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The invention of using radio waves, for sending voice signals over long distances, brought profound changes to human society. The idea was picked up, initially by enthusiasts called radio amateurs, and later by business entities, to start radio stations transmitting voice and music programs for public entertainment. This was the beginning of public broadcasting. Rapid progress in communication technology enabled transmission of video information in the same fashion, called television (TV). The development has been very rapid in the recent past. TV has finally reached the old concept of being the picture frame on the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prescription of antibiotics empirically without confirmation of an infective etiology is on the rise. Administration of appropriate antibiotics can be guided by real‑time fluorescence imaging using a point‑of‑care device. These composite images show the presence, type and the burden of infection. The time saved by this method over microbiological testing, especially in resource‑poor settings, can lead to a paradigm shift in treatment by facilitating prompt and adequate antimicrobial therapy, surgical debridement as well as follow‑up. Thumbnail sketches of a series of four cases highlighting different scenarios in which a fluorescent imaging device utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning was found useful is presented in this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) is one of the most frequently co-infecting bacteria reported. Development of drug resistance, biofilm formation, cell associated factors make the P.aeruginosa more virulent. Type III secretion system controls expression of genes. P.aeruginosa chromosome harbours exoT, exoS, exoU, and exoY virulent genes. Gene exoT plays an important role in causation of infection. The identification of virulent markers of pathogens for identification of acute and chronic infections at early stage remains a critical area and still need large research. Aim: To study the prevalence of exoT gene encoding exotoxin T in P.aeruginosa from clinical samples. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research was conducted during January 2015 to March 2016 at the Department of Microbiology in Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Various clinical samples were processed using standard laboratory methods. The statistical analysis was done by using Chi-square test. Strains of P.aeruginosa isolated from various clinical samples were identified using standard laboratory methods, and exoT gene was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis technique. Results: Out of 30 strains of P. aeruginosa, 20 (66.67%) were isolated from male and 10 (33.33%) from female patients. Most of them belonged to the age group 41-60 years (46.67%). The exoT gene occurred in 20/30 (66.67%) isolates of P.aeruginosa, while 10/30 (33.33 %) showed negative amplification results. Out of 20 exoT genes in P.aeruginosa, 17/20 (85%) were detected from male and 3/10 (15%) from female patients. Conclusion: Gene exoT of P. aeruginosa plays the crucial role in causation of disease. It is concluded that exoT gene can be a notable virulent element expressed by 66.67% of P.aeruginosa clinical isolates. The proven role of exoT virulence gene in the pathogenicity of P.aeruginosa would help in understanding the prognosis of Pseudomonas infection and designing an effective treatment and vaccine against the Pseudomonas infections to prevent them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The trends of β-lactamases producing Enterobacteriaceae is ever increasing, and limited studies have reported investigating coexistence of β lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae. A cross-sectional study after approval from the Institutional Ethical committee was conducted between June 2014 and May 2016 in community-acquired infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms in our tertiary care. Nonrepetitive clinical samples from the out-patient department (OPD) were processed for bacteriological culture and identification of Enterobacteriaceae. An antibiotic susceptibility test, screening, and phenotypic confirmation for ESBLs and carbapenemases and AmpC producers were performed to check for coexistence of these enzymes. Results. Nonrepetitive clinical specimens processed for culture and identification in our hospital revealed 417 positive isolates in community acquired infections which were multidrug-resistant organisms, and on screening for β-lactamases, 293 isolates were positive for one of the three beta lactamases, ESBL, AmpC, or carbapnemases. Coproduction of ESBL and MBL was seen in 5 isolates, 35 isolates showed coproduction of ESBL and AmpC enzymes, and AmpC and MBL coproduction was exhibited in only in 5 isolates. Conclusions. Coexistence of ESBLs, AmpC producers, and carbapenemases has been described. Continuous monitoring and surveillance and proper infection control and prevention practices will limit the further spread of these superbugs within the hospital and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]