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Abstract Tumour microenvironment (TME) of breast cancer mainly comprises malignant, stromal, immune, and tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs). Assessment of TILs is crucial for determining the disease’s prognosis. Manual TIL assessments are hampered by multiple limitations, including low precision, poor inter-observer reproducibility, and time consumption. In response to these challenges, automated scoring emerges as a promising approach. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the evidence on the approaches and performance of automated scoring methods for TILs assessment in breast cancer. This review presents a comprehensive compilation of studies related to automated scoring of TILs, sourced from four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed), employing three primary keywords (artificial intelligence, breast cancer, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes). The PICOS framework was employed for study eligibility, and reporting adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The initial search yielded a total of 1910 articles. Following screening and examination, 27 studies met the inclusion criteria and data were extracted for the review. The findings indicate a concentration of studies on automated TILs assessment in developed countries, specifically the United States and the United Kingdom. From the analysis, a combination of sematic segmentation and object detection (n = 10, 37%) and convolutional neural network (CNN) (n = 11, 41%), become the most frequent automated task and ML approaches applied for model development respectively. All models developed their own ground truth datasets for training and validation, and 59% of the studies assessed the prognostic value of TILs. In conclusion, this analysis contends that automated scoring methods for TILs assessment of breast cancer show significant promise for commodification and application within clinical settings.

Background: Massive central lumbar disc herniations can pose a significant operative challenge. A protruding disc can be approached either through the axilla of the cord or transdurally. Aim of Study: This study aimed to study the outcome of transdural approach in a massive disc prolapse causing cauda equina syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of all the cases of disc prolapse, only patients presenting with massive disc protrusion/cauda equina syndrome were selected for the transdural approach. Seven males and three females in the age group of 40–60 years were treated by this method. Results: The transdural approach in a cauda equina patient was remarkably safe, short duration, and satisfactory results. Conclusion: Paraspinal approach through the axilla was superior for disc prolapse were exiting nerve root compression was present. For a fully blown cauda equina syndrome, the trandsural approach was easy, safe, and satisfactory.

Abstract Background Despite their importance in reducing maternal mortality, information on access to Mifepristone, Misoprostol, and contraceptive medicines in the Eastern Mediterranean Region is limited. Methods A standardized assessment tool measuring access to Mifepristone, Misoprostol, and contraceptive medicines included in the WHO essential medicines list (EML) was implemented in eight countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Pakistan, and Somalia) between 2020–2021. The assessment focused on five access measures: 1) the inclusion of medicines in national family planning guidelines; 2) inclusion of medicines in comprehensive abortion care guidelines; 3) inclusion of medicines on national essential medicines lists; 4) medicines registration; and 5) procurement and forecasting of Mifepristone, Misoprostol, and contraceptive medicines. A descriptive analysis of findings from these eight national assessments was conducted. Results Only Lebanon and Pakistan included all 12 contraceptives that are enlisted in the WHO-EML within their national family planning guidelines. Only Afghanistan and Lebanon included mifepristone and mifepristone-misoprostol combination in post-abortion care guidelines, but these medicines were not included in their national EMLs. Libya and Somalia lacked a national regulatory authority for medicines registration. Most contraceptives included on the national EMLs for Lebanon, Morocco and Pakistan were registered. Misoprostol was included on the EMLs—and registered—in six countries (Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine, and Pakistan). However, only three countries procured misoprostol (Iraq, Morocco, and Somalia). Conclusion These findings can guide efforts aimed at improving the availability of Mifepristone, Misoprostol, and contraceptive medicines in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Opportunities include expanding national EMLs to include more options for Mifepristone, Misoprostol, and contraceptive medicines and strengthening the registration and procurement systems to ensure these medicines’ availability were permitted under national law and where culturally acceptable.

This study proposes a method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for automated detection of weed in color image format. The image is captured and transmitted to the Internet of Thing (IoT) server following an HTTP request made through the internet which is made available using the GSM based modem connection. The IoT Server save the image inside server drive and the results are displayed on the smartphone (Vision app). The results show that carrot and weed detection can be monitored accurately. The results of the study are expected to provide assistance to farmers in supporting smart farming technology in Indonesia.

Effectual knowledge management (KM) entails knowledge assessment capability which enables organizations to identify knowledge holders and hence optimize human capital allocation and retention. The purpose of this paper is to present a new framework, referred to as MinK, that empowers organizations in appraising individual knowledge by providing an inclusive assessment platform. Following a comprehensive literature review, an exploratory study was conducted to explore the underlying constructs of individual knowledge from a practitioner's perspective. Semi‐structured interviews were held with 20 senior executives from diverse industries. Managers provided valuable insights about their conceptualization of individual knowledge and the characteristics of knowledge holders. Findings from the interviews complemented the literature in informing the design of the framework. The MinK framework evaluates individuals' knowledge from a number of perspectives using a multi‐dimensional scorecard of theoretically grounded measures. The assessment process adopts the 360‐degree approach to collate multi‐source appraisals from different echelons of the organization, ultimately producing an Individual Knowledge Index for each employee. The index is computed using a unique mathematical formula that combines multi‐criteria decision analysis techniques to consolidate results into a single reflective numeral. The incorporation of technology allows the complete automation of the assessment process and helps to address parametric multiplicity and arithmetic complexity. This paper contributes to KM theory by unveiling the underlying constructs of individual knowledge in organizational context and proposing a comprehensive theoretical framework that signifies the pivotal role of individuals in firm knowledge dynamics. It also provides managers with an innovative and integrated individual knowledge assessment framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis (MA) techniques are progressively being used in biomechanics research and for clinical applications to assess the risk of injuries. A marker-based 3D MA protocol has been developed to measure the upper and lower extremity (UE and LE) joints’ active and passive ranges of motion (AROM and PROM) in children. The joints that were included in this protocol are shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle. The anatomical joint coordinate systems (JCS) have been defined for the upper and lower extremities to standardize reporting. A marker placement model was defined according to the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) recommendations and used to develop the protocol. The proposed movements will be captured and analyzed using the Motion Analysis Corporations 3D MA system integrated with Cortex software. The movements adopted in this study have been selected from various sources to incorporate all joint rotations while ensuring the isolation of each joint motion during the movements. It is recommended that future studies utilize this protocol to draw a relationship between the joints’ range of motion (ROM) and the adjacent segments characteristics, i.e., segment length, joint stiffness, etc.

ABSTRACT Background: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have immature morphology, relatively weak phagocytic activity, as well as some immunosuppressive functions. The capacity of MDSCs to inhibit T-cell-mediated immunological responses is their most notable functional characteristic. Down-regulating antitumor immune surveillance is one way that the expansion and activation of MDSCs contribute significantly to the occurrence and progression of tumors. Increased levels of MDSCs in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection could suppress T-cell responses, promoting viral escape and hepatitis progression. This may make HCV-infected individuals more vulnerable to severe infections, hepatic and extra-hepatic tumors, and a diminished capacity to react to immunization. It is still unknown if effective HCV eradication with directly acting antivirals (DAAs) can restore immune functions and immune surveillance capacity. Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the frequency of M-MDSCs (CD33+, CD11b+, and HLA-DR) in patients with a previous history of HCV, 2-3 years after virus eradication using DAA therapy. Methods: This study was conducted on 110 subjects: fifty-five subjects without liver cirrhosis who were treated with HCV using DAAs and attained SVR for a period of 2-3 years and 55 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The study was conducted during the period from January to July 2022. Patients were recruited from the National Viral Hepatitis Treatment Unit, Alexandria University Hepatology outpatient clinic, and the Alexandria University Tropical Medicine outpatient clinic. The frequencies of MDSCs (CD33+CD11b + HLA-DR-) by flow cytometry were assessed. Results: Even after the virus had been eradicated for longer than two years, MDSC levels in HCV-treated individuals were found to be considerably higher. In the HCV-treated group, the median number of MDSCs was 5, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 3.79-7.69. In contrast, the median for the control group was 3.1, with an IQR of 1.4-3.2 (P˂0.001). Conclusion: Successful DAA therapy leads to slow and partial immunological reconstitution, as demonstrated by the failure to attain normal levels of MDSC’s 2 years after successful HCV eradication despite the normalization of laboratory parameters as well as the absence of liver fibrosis. The clinical implications of these findings should be thoroughly studied.

Abstract The food industry is vital manufacturing sector globally, with an ever-increasing reliance on digitalisation and technology-driven processes. However, this advancement introduces inherent cyberattack risks, encompassing data breaches and system disruptions, which can severely impact production and disrupt the entire food chain. Consequently, cyber threats can evoke fear and mistrust among consumers, potentially tarnishing a company's brand. This paper presents a comprehensive research methodology, including an extensive literature review and a detailed survey, aimed at assessing the current state of cybersecurity within the food industry. The problem at hand is the industry's apparent lack of robust cybersecurity measures to protect against the growing threat landscape, which this research aims to address. Our findings reveal a clear gap in cybersecurity preparedness within the food industry, with potential vulnerabilities that could be exploited by cyber adversaries. In response, we propose a specialised security framework designed to mitigate these risks. The framework is built upon a thorough analysis of the industry's existing cybersecurity posture and the identification of both current and emerging cyber threats. The contribution of this research relies in the development of a security framework that strengthens the industry's cyber defenses, thereby enhancing its competitive advantage. The framework emphasizes the importance of continuous employee education and training as a cornerstone for improving the security environment. Enhancing the security environment through ongoing employee education and training is crucial for fostering consumer trust and enabling seamless growth within the industry. By adopting a proactive approach to cybersecurity, the food industry can ensure the sustainability and reliability of its operations in the face of evolving cyber threats.

Abstract Background Data extraction (DE) is a challenging step in systematic reviews (SRs). Complex SRs can involve multiple interventions and/or outcomes and encompass multiple research questions. Attempts have been made to clarify DE aspects focusing on the subsequent meta-analysis; there are, however, no guidelines for DE in complex SRs. Comparing datasets extracted independently by pairs of reviewers to detect discrepancies is also cumbersome, especially when the number of extracted variables and/or studies is colossal. This work aims to provide a set of practical steps to help SR teams design and build DE tools and compare extracted data for complex SRs. Methods We provided a 10-step guideline, from determining data items and structure to data comparison, to help identify discrepancies and solve data disagreements between reviewers. The steps were organised into three phases: planning and building the database and data manipulation. Each step was described and illustrated with examples, and relevant references were provided for further guidance. A demonstration example was presented to illustrate the application of Epi Info and R in the database building and data manipulation phases. The proposed guideline was also summarised and compared with previous DE guidelines. Results The steps of this guideline are described generally without focusing on a particular software application or meta-analysis technique. We emphasised determining the organisational data structure and highlighted its role in the subsequent steps of database building. In addition to the minimal programming skills needed, creating relational databases and data validation features of Epi info can be utilised to build DE tools for complex SRs. However, two R libraries are needed to facilitate data comparison and solve discrepancies. Conclusions We hope adopting this guideline can help review teams construct DE tools that suit their complex review projects. Although Epi Info depends on proprietary software for data storage, it can still be a potential alternative to other commercial DE software for completing complex reviews.

Abstract The aim of this study is to evaluate the beneficial effects of coconut essential oil on growth performance, carcass criteria, antioxidant status, and immune response of broiler chicks. A total of 192 un-sexed 7-days broiler chicks were divided into six treatment sets with four copies of 8 chicks per set. The groups were as follows: (1) basal diet (without additive), (2) basal diet plus 0.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (3) basal diet plus 1 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (4) basal diet plus 1.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg, (5) basal diet plus 2 ml coconut essential oil/kg and (6) basal diet plus 2.5 ml coconut essential oil/kg. The results showed that the most prevalent compound in coconut oil is 6-Octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) representing 46.44% followed 2(3H)-Furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl- (CAS) (11.36%), Hexadecanoic acid (CAS) (4.71%), and vanillin (2.53%). Dietary 1 and 1.5 ml of coconut oil improved significantly the body weight and gain of broiler chickens. Dietary supplementation of 1 ml of coconut oil improved significantly liver function compared to control and other treatment groups. The supplementation with 1 ml coconut oil significantly reduced TG and VLDL compared to control and other treatment groups, while no significant differences in TC, HDL, and LDL due to dietary coconut oil. The present findings showed that dietary coconut oil with 1 and 1.5 ml/kg feed improved significantly antioxidants status through increased antioxidant enzymes like SOD and GSH while decreasing significantly MDA levels compared to control and other treatment groups. Therefore, it was concluded that the diets of broiler chickens could be fortified with coconut oil with 1 or 1.5 ml to improve the growth, feed utilization, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens.

The mechanism of methylene blue adsorption was investigated for palm kernel shell-derived activated carbon from the bulk solution to active sites. For different initial dye concentrations, 100 ppm methylene blue led to approximately 10 mg/g adsorption capacity while experiencing a decreasing trend at lower initial dye concentrations as follows: 50 ppm (approximately 5 mg/g) > 20 ppm (approximately 2 mg/g) > 5 ppm (approximately 0.5 mg/g). Based on the Boyd external diffusion model, the mechanism of methylene blue adsorption started with its diffusion from the bulk solution via the bounding film encapsulating the activated carbon. The adsorbed species occupied more than one class of active site with an adsorption rate of 0.54 mg/g.min, while the adsorption capacity accounted for 14.7 mg/g. The information about methylene blue offers useful insights into describing the steps of dye adsorption onto palm kernel shell-activated carbon.

Displacement is a key concept in postcolonial Diaspora literature that interprets the transition from the motherland, native culture, traditions, and native language to a different setting. Such geographical, cultural and psychological transitions result in an identity crisis, fragmentation and discontinuity. The objective of this study is to investigate, in Fadia Faqir's The Cry of the Dove, the process of identity development amid displacement of a female Arab Muslim in a postcolonial setting. Using Stuart Hall's theory of Cultural Identity and Diaspora, this article applies a postmodern reading on the novel to discern how displacement affects the identity of the main protagonist Salma. Hence, Salma experiences a series of encounters following her transition from her original space to a new one that results in an identity crisis characterised by fragmentation, sense of alienation and uncertainty. In a postmodernist Stuart Hallian sense, Fadia Faqir’s female protagonist suffers from an existentialist, discontinuous identity characterized by skepticism, uncertainty, fragmentation and paradox, following a journey of physical and psychological displacement.

IntroductionUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used for commercial, medical, public safety, and scientific research purposes in various countries.MethodsThis study aimed to explore the acceptance of medical delivery drones among medical practitioners as well as the public community in Malaysia using a knowledge, attitude, and perception (KAP) model and statistical analysis to decrease uncertainty. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the results were performed in SPSS.ResultsA total of 639 respondents took part in the survey, of which 557 complete responses were finally analyzed. The results showed that the overall acceptance rate for medical delivery drones was positive. The acceptance rate was significantly correlated with knowledge, attitude, and perception scores but not with sociodemographic factors.DiscussionRaising awareness and educating the medical as well as public communities regarding the potential role and benefits of drones are therefore important in garnering support for drone usage for medical purposes.

Household processing of fenugreek seeds and leaves, including soaking, germination, and boiling of the seeds, and air-drying of the leaves, has improved the levels of human consumption of the bitter seeds and increased the shelf life of fresh leaves, respectively. The potential anticancer activity of either unprocessed or processed fenugreek seeds or leaves and the relative expression of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes of the studied cancerous cell lines exposed to IC50 crude extracts was investigated to observe the apoptotic-inducing property of this plant as an anticancer agent. The protein expression of IKK-α and IKK-β, as inhibitors of NF-KB which exhibit a critical function in the regulation of genes involved in chronic inflammatory disorders, were studied in the tested cancerous cell lines. In this study, the anticancer activity of household-processed fenugreek leaves and seeds against HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, and VERO cell lines was measured using an MTT assay. DNA fragmentation of both HepG2 and MCF-7 was investigated by using gel electrophoresis. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the relative expression of each p53, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes, whereas ELISA assay determined the expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, and 8-OHDG genes. Western blotting analyzed the protein-expressing levels of IKK-α and IKK-β proteins in each studied cell line. Data showed that at 500 µg mL−1, ADFL had the highest cytotoxicity against the HepG2 and HCT-116 cell lines. Although, each UFS and GFS sample had a more inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells than ADFL. Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the IC50 of each ADFL, UFS, and GFS sample induced DNA fragmentation in HepG2 and MCF-7, contrary to untreated cell lines. Gene expression using RT-PCR showed that IC50 doses of each sample induced apoptosis through the up-regulation of the p53, caspase-3, and Bax genes and the down-regulation of the Bcl-2 gene in each studied cell line. The relative expression of TNF-α, 8-OHDG, and caspase-3 genes of each HepG2 and MCF-7 cell line using ELISA assays demonstrated that ADFL, UFS, and GFS samples reduced the expression of TNF-α and 8-OHDG genes but increased the expression of the caspase-3 gene. Protein-expressing levels of IKK-α and IKK-β proteins in each studied cell line, determined using Western blotting, indicated that household treatments decreased IKK-α expression compared to the UFS sample. Moreover, the ADFL and SFS samples had the most activity in the IKK-β expression levels. Among all studied samples, air-dried fenugreek leaves and unprocessed and germinated fenugreek seeds had the most anti-proliferative and apoptotic-inducing properties against human HepG2, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cell lines, as compared to the VERO cell line. So, these crude extracts can be used in the future for developing new effective natural drugs for the treatment of hepatocellular, breast, and colon carcinomas.

Y and V codoped SrBi 2Nb 2O 9 ceramics, which have been characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques, were prepared through molten salt using NaCl-KCl medium. Through X-ray diffraction analysis, all prepared samples were matched by undoped SrBi 2Nb 2O 9. The lattice parameters do not depend on the amount of dopants. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the compounds are composed of small crystallites of varying size and orientation, resulting in many micros train defects. FTIR spectra revealed that the dopant promotes a slight decrease in the 612 cm –1 band. A plate-like morphology was revealed by scanning electron microscopy, while Nyquist plots indicate non-Debye relaxation for all compounds. V and Y were incorporated into SrBi 2Nb 2O 9 lattice in order to reduce dielectric loss tangent. Thus, the codoping increases the of SrB 1.9Y 0.1Nb 1.95V 0.05O 9 (Y0.1V0.05) ceramic whereas, they were significantly decreased in the case of SrBi 1.8Y 0.2Nb 2O 9 (Y0.2) ceramic. Y0.1V0.05 sample makes up the highest efficient charge transfer, followed by Y0.2 sample representing the lowest.

Switched reluctance motor (SRM) is gaining more interest in both research and industry. Its simple structure without windings or permanent magnets on the rotor makes the motor robust and reliable with reduced manufacturing cost. The SRM also provides high starting torque and high efficiency over a wide range of speeds, which is strongly desired for electric vehicles’ applications. However, these advantages of switched reluctance motors come with some challenges. Torque ripples, low power density, and temperature rise are common questions about SRM. This paper utilizes multi-objective optimization of SRM design to get most of the SRM desired characteristics with minimization of the machine’s common drawbacks. The optimization process has considered twelve variables and five objective functions. These functions include average torque, efficiency, iron weight, torque-ripples, and maximum temperature rise. The electromagnetic analysis of each candidate is performed by the finite elements method (FEA). The performance indices of SRM are calculated based on FEA analysis results via calculations that compensate for accuracy and computation time. The multi-objective genetic algorithm technique (MOGA) combines the objective functions into a single objective function. Verifying the optimal design comprises generating the efficiency map, torque profile, and dynamic simulation of the motor. This paper mainly focuses on the design and optimization of SRM to fulfill the general requirements of electric vehicle applications.

Background: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked hereditary disorder and a global public health concern that is most prevalent in malaria-endemic regions including Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean. G6PD-deficient individuals are at high risk of developing acute hemolytic anemia following treatment with antimalarial drugs including Primaquine and Tafenoquine. However, the currently available tests for G6PD screening are complex and often have been misclassifying cases, particularly for females with intermediate G6PD activity. The latest innovation of quantitative point-of-care (POC) tests for G6PD deficiency provides an opportunity to improve population screening and prevent hemolytic disorders when treating malaria. Aim(s): To assess the evidence on the type and performance of quantitative point-of-care (POC) tests for effective G6PD screening and hence, radical elimination of Plasmodium malaria infections.Methods: Relevant studies published in English language confined from two databases, Scopus and ScienceDirect were searched from November 2016 onwards. The search was conducted using keywords including “glucosephosphate dehydrogenase” or “G6PD”, “point-of-care”, “screening” or “prevalence”, “biosensor” and “quantitative”. The review was reported following the PRISMA guidelines.Results: Initial search results yielded 120 publications. After thorough screening and examination, a total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were extracted in this review. Two types of quantitative POC tests were evaluated, namely, the CareStartTM Biosensor kit and the STANDARD G6PD kit. Both tests showed promising performance with high sensitivity and specificity ranging mostly from 72% to 100% and 92%–100%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) ranged from 35% to 72% and 89%–100%, with accuracy ranging from 86% to 98%.Conclusion: In areas with a high prevalence of G6PD deficiency that overlap with malaria endemicity, availability and validation of the diagnostic performance of quantitative POC tests are of absolute importance. Carestart™ biosensor and STANDARD G6PD kits showed high reliability and performed well in comparison to the spectrophotometric reference standard.

Abstract Background This is a case report of postoperative tongue numbness after a prolonged laparoscopic cholecystectomy using i-gel®. Case presentation A female patient 62 years old, ASA physical status II and with weight 72.7 kg, height 159 cm and BMI 28.8 kg/m2 had general anaesthesia using i-gel size 4 as artificial airway; vital data was stable and within normal range all through the surgery, the surgery was complicated due to the presence of intra-abdominal adhesions and the surgery was prolonged to 90 min With the insertion of surgical drains, she mentioned tongue numbness at the tip of the tongue on postoperative day 1, and this was completely resolved 4 weeks later on further follow-up. Conclusions We conclude that postoperative tongue numbness is one of the complications that should be highlighted after the i-gel®.

Toxoplasmosis is a global zoonotic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The primary aim of this study was to identify hygienic and cat management practices that could affect the occurrence of T. gondii in cats and their owners in Sharqia Governorate, Egypt. T. gondii infection was evaluated in 80 pregnant women and 29 domestic cats using Real-time PCR. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information regarding the risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. Blood samples were collected from enrolled pregnant women, and fecal samples were collected from their pet cats. Firth logistic regression model complemented with random forest (RF) analysis was used to evaluate the association of different hygiene and cat management practices with T. gondii infection in pregnant women. T. gondii infection was identified in 27.5% of pregnant women and 17% of domestic cats. Drinking raw milk and contacting stray and pet cats were significantly associated with higher odds of T. gondii infection. The proportion of T. gondii-positive women who ate raw meat (60.0%) was higher than those ate heat-cooked meat (25.3%). Moreover, women who did not wash their hands after contact with cats were 6 times (OR 6.12; CI: 3.03–9.21) more likely to experience T. gondii infection than those washed their hands after cat contact. The RF analysis showed that washing hands constitute a serious yet preventable public health concern that requires targeted, community-specific efforts. Cat owners, particularly pregnant women, need to be aware about the risk of T. gondii infection, while handling cat and pet's owner should be advised to take necessary hygienic measures to prevent its infection.

An efficient, catalyst-free and eco-friendly ultrasound-assisted novel one-pot pseudo-five-component synthesis of aryl-bis-[1H-pyrazol-5-ol-4yl]methanes, het(aryl)-bis-[1H-pyrazol-5-ol-4yl]methanes and their 1-phenyl derivatives in water is reported. The products were obtained in excellent yield in shorter duration with high purity, by simple filtration. This synthetic methodology has been optimized and discussed herein.

In this study, Strontium Bismuth Niobate (SrBi2-xTmxNb2O9 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) doped by Tm was synthesized using by the hydrothermal method. The microstructure and electrical properties were mainly investigated. XRD analysis showed a single-phase orthorhombic structure for Tm-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 samples. The crystallite size is anisotropic and the strain is apparently independent of Tm amount. Dielectric properties for doped SrBi2Nb2O9 with Tm3+ ion have the same trend discussed for the pure sample. FTIR resulats showed that NbO6 octahedral is formed, on one hand, and on the other hand, it shows that spectras for doped and undoped samples are nearly the same. The Cross-section of ceramics showed the plate-like morphology, also the distribution of the pore in ceramics are observed for all samples. Tm dopants produce only minor changes in the impendence parameter values at room temperature. The luminescent (PL) properties of Tm-doped SrBi2Nb2O9 ceramic powders were investigated. The optimum Tm3+ concentration for the maximum PL intensity was found to be at x = 0.075.

Liver fibrosis still life-threatening problem and searching out ameliorative products motives many scientists, so this work evaluated the anti-fibrotic and antioxidant role of naringenin (NAR) against thioacetamide (TAA) induced liver fibrosis. Fifty adult male albino rats randomly divided into 5 groups (10 each); the first kept as control; the second treated I/P by 200 mg/kg TAA twice a week for 8 weeks; the third was gavaged daily with 50 mg /kg/ b.wt of NAR for 8 weeks; the fourth was co-treated by TAA and NAR while the fifth was treated with TAA for 8 w then gavaged daily by NAR for 1 month. TAA administration significantly increases the hepatic cell enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT) in the serum referring to hepatic cell destruction with an increase in hepatic MDA with a reduction in GSH concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activities as well as down regulation of their expression levels. NAR administration either with or after TAA ameliorates this effect suggesting its antioxidant ability. In the fibrotic pathway, TAA treatment up-regulates the expression levels of fibrogenic biomarkers (TGF-β, collagen 1α and fibronectin) genes while NAR down-regulates these genes suggesting its anti-fibrotic ability. Histopathological analysis confirms the biochemical results. In conclusion, NAR ameliorates the deleterious effect of TAA through its antioxidant and anti-fibrotic abilities.

Most of the freshwaters worldwide are used for agriculture. Freshwater sources are expected to decline and will not suffice to support the food production needed for the growing population. Therefore, growing crops with seawater might constitute a solution. However, very little work has been done on the effect of seawater stress on wheat, an important cereal crop. The present study aimed to determine whether particular wheat genotypes provided better resistance to seawater stress. A set of 80 highly diverse spring wheat genotypes collected from different countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America was exposed to 50% seawater stress at the early growth stage. Four seeding shoot and root traits were scored for all genotypes. High genetic variations were found among all genotypes for the epicotyl length (EL), hypocotyl length (HL), number of radicles (NOR), and fresh weight (FW). Eight genotypes with high-performance scores of seedling traits were selected. The correlation analyses revealed highly significant correlations among all traits scored in this study. The strongest correlation was found between the NOR and the other seeding traits. Thus, the NOR might be an important adaptive trait for seawater tolerance. The genetic diversity among all genotypes was investigated based on genetic distance. A wide range of genetic distances among all genotypes was found. There was also a great genetic distance among the eight selected genotypes. In particular, the genetic distance between ATRI 5310 (France) and the other seven genotypes was the greatest. Such high genetic diversity might be utilized to select highly divergent genotypes for crossing in a future breeding program. The present study provides very useful information on the presence of different genetic resources in wheat for seawater tolerance.

Biomass waste has known as a new precursor for the production of carbon-based materials due to its carbon richness, low cost, ease to access, ubiquitous, renewable and environmental-friendliness. In this publication, the study on the availability of biomass waste and the carbon-based materials (CBMs) for wastewater treatment application is reviewed and addressed. This paper discussed several types of CBMs such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes, biochar, and carbon aerogel. The production of these different CBMs and their modification are given special attention. As harmful organic, dyes, and inorganic pollutants emerging from the wastewater has caused damage to the environment and water supplies, adsorption is the most widely utilised conventional technology for the removal of hazardous pollutants due to its ease of use and relatively cheap in comparison with other emerging methods. This corresponds to the CBMs which mainly works on the adsorption mechanism to perform the wastewater treatment. There are three kinds of biomass waste being explained which are sewage sludge, lignocellulosic, and cotton-based waste. This paper also extensively summarised a multitude of aspects regarding the biomass waste and the CBMs derivation from biomass waste. The challenges on the synthesis of CBMs from biomass was also included. In summary, the conclusion and future direction of the research were also discussed.

The food industry is actively adopting carbon neutral strategies aligned with the principles of Industry 4 [...]

The food industry stands as one of the most vital manufacturing sectors globally, with an ever-increasing reliance on digitalization and technology-driven processes. However, this advancement comes with an inherent risk of cyberattacks, encompassing data breaches and system disruptions, which can severely impact production and disrupt the entire food supply chain. Consequently, such cyberthreats can lead to consumer fear and mistrust, potentially tarnishing a company’s brand image. Additionally, the sector is becoming the focus of cyberthreat actors owing to the current crisis in Ukraine, revealing the severity of the rippling effects of these disruptions. This research aims to delve into the current perception of cyberthreats within the food industry, emphasizing the importance of cybersecurity and analyzing the measures taken by stakeholders to mitigate the risks associated with cyberattacks. The findings reveal that although the food industry acknowledges the potential threats posed by inadequate cybersecurity measures, these risks are perceived as insignificant due to the unique nature of the industry. Moreover, an extensive literature review highlights that the food industry places great emphasis on adopting innovative information technologies to enhance operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness. However, it remains vulnerable to cyberattacks, necessitating continuous employee education and training to strengthen the security landscape. This holistic approach fosters a seamless, reliable, and sustainable growth environment for the industry. By analyzing the existing challenges and requirements, this study underscores the need for proactive measures to safeguard the food industry against cyberthreats. It emphasizes the significance of implementing robust cybersecurity protocols and cultivating a culture of awareness and preparedness within organizations. Furthermore, the research emphasizes the importance of employee education and training, equipping them with the necessary knowledge and skills to identify and mitigate potential cyber risks. In conclusion, while cognizant of the risks posed by cyberattacks, the food industry must prioritize cybersecurity measures to protect its production and supply chain. Enhancing the security environment through ongoing employee education and training is crucial for fostering consumer trust and enabling seamless growth within the industry. By adopting a proactive approach to cybersecurity, the food industry can ensure the sustainability and reliability of its operations in the face of evolving cyberthreats.

In recent years, the need for sustainable practices within the food industry has become increasingly important and incorporating Industry 4 [...]

This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of long-term zinc oxide nanoparticles’ (Zn-ONPs) exposure to the hormonal profile of O. niloticus and their application as a bio-marker for fresh water pollution by Zn-ONPs. Two hundred-forty female O. niloticus were used. Growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), glucagon, insulin, Adrenocorticosteroid hormone (ACTH) serum concentrations and the expression levels of GH, insulin-like growth factor gene (IGF-I), insulin and insulin receptor A (IRA) genes were determined. The levels of GH, TSH, FSH, LH, T3, T4, Estradiol, E2, insulin and GH, IGF-I, insulin and IRA genes expression decreased significantly in Zn-ONPs’ exposed fish in a concentration-dependent manner; meanwhile, serum ACTH and cortisol increased. The alterations in hormone levels and their gene expressions are considered as good bio-markers for the detection of fresh water pollution with Zn-ONPs.

Abstract Malaysia operates a federal parliamentary system. The Constitution recognises Islam as the Federation's religion with the proviso that other religions be practised in peace. Islamic law exists alongside common law. This study analyses how the two laws are harmonised and the features of Islamic law in operation. This paper qualitatively analyses the Federal Constitution of Malaysia and examines the features of Islamic law it contains. In particular, this paper studies the current establishment of Syariah courts, its criminal mandate, the enforcement, and Syariah approach in practice in Malaysian federal territories. This paper's findings may help the improvement and betterment of Islamic law, particularly in harmonising common law jurisdiction with Syariah. Intisari Malaysia menggunakan sistem federal parlementer. Konstitusinya mengakui Islam sebagai agama federasi dengan aturan agama lain boleh dipraktikkan dalam damai. Hukum Islam hadir bersandingan dengan common law. Penelitian ini menganalisis sikap dimana kedua hukum bisa harmonis dan fitur hukum Islam dalam praktiknya. Tulisan ini secara kualitatif menganalisis Konstitusi Federal Malaysia dan memeriksa fitur hukum Islam di dalamnya. Secara khusus, tulisan ini mempelajari pembentukan pengadilan Syariah saat ini, mandat pidananya, penegakannya, dan pendekatan Syariah dalam praktik di teritori federal Malaysia. Penemuan dari tulisan ini dapat membantu mengembangkan dan memperbaiki Hukum Islam terutama harmonisasi antara yurisdiksi common law dan Syariah.

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is thought to have occurred first in Wuhan, China in December 2019, before spreading to over 120 countries in the months that followed. It was declared a “public health emergency of international concern” by the World Health Organization on January 31, 2020 and recognized as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The primary route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from human to human is through inhalation of respiratory droplets. Devising protective technologies for stopping the spread of the droplets of aerosol containing the viral particles is a vital requirement to curb the ongoing outbreak. However, the current generations of protective respirator masks in use are noted for their imperfect design and there is a need to develop their more advanced analogues, with higher blockage efficiency and the ability to deactivate the trapped bacteria and viruses. It is likely that one such design will be inspired by nanotechnologies. Here we describe a new design from Egypt, utilizing a reusable, recyclable, customizable, antimicrobial and antiviral respirator facial mask feasible for mass production. The novel design is based on the filtration system composed of a nanofibrous matrix of polylactic acid and cellulose acetate containing copper oxide nanoparticles and graphene oxide nanosheets and produced using the electrospinning technique. Simultaneously, the flat pattern fabricated from a thermoplastic composite material is used to provide a solid fit with the facial anatomy. This design illustrates an effort made in a developing setting to provide innovative solutions for combating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic of potentially global significance.

This paper proposes a fiber optic acoustic sensor (FOAS) based on a single-mode fiber - multimode fiber - single-mode fiber (SMS) structure attached to a thin polymer film used as a diaphragm. The diaphragm was specially developed to enhance the sensitivity towards the acoustic pressure-wave resulted from the partial discharge (PD) events. The sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) characterizations of the FOAS without and with a thin polymer film were performed. Both time-resolved and phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns measurements were carried out in air and oil media. The experiment was conducted with three-electrodes using FOAS in conjunction with the conventional PD measurement as per IEC 60270 standard. The sensor achieved a sensitivity up to -31.21 dBm and -30.8 (0 dBm is defined as 1V/μBar) using broadband and tunable light source, respectively. The discharge characteristics pattern of FOAS was verified with IEC 60270 standard, and the patterns of FOAS resembled IEC 60270 standard. The proposed FOAS was capable for detecting the PD using both broadband and tunable laser lights. The use of the thin polymer film had a significant impact on the acoustic sensitivity. With the simple, low-cost design structure and free from electromagnetic interference, FOAS is found to be suitable as an in-situ sensor for detecting the acoustic signals of partial discharge and can be utilized inside the transformer.

Objective: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the anti-obese effect of raspberry ketone against high-fat diet fed rats. Methods: Fifty adult male rats were randomly assigned to receive a standard diet, a high fat diet, and the high-fat diet and 0.5%, 1% or 2% raspberry ketone. Body weight, biochemical parameters and gene expression of CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)δ, fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 A (CPT1A) were investigated. Results: Body weight, blood glucose, insulin, total lipids, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were increased in high-fat diet fed rats. These high fat diet-induced changes were attenuated by treatment with raspberry ketone. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was decreased in highfat diet fed rats but increased in rats treated with raspberry ketone. Molecular investigations showed induction of gene expression of C/EBP-δ, FAS, ACC, CPT1A and inhibition of gene expression of PPAR-α and HSL in high-fat diet fed rats as compared with control. Raspberry ketone treament reversed these changes except CPT1A. Conclusions: Raspberry ketone can prevent obesity induced by a high-fat diet in rats by induction of the expression of enzymes, controlling lipolysis and fatty acids β oxidation as well as inhibition of gene expressions of adipogenic factors.

The disruptive potentials of drones are rapidly growing including for the delivery of blood samples in healthcare. Maintenance of the quality of blood samples is important to ascertain that the drone is a safe mode of transportation, particularly during emergencies and in critical cases. The influence of the drone carriage material on blood samples transportation was investigated in this study. Two phases of drone simulation flights were conducted in Cyberjaya, Malaysia. In Phase 1, the effect of drone carriage material on the internal storage temperature during blood samples transportation was determined. Three types of carriage materials were compared: aluminium, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, and polypropylene (PP) plastic. In Phase 2, the quality of drone-transported blood samples was assessed, using the best material from Phase 1 as the drone carriage material. Biochemical and hematological analyses of 60 blood samples were conducted using five parameters. In Phase 1, EPS foam was found to be the best material to maintain a stable and favorable internal storage temperature at mean kinetic temperature ±SD of 4.70 ±1.14°C. Much higher and unfavorable mean kinetic temperatures were recorded for aluminium (11.46 ±0.35°C) and plastic (14.17 ±0.05°C). In Phase 2, laboratory tests show that the quality of blood samples was well maintained, and the mean biochemical and hematological parameters of drone-transported blood samples showed no significant alteration compared to ground controls. Drone carriage material is an important determinant of the quality of blood samples transported by drone, particularly in hot equatorial climates as in Malaysia. The blood storage temperature was best maintained using EPS foam, as evidenced by the favorable average temperature and preservation of hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood samples.

Background. Many patients suffer from lack of retention of conventional mandibular overdentures due to loss of clip retention over time. Computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) milled polyether ether ketone (PEEK) materials may be used for the construction of retentive housing and clips for improving retention of implant-supported overdentures. Objective. To compare retention and patient satisfaction of implant-supported mandibular overdentures retained by conventional nylon clip and metal housings for ball attachments versus PEEK clip and housings. Methods. Twenty-two participants were divided into 2 equal groups (n = 11). The conventional group received implant-supported mandibular overdentures retained by metal housings and nylon retentive elements, while the PEEK group received implant-supported mandibular overdentures retained by PEEK retentive elements and housings. The PEEK retentive elements were made using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM). The evaluation included measuring the retention by applying a gradual pulling up force by force meter and patient satisfaction with a 7-point visual analog scale (VAS) at overdenture insertion and 3, 6, and 12 months subsequently by a research interviewer. Results. The PEEK group showed statistically significantly increased retention force (P

The large family of enzymes, known as polyphenols oxidases, includes laccase. Due to the inclusion of a copper atom in their catalytic core, laccases are frequently referred to as multi-copper oxidases. Laccases are versatile enzymes that can catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic substances. In the current study, a local strain of Aspergillus niger was used for solid-state fermentation to produce fungal laccase, as well as purify and optimize laccase. The enzyme profile, which was acquired using guaiacol to measure enzyme activity, showed that after five days of incubation, wheat straw provided the highest level of laccase activity, or 2.551 U/mL. A technique called response surface methodology (RSM) was used to examine the effects of various conditions on the production of enzymes. The RSM results demonstrated that after five days of incubation, the enzyme activity was at its highest at 45 °C, pH 5.5, and 30% moisture level, inoculated with 2 mL mycelium. Through ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis, the enzyme was purified. Additionally, column chromatography was used to further purify laccase. The next step was enzyme characterization to evaluate how temperature and pH affected enzyme activity. At 45 °C and pH 5.5, the isolated enzyme produced its highest level of activity. The findings of the current study showed that A. niger is capable of producing laccase in an economical and environmentally friendly way. Due to its unique oxidative and catalytic features, this enzyme has received a lot of attention recently.

The current research was conducted to extract the bioactive compounds from citrus waste and assess their role in the development of functional foods to treat different disorders. The scientific name of citrus is Citrus L. and it belongs to the Rutaceae family. It is one of the most important fruit crops that is grown throughout the world. During processing, a large amount of waste is produced from citrus fruits in the form of peel, seeds, and pomace. Every year, the citrus processing industry creates a large amount of waste. The citrus waste is composed of highly bioactive substances and phytochemicals, including essential oils (EOs), ascorbic acid, sugars, carotenoids, flavonoids, dietary fiber, polyphenols, and a range of trace elements. These valuable compounds are used to develop functional foods, including baked products, beverages, meat products, and dairy products. Moreover, these functional foods play an important role in treating various disorders, including anti-aging, anti-mutagenic, antidiabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-allergenic, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular-protective activity. EOs are complex and contain several naturally occurring bioactive compounds that are frequently used as the best substitutes in the food industry. Citrus essential oils have many uses in the packaging and food safety industries. They can also be used as an alternative preservative to extend the shelf lives of different food products.

Worldwide, human beings have traditionally employed many folkloric herbal resources as complementary and alternative remedies, and these remedies have played a pivotal role in modern medicines for many decades, as scientists have used them to develop drugs. We studied the effects of employing solvents with varying polarity on the yields of phytochemical components extracted from the plant Rhazya stricta. We used chloroform–methanol (1:1), methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, and ethyl acetate as extraction solvents. The results showed that the efficiencies of the solvents at extracting phytochemical compounds were in this order: chloroform–methanol < ethanol < methanol < diethyl ether < ethyl acetate extract. The chloroform–methanol extract produced the highest concentration of phenolic and flavonoid contents among the five solvents tested (13.3 mg GAE/g DM and 5.43 CE/g DM). The yields of the extracted phytochemical compounds ranged from 47.55 to 6.05%. The results revealed that the properties of the extraction solvents considerably impacted the extraction yield and the phytochemical components of the R. stricta extract. Furthermore, compared with the other solvents, the chloroform–methanol extraction led to the highest yield (47.55%) and to more phytochemical substances being extracted. The aim of this study is to investigate the phytochemical compounds extracted from R. stricta with different solvents that have different polarities.

In this work, ZnO, CrZnO, RuZnO, and BaZnO nanomaterials were synthesized and characterized in order to study their antibacterial activity. The agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were used to determine the antibacterial activity of the fabricated nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC35218, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 7000603, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 278533. The well-diffusion test revealed significant antibacterial activity against all investigated bacteria when compared to vancomycin at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The most susceptible bacteria to BaZnO, RuZnO, and CrZnO were Staphylococcus aureus (15.5 ± 0.5 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.2 ± 0.5 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.7 ± 0.5), respectively. The MIC values indicated that they were in the range of 0.02 to 0.2 mg/mL. The MBC values showed that the tested bacteria’s growth could be inhibited at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/mL. According to the MBC/MIC ratio, BaZnO, RuZnO, and CrZnO exhibit bacteriostatic effects and may target bacterial protein synthesis based on the results of the tolerance test. This study shows the efficacy of the above-mentioned nanoparticles on bacterial growth. Further biotechnological and toxicological studies on the nanoparticles fabricated here are recommended to benefit from these findings.