma cells and FcγR-dependent signaling in the intestine. GALT targeting represents a previously unappreciated mechanism of action of α4β7-targeted therapies, with major implications for this therapeutic paradigm in UC.