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Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological syndrome that combines nonspecific neurological manifestations, sometimes severe (coma, status epilepticus), with typical brain imaging showing mostly bilateral, symmetrical abnormalities, predominantly affecting the white matter. Termed ''reversible,'' the norm is a return to the previous neurological state. However, this recovery is not always guaranteed, with potential neurological sequelae or even progression to death. PRES has multiple etiologies. The primary etiology associated with PRES is substance consumption. However, cases of PRES following cannabis consumption are rare. Here, we present the case of a 27-year-old man admitted for the management of a feverless altered state of consciousness, whose investigations eventually revealed PRES due to cannabis consumption.

Hydatid cyst, which is caused by the cestode echinococcus granulosus, is endemic in many countries around the world. Despite the frequency of this disease, no previous case of cerebral hydatid cyst with orbital extension has been reported, demonstrating the scarcity of this presentation. Cerebral hydatid cyst may be primary or secondary. Given to the nonspecifity of the clinical symptoms, cross sectional imaging, including CT and MRI, play an important role in the diagnosis by ruling out differential diagnoses, which are represented essentially by neoplastic and nonneoplastic intraparenchymal cysts as well as brain abscesses. Surgery remains the cornerstone treatment for cerebral and orbital hydatid cyst. In this article, we present the imaging findings of a patient with a primary cerebral hydatid cyst with orbital extension, and also the radiological features that could eliminate other differential diagnoses.

A pituitary adenoma in the suprasellar region without involvement of the Sella turcica is uncommon, with few examples recorded in the literature. Imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, is critical for diagnosis. Radiological features aid in distinguishing ectopic pituitary adenoma from other possible diagnoses, which include Rathke cleft cyst, suprasellar abscess, diabetes insipidus, suprasellar cellular infiltrate, and suprasellar tumors such as germinoma, craniopharyngioma, optic pathway glioma, suprasellar hemangioblastoma, and pituitary lymphoma. A 48-year-old lady with impaired visual acuity underwent an MRI, which revealed a suprasellar ectopic pituitary adenoma in contact with the pituitary stalk and optic chiasm.

Twig-like or unfused middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly defined by the absence of the M1 segment. It can be found incidentally or can be revealed by cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage. Although rare, neuroradiologists should be familiar with such findings in order to differentiate them from differential diagnoses such as Moyamoya disease and steno-occlusive disorders of the MCA.We report a case of a twig-like MCA revealed by intracranial bleeding in an 84-year-old woman.

We report an uncommon case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor/ Ewing's sarcoma of the lumbar and sacral nerve plexus in a 17years old boy who presented with an intense pain in the lower back radiating to legs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a soft tissue mass with thickening of lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots (L5-S3 level), along with widening of the corresponding foramina. There was also posterior scalloping of L5/S1 vertebrae and invasion of the sacral bone. A Partial resection has been performed, and the ensuing histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of PNET/Ewing's sarcoma. MRI in conjunction with histopathology are the key to narrow down the differential diagnoses list. PNET of lumbosacral area remain scarce, and only few cases have been reported nowadays. Given to the aggressivity of these tumors, the prognosis is poor despite appropriate treatment.

Carotydinia, also called transient perivascular inflammation of the carotid artery (TIPIC) is a rare diagnostic entity related to an inflammation over the carotid bifurcation region. Despite the confusion about the definition of this term, neck pain remains the main symptom. Several articles revealed the relevance of imaging in the diagnosis of this disease. We report magnetic resonance and ultrasound images of a case with carotydinia, and also the elements that could eliminate differential diagnoses.

Gardner syndrome is a subtype of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) characterized by colonic manifestations, multiple skull osteomas, dental abnormalities, benign soft tissue tumors, and a high risk of development of both colorectal cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma. Many patients are incidentally diagnosed when presenting with craniofacial tumefactions related to osteomas. In such cases, further exploration of family history and other clinical manifestations often reveals positive findings. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman who presented with craniofacial tumefactions and recurrent orbital discomfort. A cranio-facial CT-scan revealed multiple osteomas, including one affecting the orbital region. Investigation of her family history, along with her clinical history, confirmed the presence of Gardner syndrome in her father and siblings, with colonic polyposis- under ongoing surveillance.

Bilateral vertebral artery dissections account for only 8% of all vertebral artery dissections and cause just 2% of all ischemic strokes. They can occur spontaneously, even without any triggering factor. Classical clinical findings, such as headache or neck pain, may be absent, particularly in the context of a stroke. Imaging is the modality of choice for diagnosis and includes ultrasound, catheter-based DSA, computed tomography angiography, and MRA. The main differential diagnoses include atherosclerotic plaques, hypoplastic vertebral artery, and vertebral artery fenestration. The primary treatment involves antithrombotic therapy. We report the case of a 57-year-old woman with no history of cardiovascular disease who presented to the emergency department with hemibody weakness and slurred speech. Magnetic resonance imaging on admission revealed multiple hypoperfusion-related ischemic areas involving the vertebrobasilar artery territory and findings suggestive of bilateral vertebral artery dissection.

Craniocervical junction infections are considered a rare condition and can be associated with degradation of the odontoid ligaments and, the risk of a subsequent atlantoaxial subluxation or dislocation. Osteomyelitis at this level is often seen in immunocompromised patients with, intravenous drug use or infective endocarditis. Atlantoaxial subluxation associated with pharyngeal infection or its surrounding tissues is called Grisel's syndrome. We report the case of a 29-year-old man diagnosed with infectious cervico-occipital osteoarthritis complicated by atlantoaxial dislocation, abscesses located in the retropharyngeal space, and the prevertebral space as well as upper cervical epiduritis. Our purpose is to highlight the role of radiologists in diagnosing this rare yet deadly condition.

Tuberous sclerosis complex is a multisystem genetic disease with autosomal dominant inheritance, characterized by the development of benign tumors known as hamartomas that affect multiple organs. It is a condition with a wide phenotypic spectrum, and its clinical presentation varies over time within the same individual. Hence, the importance of early screening and rigorous monitoring of evolving clinical manifestations. Diagnosis can occur at any age. These tumors are generally benign, but their size and location can have a significant impact on the prognosis and, in some cases, even on life expectancy. Cardiac, neurological, and cutaneous manifestations are most common in childhood. The onset of early and severe epilepsy within the first year of life is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders that impact the quality of life for affected individuals and their families. We present a case of a 22-year-old female patient experiencing inaugural epileptic seizures in adulthood, with magnetic resonance imaging revealing subependymal hamartomas, cortical tubers and radial migration bands accompanied by polycystic kidney disease; the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex was established based on the association of these lesions, which constitute major and minor criteria.

Abstract Background Spinal arachnoid web (AW) is a very rare entity, with a limited number of cases documented in the literature. Our manuscript represented a comprehensive general review, encompassing various aspects of the subject matter without focusing on any single element. The objective of this systematic review was to describe and analyze reported cases of surgically proven spinal arachnoid webs (AWs) to elucidate their imaging and clinical features, pathophysiology, and optimal management strategies, and to determine the total number of documented cases in the literature. Patterns and commonalities across reported cases were identified to provide a clearer framework for diagnosing and treating this elusive condition. A search of Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, respecting PRISMA guidelines, was conducted to include reported cases of surgically proven spinal AW. Our surgically proven case was included as well. Main body of the abstract The search yielded 196 cases of surgically confirmed spinal AWs in the literature. Adding our case, the total is 197. They are seen commonly in middle-aged patients, slightly more prevalent in males, and often without an evident cause. Sensation disturbances were the most frequently found clinical signs, followed by gait difficulties, weakness, and pain. Symptoms were predominantly located in the lower limbs and trunk. On imaging, an indentation to the rear aspect of the spinal cord was most frequently found at the mid-thorax followed by the upper thorax, often associated with a syrinx or a hyperintense T2 cord signal, usually extending rostrally. Excision was the most efficient treatment. Short conclusion The assessment found that AW cases are rare in the literature, indicating the disease's scarcity. It manifests insidiously, with the shortest latency reported being 2 weeks. Upper limb symptoms occur in a quarter of cases regardless of the AW's thoracic location, likely due to rostral syrinx and cerebrospinal fluid flow disturbances. Most pathology results revealed fibrous connective tissue, similar to findings in arachnoid cysts, suggesting that AW may result from a ruptured arachnoid cyst or its precursor. Using 3D SPACE STIR and CISS MRI sequences is recommended to visualize the arachnoid band directly.

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration (HOD) is a rare form of transsynaptic degeneration. It is caused by a damage at the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (GMT), which is defined by three anatomical structures: the dentate nucleus, the red nucleus, and the inferior olivary nucleus (ION). Clinically, it may be revealed by palatal myoclonus. On MRI, it appears as a unilateral or bilateral enlargement of the inferior olivary nucleus which shows a high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with sometimes a cerebellar atrophy. Here we report 2 cases of healthy patients which present hemorrhagic brainstem cavernomas, complicated later by the development of palatal myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia, with MRI features corresponding to an (HOD) secondary to a (GMT) cavernoma. The purpose is to explain the mechanism of (HOD) subsequent to lesion in (GMT), and to describe magnetic resonance imaging features.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy, characterized by chronic spinal cord compression resulting from degenerative spine changes, manifests with a spectrum of neurological and pain symptoms. Despite the complexity of intramedullary spinal cord abnormalities, employing a systematic approach to differential diagnosis, considering factors such as lesion location, cord length, segment involvement, and enhancement pattern, can significantly aid in narrowing down the potential diagnoses, potentially avoiding invasive diagnostic procedures and guiding treatment decisions. This article presents two cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy characterized by progressive weakness and paraesthesia, exhibiting progressive bilateral upper extremity numbness, tingling, and impaired gait, with cervical myelopathy evident on MRI displaying transverse pancake-like gadolinium enhancement.

Abstract Cauda equina syndrome is a surgical emergency caused by the compression of the lumbosacral nerves. The most frequent cause is discal herniation, while tumoral pathology in this region is rare, and congenital processes are less common. We report the case of a young 37-year-old male patient, admitted to the emergency room with an incomplete cauda equina syndrome. As medical history, a lumbar surgery 15 years ago was reported with no documentation. An MRI was performed, revealing a mass within the filum terminal exhibiting three components suggestive of a dermoid cyst accompanying a split cord malformation, which was confirmed by pathology. Various disorders may be associated to intradural dermoid cyst, such as lipoma, low-lying cord, hydromyelia or thick filum. Surgery is the treatment of choice, and MRI plays a crucial role in detecting associated abnormalities and determining surgery priorities.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), an endocrine disorder most commonly caused by parathyroid adenoma (PTA), manifests with a diverse array of symptoms, reflecting the multisystem impact of parathyroid hormone: nephrolithiasis, peptic ulcer disease, psychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, constipation, polyuria, pancreatitis, myalgia, and arthralgia. Rarely do these PTA attain a significant size. PHPT is usually diagnosed through biochemical tests, and radiological imaging characterizes the adenoma. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are useful in explaining the large adenoma size. Here, we report a rare case of a 60-year-old female from Morocco who presented with marked dyspnea due to a giant PTA.

Eagle syndrome is defined as a collection of symptoms affecting the cervical and cranial regions, resulting from an elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid ligament encroaching on surrounding structures and causing a variety of symptoms. Classically, Eagle syndrome presents as neck, throat, or ear pain. Carotid artery dissection is a rare complication of Eagle syndrome. We report the case of a 40-year-old man who presented with bilateral internal carotid artery dissection secondary to pathological elongation of the styloid processes.

Intracranial dermoid cysts are rare slow-growing cystic lesions. They are frequently extra-axial, intra-axial localization is very rare. These benign congenital ectodermal inclusions cysts have a rare risk of rupture. Ruptured dermoid cysts can manifest with headache, epilepsy seizure, cerebral infarction, meningitis, and hydrocephaly. Neuroimaging features are quite characteristic. We report a case of a 30-year-old male who presented to the emergency room with subacute-onset headaches. CT scan and MRI show a ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst.

FLAMES, or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-hyperintense lesions in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein)-associated encephalitis with seizures, represents a rarely documented syndrome characterized by ambiguous features. Positioned within the spectrum of inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, it is regarded as a distinct subset of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, the latest classification in this domain. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease exhibits a diverse clinical spectrum, spanning from solitary optic neuritis or myelitis to multifocal central nervous system demyelination, manifesting as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, or cortical encephalitis accompanied by seizures, delineating the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-hyperintense lesions in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated encephalitis with seizures syndrome. We present a compelling case study of a 30-year-old individual with a history of recurrent seizures initially diagnosed with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes. However, the disease’s progression more closely resembled self-resolving cerebral cortical encephalitis linked with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies. In addition, we undertake a systematic review of literature cases to explore the diagnostic significance of magnetic resonance angiography, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and specialized markers such as diffusion-weighted imaging and perfusion in discerning fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-hyperintense lesions in anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated encephalitis with seizures syndrome and elucidating its distinctive characteristics.

Leukocoria is an aberration of the eyeball that interferes with normal reflection. It shows up as a white or gray pupillary reflex rather than the bright red or orange pupil of the other eye. Leukocoria can be brought on by a variety of ocular pathologies, with retinoblastoma being the most common. We present the case of a 17-month-old guy who had unilateral leukocoria and whose orbital MRI was ordered on the basis of retinoblastoma suspicion. The results, however, were more suggestive of Coats disease than retinoblastoma. Telangiectasia and exudate, which frequently afflict males’ unilateral eyes, are the hallmarks of Coats’ illness. Depending on the stage of the disease, there are differences in its severity, course, and outlook. It is crucial to get therapy and a diagnosis for retinal problems as soon as possible. Although uncommon, there are still many people who are not familiar with Coats’ disease. This paper aims to describe imaging findings in Coats' disease.

Schizencephaly, a rare congenital cerebral deformity that affects the cerebral mantle and is caused by both hereditary and acquired factors, is defined by a cleft that spans the entire cerebral hemisphere from the lateral ventricle to the cerebral cortex. Adult symptoms have only been described in a few cases in the literature. Hemiparesis, developmental delays, or seizures are manifestations of the clinical presentation, which is dependent on the size and location of the lesion. Neuroimaging investigations, particularly MRI, enable the diagnosis and rule out other causes. Usually discovered at birth, this entity begins to show up in the first several years. To prevent receiving the wrong treatment, the ailment must be correctly diagnosed. We report the observation of a 43-year-old patient with partial epileptic seizures but with an asymptomatic childhood, in relation to unilateral closed cleft schizencephaly associated with gray matter heterotopia. In this case, we highlight the importance of neuroimaging, in particular MRI on the diagnosis of this entity and to identify the associated anomalies.

Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a rare malformation defined by septum pellucidum abnormalities and hypoplasia of the optic nerves and chiasm. It can be associated with cortical development malformations such as schizencephaly, which is then called septo-optic dysplasia plus. It usually manifests at birth, although it may not be diagnosed until childhood, or rarely, adolescence. We report the case of a 23 years old patient, with a history of epilepsy since early childhood never labeled, which was diagnosed with SOD-PLUS with brain MRI in our department.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), formerly known as von Recklinghausen disease is an autosomal dominant disease with multisystem involvement. In the peripheral nervous system, it leads to the development of benign tumors from the tissue of the spinal or cranial nerve sheaths, known as “neurofibromas.” We report the case of a 40-year-old patient with spinal cord compression syndrome in whom spinal MRI revealed cervical, dorsal and lumbosacral neurofibromas revealing neurofibromatosis type 1.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology. It involves both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to their degeneration. Lower motor neurons can be detected with an electromyogram, but the detection of upper motor neuron dysfunction may be more accurate using MRI. We present the case of a 64-year-old woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, presenting the motor band sign and the bright tongue sign on MRI.

Background: Brain metastases (BM) occur in the natural course of malignant tumors in 18–40% of cases. Their management has changed considerably over the past decade thanks to the advent of Gamma knife Stereotactic Radiosurgery (GKSR). Objective: We report our experience on Single Brain metastasis treated with (GKSR). Methods: Patients treated by Gamma Knife stereotaxic radiosurgery (GKSR) in our institution between 2009 and 2021 for Single BM were recorded retrospectively. Results: A total of 103 patients (n = 52; 50.5% females) were included, with a mean age of 56.33 ± 11.33. Breast (n = 39, 37.9%) and lung (n = 36, 35%) were the common original location for the primary tumors. GKSR alone without prior surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy was achieved in 81.5% (n = 84). Thirteen patients (15.1%) progressed in BM volume while finding the appearance of de novo BM in 5 (5.8%) patients. The median percentage of tumor control after radiosurgery treatment was 70% (IQR: 65–78) and only 26.2% (n = 27) of patients had > 80% tumor control and stability over the median follow-up time of 5 (95% CI, 4–6) months. We found only two cases of radionecrosis (1.9%). The median survival time was 5.21 (IQR, 3–8) months. Retreatment, recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class, and tumor stability influenced the overall survival of BM respectively (Hazard Ratio adjust (HRa)= 5.610,p = 0.045; HRa= 6.133,p = 0.031; HRa= 22.463, p = 0.036). Conclusion: Stereotaxic Radiosurgery provides good results in terms of Overall survival with fewer neurocognitive disorders.RPA class and tumor control (stability) influenced the overall survival of single BM.

Key Clinical Message Vertebral hemangiomas are classified into typical and atypical forms. On imaging, atypical forms may look like malignant lesions. The confrontation of data from different imaging modalities (MRI; CT; scintigraphy) facilitates the diagnosis.

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is an uncommon, but important, pathology affecting primarily the posterior cerebral circulation. Typical imaging features include vasogenic edema involving the bilateral occipital and parietal lobes. We report 4 cases of atypical PRES: The first one is a 59-year-old woman with a medical history of diabetes and hypertension who presented a consciousness disorder. MRI of this patient revealed signal abnormalities in the thalamus, the cerebellum, the brainstem and the corpus callosum with microbleeds and vascularization disorders. The second patient is a 41-year-old woman admitted for right hemiparesis and facial paralysis. Physical examination found a hypertension and the atypical imaging features on MRI were low ADC values with a pearl necklace appearance on ARM sequences. The third patient is a 32-year-old woman who undergone a surgery for an ectopic pregnancy and went in a coma for 8 days. Physical and biological parameters were normal. Diagnosis was delayed because of atypical signal abnormalities in caudal and lentiform nuclei that worsened on follow-up MRI, resulting in a dramatic evolution to bilateral cecity and psychosis. The last case is a 34-year-old woman with terminal renal failure hospitalized for spontaneously resolving tonic-clonic seizures. Biology showed high uremia and brain MRI revealed a gyriform enhancement at gadolinium injection with unilateral putamen lesion. The patient improved after blood purification. Knowledge of these atypical findings can help the radiologist make an accurate, timely diagnosis, and improve patient care.

Fahr's disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, identified by bilateral and symmetrical intracerebral calcifications of mainly the basal ganglia. Patients often present extrapyramidal or neuropsychological symptoms. Seizure is one of the rarest manifestations that can reveal Fahr disease. We present the case of a 47-year-old male patient who had Fahr disease revealed by an inaugural tonic-clonic seizure.

Background. Awake surgery is currently a safe and reliable alternative for identifying and preserving functional areas. However, this protocol has evolved over time to minimize the occurrence of electrical stimulation-induced seizures and postoperative deficits. Objective. The aim of this study is to highlight both internal and external factors influencing the language and sensorimotor thresholds of electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) during gliomas awake surgery. Material and methods. From October 2016 to April 2022, we performed a retrospective study on 74 patients underwent awake craniotomy of gliomas in two series based on ESM: group 1 and group 2. Preoperatively and three months after surgery, general performance and neurological deficits were assessed according to the type, location, and side of the tumor in correlation with ASA, BMI, Mallampati and KPS indexes. Results. The outcome shows that the median patient age was 49 years old in a range of [13-70], functional mapping was performed in language areas for 96% of patients and motor functions for 54%. In addition, 55.5% of the patients had HGG, 40.5% had LGG, and 4% had AVMs. Most lesions were in the temporal area (40.5%), followed by the frontal area (31%), 24.5% for insular area, 4% for the parietal area, and 85% of patients had left-sided lesions. The overall rate of intraoperative complications fell from 16.2% in group 2 to 1.35% in group 1. Conclusions. Under the ESM threshold of group 1, a high-quality of awake surgery can be used with optimally low complications and failure rates regardless of BMI, ASA rating, Mallampati and KPS scores or smoking status.

Teaching point: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has significantly improved the evaluation of brachial plexus injuries, offering new possibilities for microsurgical repair and contributing to the functional prognosis.

Intralabyrinthine schwannomas (ILS) are rare benign tumors, often responsible for hearing loss. MRI is important in establishing the diagnosis. We present the example of a 48-year-old lady who reported a 3-years history of right-sided sensorineural deafness. MRI demonstrated a loss of the normal hypersignal of the second turn of the right cochlea compatible with intracochlear schwannoma.

Background. Until the advent of new exploration techniques: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and surgical protocols such as exeresis in awake mode, the functional recovery potential of postoperative deficits was limited by conventional tumor surgery. The use of these methods simultaneously improves the quality of life and survival medians, mainly for removing low-grade gliomas massively infiltrating subcortical networks in eloquent regions where surgery is historically not associated with high functional recovery rates. Accordingly, the results from the awake brain surgery literature motivate us to establish a new baseline on the relationship between electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) threshold, the extent of resection (EOR), neuroplastic typology, and functional recovery after intraoperative crises or postoperative care deficits using induced neuroplasticity. Materials and patients. This is a retrospective analytical study of 35 brain tumor cases of gliomas, operated by common craniotomy in awake conditions from September 2016 to July 2022. Before entering awake resection mode, all patients underwent brain mapping (ESM) by direct electrical stimulation (DES) according to standard conditions and Helsinki ethical guidelines. Analysis according to ESM was done for two groups (group 1 and group 2) of different intensities of DES. Outcomes. The ESM by threshold intensity expressed in mean ± deviation standard was: 2,45 ± 0.125 mA for sensorimotor functions against 1.35 ± 0.175 mA for cognitive mapping. These stimulation currents were optimum thresholds which allowed us during control mapping to overcome all boundary conditions, mostly false negative results. The functional recovery time (FRT) following stimulation-induced seizures was varied from 2 s to 6.26 s, marking the intraoperative neuroplasticity operated mainly by synaptic remodeling during the functional reactivation. The EOR was better for group 1 with 82.35 % gross total resection (GTR) with only 8.75% of the occurrence of transient seizures against 45.7% for group 2 and only 2.86% suffered from neurological permanent deficits in group 1 against 11.42% in group 2. Conclusions. ESM in the range of [2.35 - 2.45 mA] improved DES sensitivity without false negatives. We had a compromise of improved results between these stimulation thresholds, the duration of the craniotomy, the functional recovery time, the EOR and overall the occurrence of neurological deficits, which explain the processes involved in the success of awake surgery.

We report a case of a patient with no medical history, admitted for right exophthalmos. For whom imaging showed orbital masses without inflammatory signs pointing to a granulomatous origin. However, the histological and immunological workup revealed the diagnosis of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a clonal histiocytic proliferation characterized by large S100 positive histiocytes with variable emperipolesis. Extranodal locations were confirmed with the central nervous system or the meninges involvement in less than 5% of cases, which is marked as a significant differential diagnosis of meningiomas in radiological and intra-operative pathological examination. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are the keys to definitive diagnosis. We present a case of bifocal Rosai-Dorfman disease in a 26-year-old man, mimicking Lymphoplasmacyte-rich Meningioma. This case allows us to demonstrate the diagnosis pitfalls encountered in this localization.

Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids is a very rare entity which is considered as a treatable condition. In some cases, clinical and radiological findings, associated to favorable evolution on steroids therapy can be sufficiently distinguishable to diagnose chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids. We report the case of a 50-year-old man, suffering from acute dizziness with right facial paralysis and limited ocular abduction with his magnetic resonance imaging showing large confluent T2 and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery brainstem hyperintensities extending into the upper cervical spinal cord, infiltrating the basal ganglia and the thalami, with some punctate hyperintensities “peppering” the medial aspects of cerebellar hemispheres. This case illustrates atypical imaging features of chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids on magnetic resonance imaging and our work also reviews different studies in the literature and highlights the differential diagnosis.

Central neurocytoma is a rare intraventricular tumor, occurring typically in the lateral ventricle of young adults. It is considered as a neuronal-glial benign tumor with favorable prognosis. Imaging is a cornerstone allowing the accurate preoperative diagnosis on the basis of several characteristic features. We report the case of a 31-year-old man who has been complaining of progressive headaches and in whom brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed a central neurocytoma. We remind then, through a literature review, the main criteria to set the diagnosis of this tumor and rule out the other possible diagnoses.

Susac syndrome is a rare microangiopathy of indeterminate etiology, presumably autoimmune, characterized by a triad of encephalopathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and branch retinal artery occlusions occurring predominantly in women. The onset and progression patterns are multiple, mainly of three modes. Fulminant evolution is exceptional, rarely reported across literature. We report through this case a Susac syndrome in a young man in whom evolution was fatal. Magnetic resonance imaging is essential to raise the diagnosis and for follow-up, with almost pathognomonic findings, all the more useful as the clinical triad is usually incomplete and as the encephalopathy is the most limiting of the symptoms.

The occipital bone is an uncommon location for meningoceles protrusion. This condition occurs generally after a severe traumatism or surgical procedure. However, in some rare cases, the herniation can happen spontaneously. Nontraumatic clival meningoceles present an extremely rare entity and correspond to a herniating pachymeningeal collection containing cerebrospinal fluid through a zone of fragility in the clivus. Clinical presentation ranges from simple headache or rhinorrhea to severe complications such as recurrent bacterial meningitis or nerve compression. Computed tomography provides an analysis of the bone and magnetic resonance imaging provides a superior contrast resolution, helping to distinguish among the various types of clival lesions. We report the case of a young woman with a long history of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, who presented with a worsening headache. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a clival meningocele without other complications and the patient was put under medical surveillance.

Arachnoid cysts are the most common benign cystic abnormalities formed due to congenital splitting of the arachnoid layer. They comprise 1% of intracranial masses, and the orbital location is even more rarely reported in history especially in the pediatric population. They might be discovered as an asymptomatic finding on imaging performed for a concomitant condition or, in most reported cases, as a result of ophthalmic impairment. They can be isolated or associated with gliomas, neurofibromas, empty sella syndrome, and frontotemporal porencephalic cysts. Computed tomography scan shows a non-enhancing liquid cystic lesion, and magnetic resonance imaging remains the best assessment tool confirming the similarity of the fluid to cerebrospinal fluid and evaluating the optic nerves. Herein, we report the case of an incidental discovery of an intraorbital arachnoid cyst on magnetic resonance imaging in a 53-year-old woman with a history of epilepsy. No treatment was performed as the cystic formation was asymptomatic.

Introduction: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is known as a therapy of choice of advanced Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to assess the beneficial and side effects of STN DBS in Moroccan Parkinsonian patients.Material and Methods: Thirty five patients underwent bilateral STN DBS from 2008 to 2016 in the Rabat University Hospital. Patients were assessed preoperatively and followed up for 6 to 12 months using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale in four conditions (stimulation OFF and ON and medication OFF and ON), the levodopa-equivalent daily dose (LEDD), dyskinesia and fluctuation scores and PDQ39 scale for quality of life (QOL). Postoperative side effects were also recorded.Results: The mean age at disease onset was 42.31 ± 7.29 years [28–58] and the mean age at surgery was 54.66 ± 8.51 years [34–70]. The median disease duration was 11.95 ± 4.28 years [5–22]. Sixty-three percentage of patients were male. 11.4% of patients were tremor dominant while 45.71 showed akinetic-rigid form and 42.90 were classified as mixed phenotype. The LEDD before surgery was 1200 mg/day [800-1500]. All patients had motor fluctuations whereas non-motor fluctuations were present in 61.80% of cases. STN DBS decreased the LEDD by 51.72%, as the mean LEDD post-surgery was 450 [188-800]. The UPDRS-III was improved by 52.27%, dyskinesia score by 66.70% and motor fluctuations by 50%, whereas QOL improved by 27.12%. Post-operative side effects were hypophonia (2 cases), infection (3 cases), and pneumocephalus (2 cases).Conclusion: Our results showed that STN DBS is an effective treatment in Moroccan Parkinsonian patients leading to a major improvement of the most disabling symptoms (dyskinesia, motor fluctuation) and a better QOL.

La maladie de Moya Moya est une maladie angiogénique, caractérisée par un rétrécissement de l'artère carotide interne distale qui s'étend aux segments proximaux des artères cérébrales moyennes et antérieures, induisant la formation de vaisseaux de suppléance. Ces derniers proviennent des collatérales parenchymateuses, perforantes, leptoméningées et autres anastomoses transdurales. Ces vaisseaux collatéraux ont un aspect caractéristique à l'angiographie formant un nuage de fumée : réseau Moya Moya. Son étiologie reste encore mal élucidée et représente 10 à 15% des causes d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC), avec 2 pics d'âge où l'atteinte est plus fréquente: les enfants autour de 5 ans et les adultes autour de 40 ans. Son évolution peut être lente avec des symptômes intermittents ou être fulminante avec un déclin neurologique rapide. Les données actuelles montrent l'importance du traitement chirurgical comme méthode de référence pour la prise en charge du syndrome de Moya en particulier chez les patients avec des symptômes progressifs et récidivants.