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This study compares functional changes to change in measures of disease activity following the introduction of slow-acting anti-rheumatic drugs (SAARD) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clinical and laboratory variables were simultaneously monitored at 6-monthly intervals, over approximately 18 months. Function was measured by a performance testing, the Keitel function index (KFI), which was divided into sections representing small and large joints [and (HFI); wrist (WFI) and limb function index (LFI)]. One-hundred-and-fifteen patients were studied, of whom 21 were male. The mean age of the subjects was 49 yr (s.D. ± 12) and mean duration of disease 7 yr (S.D. ± 7). The mean KFI at entry was 38 (S.D. ± 18) while at the end of the study it was 31 (s.D. ± 17) (P < 0.0001). The change in KFI following therapy correlated with the change in Ritchie articular index (RAI) (r = 0.4; P < 0.0001), early morning stiffness (EMS) (r = 0.3; P = 0.004), swollen joint count (JC) (r = 0.4; P = 0.0005). C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = 0.2; P < 0.05) and Lansbury systemic index (LSI) (r = 0.35; P = 0.002), but not with change in Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or change in time to onset of fatigue. Multiple regression analysis showed that 32% of the variation in KFI at the end of the study could be predicted by a combination of ESR, sulphasalazine therapy, RAI, disease duration and chloroquine treatment at onset (P < 0.05). When HFI at end of study was the dependent variable, 21 % of the variation could be predicted by a combination of ESR, CRP, Lansbury systemic index and JC at onset (P < 0.05). The duration of disease did not significantly influence the potential for change in functional status. This study showed that detailed measurement of function is important in assessing RA activity. Functional impairment in RA is a dynamic process influenced by changes in clinical disease activity with treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The recent demonstration of cytolytic mediators within synovial CD4+ T-cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has suggested an additional role for these cells in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study we have investigated the function and regulation of antigen-specific class II-restricted cytotoxic T-cells from the synovial fluid (SFMNC and peripheral blood (PBMNC) of 20 seropositive RA patients, and correlated findings with clinical data. Regulatory factors including prostaglandin E (PGE, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were measured in cell supernatants. A diversity in SFMNC antigen-specific cytotoxicity that correlated with therapy and PGE production was found, and shown to be mediated by synovial prostanoid (products of cyclooxygenase metabolism) inhibition of effector function. Our findings indicate that SFMNC cytotoxicity may be important in the pathogenesis and treatment of RA. Cyclooxygenase inhibition as the sole treatment early in RA may reduce the potentially beneficial inhibitory effect of synovial prostanoids on antigen-specific SFMNC cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The correlation of handedness with deformities, radiographic changes, and function of the hand was studied in a large group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a dominant right hand. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients who had swan neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, uncorrectable ulnar deviation, and flexor tenosynovitis in the dominant and non-dominant hands. There were significantly greater radiological changes in the dominant hand, however, and the middle and index fingers were most severely affected. The severe involvement of these fingers may be related to their greater use in daily activities. There was also more severe functional impairment in the dominant hand. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The spectrum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was studied in a group of 52 blacks who attended a rheumatology unit in Cape Town, South Africa. The mean age of the patients was 44.6 years, and the female to male ratio was 3.7:1. Significant radiographic changes were frequently noted, and the mean Larsen scores were 34.9 for the hands, 19.6 for the feet, and 6.6 for the wrists. About two thirds of the patients had received an immunomodulatory drug and 20 (38%) had had one or more surgical procedures for their RA. Anaemia was the commonest extra-articular manifestation, and although the other extra-articular features were uncommon, a variety of features had been detected during the course of the disease. Earlier studies on blacks in Africa suggested that RA was a mild disease; our findings, however, are in agreement with the more recent surveys, which suggest that severe disease is not uncommon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A cross sectional analysis of the correlation between clinical, laboratory, and radiological markers of disease activity in 98 patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reported. The median age was 38 years, the median age at onset of disease 29 years, and the median duration of disease seven years. The Keitel function test (KFT) showed good correlation with the Ritchie articular index (RAI) (p less than 0.0001; r = 0.5) and the disability questionnaire (DQ) (p less than 0.0001; r = 0.6). The RAI and DQ correlated weakly with laboratory variables, while the KFT showed significant correlation with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), and plasma viscosity (PV) (p less than 0.001; r = 0.4; 0.3; 0.4). Only the KFT showed significant correlations with bone mass measurements (p less than 0.01; r = -0.3; -0.4), and the Larsen index at the right wrist (p less than 0.0001; r = 0.4). Consensus analysis suggested that the KFT is a useful single clinical test of disease activity in RA. The hand functional index (HFI), a component of the KFT, showed significant correlation with the total KFT (r = 0.9). Prospective drug trials are needed to establish the value of the HFI in the monitoring of patients with RA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Double-stranded DNA immune complexes (DNA-ICs) were assayed by millipore filtration and deoxyribonuclease digestion in 40 patients with both active and inactive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The assay is superior to the double-stranded DNA antibody (ds ADA) as an indicator of active disease, and, when combined with the total haemolytic complement (CH50) and ds ADA levels it increases the prediction of the relative risk of active disease. A good correlation between actual levels of DNA-ICs and the degree of activity was also shown. We conclude that measurement of DNA-ICs is of value as an additional monitor in the assessment of activity in SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma DNA has been measured by a new physiochemical approach based on fluorimetric analysis of phenol extracted nucleic acids electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels. This method is specific for native double-stranded DNA of molecular weight greater than 5 x 10(6). The use of plasma rigorously freed of leucocytes is essential to prevent falsely high values. When such precautions are taken levels seldom exceed 50 ng/ml in normal individuals. Plasma DNA was assayed in 107 samples from 47 patients with both active and inactive systemic lupus erythematosus. In direct contrast to several previous reports no significant increase of plasma DNA was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of 61 unselected patients with psoriasis attending a dermatology clinic were studied to determine the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis. On defined criteria arthritis was present in 41.6%. Peripheral arthritis was present in 15.5%, and sacroiliitis in 43%. A strong association of distal interphalangeal arthritis with psoriasis and nail dystrophy was confirmed. Tissue typing showed a strong association of B23, 17, in Caucasoid psoriatics, while the haplotype A1/B8 was increased in mixed Caucasoid--Negroid psoriatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An epidemiological survey of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was undertaken in a tribal Xhosa community in the Transkei of Southern Africa. 577 respondents aged 18 and over were examined clinically and of these, 549 were investigated radiologically and 482 serologically. The presence of RA was then assessed by means of a modification of the Rome criteria, as used in previous comparable surveys. The prevalence of 'definite' RA in the adults aged 18 and over in this population was 0-68% and of 'probable' RA, 1-6%. The combined 'definite' and 'probable' prevalence was 2-2%. The relatively low prevalence of RA in this population is consistent with the results of other surveys in unsophisticated African Negro populations in West Africa and South Africa, and contrasts with the higher prevalence encountered in an urbanized South African Negro community and in populations in Europe and the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Normal rats subjected to end-to-side portacaval shunt showed decreased survival and weight gain, a progressive fall in serum albumin and reciprocal rise in serum gamma globulin when compared with sham-operated controls for 12 weeks. Antibacterial lipopolysaccharide antibody was detected in significant titre at the sixth and twelfth weeks. It is suggested that the elevated levels of gamma globulin and reversal of albumin/globulin ratios noted in these animals may represent an immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides released into the systemic circulation as a result of the portacaval shunt. The hyperglobulinaemia of cirrhosis in human subjects may have a similar aetiology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The records of 180 patients out of 247 with bacterial endocarditis were examined. 50 patients had rheumatic manifestations. In 10 there was arthritis of 2-12 weeks' duration before diagnosis; 19 had myalgia/arthralgia; 17 had back or neck pain; 14 had demonstrable arthritis; and 2 tenosynovitis of the foot. Of the 14 patients with arthritis, 8 had monarticular arthritis and 6 polyarticular. All but one patient had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and in one patient rheumatoid factor was positive. The rheumatic features responded when the endocarditis was treated. Some of the symptoms undoubtedly resulted from the infection and fever of the endocarditis, and emboli may have caused the transient aches but there was no evidence that they caused the synovitis in the patients with arthritis. The rheumatic manifestations of bacterial endocarditis can mimic other rheumatic diseases and disguise the underlying disease. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article reports that intervertebral disc calcification (IVDC) is an uncommon but well-known entity. It appears to be a benign, selflimiting condition which often remains asymptomatic. Researchers describe a child who had calcification of all the intervertebral discs of the thoracic spine. Intervertebral disc calcification is a well-recognized clinical entity, but the etiology remains obscure. The usual causes of connective-tissue calcification in children, such as hypervitaminosis D or dermatomyositis, have not been associated with IVDC. Although IVDC has been attributed to trauma, infection, and abnormal calcium metabolism, none of these factors has been proven. The occurrence of mild fever, leukocytosis, and elevated ESR has been cited in support of an inflammatory origin. It is known that IVDC occurs in neonates and is more common in boys. The frequency increases, reaching a peak between 6 and 10 years of age, then declining as adulthood is approached. The age distribution and the rapid deposition and resorption of the calcification have been ascribed to the abundant blood supply to the discs.

Objective: This study was undertaken to compare trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and normal age-matched controls., Method: A protocol was designed to record age, duration of disease, use of corticosteroids (CS) and/or slow-acting antirheumatic drug (SAARD) therapy together with duration of such therapy. BMD was measured using the Hologic QDR 1,000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometer. The first four lumbar vertebrae and the left femur were measured in 56 RA patients and 165 controls. Height and weight were measured. Comparisons were made between RA patients and controls, as well as between subgroups of RA patients based on CS therapy., Results: Patients with RA had significantly lower BMD (P < 0.05) at all the sites than the normal controls. The mean duration of RA at the time of study was 60 months (standard deviation 58 months). Thirteen RA patients had used CS in doses less than 10 mg daily for 6 months or longer (mean 19 months), while 25 patients had been on SAARD for an excess of 6 months (mean 23 months). The CS-treated patients had significantly lower BMD than untreated subjects at the femoral neck and inter-trochanteric region (P < 0.05), but not at the lumbar spine. However, when compared with normal controls, the CS-treated subgroups had significantly lower BMD at the lumbar spine and all femoral areas. Trochanteric BMD was the best determinant of the RA group, with a sensitivity of 65% and specificity of 77%. The positive predictive value was 16%, while the negative predictive value was 10%. Using Bayes' theorem, the prevalence of osteopenia in RA was found to be 6%., Conclusion: We conclude that generalised bone loss is a systemic feature of RA and that loss at the spine and femur may be aggravated by CS therapy.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and spectrum of pulmonary abnormalities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a developing country., Design: This was a prospective hospital-based survey of a randomly selected group of patients with RA who were seen in a rheumatic diseases unit., Setting: Groote Schuur Hospital and Princess Alice Orthopaedic Hospital, Cape Town., Patients: A group of 104 patients with RA were randomly selected from a total of 330 patients with RA who were seen in the rheumatic diseases unit. All the patients were interviewed and a clinical assessment, chest radiographs and pulmonary function tests were performed., Results: Fifty-six patients (53.8%) had evidence of one or more current or previous pulmonary diseases: rheumatoid nodule in 1 (1%), bronchiectasis in 2 (1.9%), fibrosing alveolitis in 5 (4.8%), pneumonia in 5 (4.8%), asthma in 9 (8.7%), pleural disease in 17 (16.3%) and tuberculosis in 25 (24%). Excluding patients who were smokers or ex-smokers or who had coexistent pulmonary disease, there were 20 patients (19.2%) who had pulmonary abnormalities that could be attributed to RA: rheumatoid nodule in 1 (1%), fibrosing alveolitis in 5 (4.8%) (1 of whom also had pleural disease), pleural disease alone in 8 (7.7%), diffusion defect in 5 (4.8%) and airways obstruction in 1 (1%)., Conclusion: This study provides clinical and lung function criteria that allow a clinically useful stratification of abnormalities in relation to a spectrum of common causes of pulmonary dysfunction that need to be distinguished from pulmonary abnormalities caused by RA. Pulmonary abnormalities are common and about 20% of RA patients may have an abnormality related to RA.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of low-dose corticosteroid (CS) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and of high-dose CS therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on metacarpal bone mass in young (premenopausal) subjects. Ninety-eight patients with RA, 63 patients with SLE and 85 healthy controls of comparable age, race, sex and nutritional status were studied. Metacarpal bone mass was measured by radiogrammetry using a digitiser. In the RA patients, mean bone mass of CS-treated subjects (27%) was 52.31 g/cm2, while that of untreated subjects was 56.69 g/cm2 (P < 0.02). In the SLE group, mean bone mass of CS-treated subjects (76%) was 61.47 g/cm2 and that of untreated subjects 62.36 g/cm2 (P > 0.1). Although patients with SLE required larger cumulative doses of CS for longer periods, their bone mass was higher than that of the RA subjects (P < 0.01). None of the patients had femoral neck or vertebral crush fractures. In RA, bone loss was probably a feature of severe disease rather than of CS therapy.

There is no ideal slow-acting antirheumatic drug. Therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is currently being modified, with strong recommendations to abandon the traditional pyramidal approach. The call is for a more aggressive, earlier approach to suppress inflammation. Combination therapy rather than the use of a single agent is advocated by some. Improved methods for assessing disease activity as well as measurement of outcome have been developed. Markers of poor prognosis have helped to define patients for earlier treatment. Comparison of toxicity among such a diverse group of drugs is probably best achieved with a toxicity index measuring the number of episodes expressed in terms of patient-years of exposure. Toxicity remains the commonest reason for discontinuing an agent, while remission beyond 36 months on therapy is uncommon, except with methotrexate. The profile of toxicity is clearly defined for individual agents, but combination therapy may reveal an entirely different set of toxic manifestations. There is an urgent need to develop a set of risk factors to predict toxicity in an individual patient. Juvenile chronic arthritis behaves differently from adult RA. Drug toxicity profiles are similar, but less common. Outcome is more difficult to measure, with the major impact of disease and therapy being on growth retardation.

Sixty-five patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (mean age 37.2 years) were compared with 71 controls (mean age 33.8 years). Anthropometric measurements included body diameters and skin-fold thickness at multiple sites, while biochemical markers of nutritional status included serum albumin, thyroxine-binding pre-albumin and retinol-binding globulin levels. None of the RA subjects was outside the range that extended 2 standard deviations above and below the normal control values for lean body mass. Discriminant analysis showed that corticosteroid therapy did not significantly influence skinfold thickness in RA. A combination of bi-acromial and bi-ankle diameters had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 72% in differentiating the RA group, in whom disease activity had a greater effect on body diameters than corticosteroid therapy did. Differences related to functional impairment were a manifestation of disease activity rather than a direct effect on skinfold thickness or body diameters. According to anthropometric measurements in ambulant patients, RA does not result in malnutrition in young individuals.

Osteoporosis in RA is mediated by numerous inflammatory substances. This study was undertaken to see if SAARD could modify the rate of metacarpal bone loss in RA. Combined cortical thickness (CCT) measured at the midshaft of the right second metacarpal was used to calculate bone mass (CA%) using a digitizer. Eighty-one subjects were studied, all of whom had at least three sets of hand X-rays, the last of which was approximately 18 months following initiation of SAARD therapy. There were 12 males and 69 females. The mean age at time of starting therapy was 51 (SD 12) years while the mean duration of disease at the time was 7.6 (SD 8) years. The mean time to referral for SAARD from the general clinic was 2.5 (SD 3) years. The percentage fall in bone mass prior to therapy was 2.51%/day compared to a gain of 0.6%/day after therapy (P less than 0.05). Forty-nine patients were aged over 50 years while 32 were 50 years or younger at the time of study. Comparison showed that in the pretreatment period, the rate of change in CCT and CA% was not significantly dependent age (P less than 0.1). During that therapy, the rate of change in CCT and CA% significantly different in the two age groups. Patients aged over 50 years continued to lose bone, but at a slower rate (P less than 0.05). Patients aged 50 years or less either stopped losing or gained metacarpal bone mass during the study period (P less than 0.005). The time to referral for SAARD and disease duration (comparable in the two age groups) did not have a significant effect on changes in CA% during therapy. Change in bone mass could be predicted by change in disease activity. We conclude that SAARD have a significant sparing effect on metacarpal osteoporosis in RA. This positive effect is masked by the overwhelming influence of age (and menopause) and could be missed. Metacarpal osteoporosis seems a pathophysiologically more useful measure of radiological change in RA than erosions or joint space narrowing.

Two variants of the HLA-DR4-linked DQw3 allele, namely DQw7 and DQw8, were analysed in patients of mixed ancestry (Cape Coloureds) with rheumatoid arthritis and in healthy individuals from the same population group using a DQ beta-specific cDNA probe. The DQw7 allele, identified by 3,4 kb Hind III or 3,7 kb and 6,9 kb Bam HI DQ beta-specific restriction fragments, was expressed in 93% of DR4-positive patients (N = 15), compared with 12.5% DR4-positive normal individuals (N = 8). This DQ variant showed a highly significant association (relative risk = 98; P less than 0.0001) with rheumatoid arthritis in this population group and may play a role in their susceptibility to this disease.

The prevalence of biochemical and immunological abnormalities was studied in a group of 256 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (104 coloureds, 100 whites and 52 blacks). The most common biochemical abnormalities detected were a reduction in the serum creatinine value (43.4%), raised globulins (39.7%), raised serum alkaline phosphatase level (42.3%), reduction in serum albumin value (8.1%), a mild rise in serum creatinine value (6.6%), and a raised serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) level (6.5%). The prevalence of a rise in the GGT was less frequent than reported in other published studies. The immunological abnormalities noted were a positive rheumatoid factor (78.9%), positive anti-nuclear factor (36%), raised serum IgG (43.3%) and IgA (10.5%) values, positive smooth-muscle antibody (12.5%) and elevated double-stranded anti-DNA antibody levels (2.3%). Inter-group comparisons showed that the serum IgG and IgA and total globulins were significantly higher in blacks and coloureds than whites; these findings may be related to a higher prevalence of malnutrition and infection in childhood in these communities. There were no significant inter-group differences that could be attributed to rheumatoid arthritis.

Therapeutic requirements were determined for a group of 256 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) attending the Rheumatic Diseases Unit in Cape Town. Two-thirds of the patients had received or were receiving physiotherapy and half occupational therapy. Antidepressants had been taken by 24.2%, and 31.3% had received tranquillisers. All the patients had received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and 84 (32.8%) oral corticosteroids. One hundred and eighty-two patients (71.1%) had received one or more intra-articular or intralesional corticosteroid injections. A remittive agent or immunomodulatory drug had been prescribed to 163 patients (63.7%). Half the patients had undergone one or more surgical procedures for their RA. The outcome of management was favourable in the majority of patients, 78.1% having little or no functional disability. The management of patients with RA requires a team effort involving many different health professionals, and patients often require multiple drugs for the control of their disease.

The clinical course and management of a 37-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed atlanto-axial subluxation as an acute transient phenomenon are presented. The musculoskeletal manifestations of SLE and their pathogenesis are discussed in relation to this manifestation.

Two hundred and fourteen patients attending an arthritis clinic were asked to complete a questionnaire in which their knowledge of medical terms, surface anatomy and rheumatic disease was evaluated. The responses were compared with those from a group of physiotherapists. An average of 50% correct responses was obtained for the whole group, and the educational status of the patients was shown to influence the results. The problem of communication in medicine and its relationship with adherence to therapeutic regimens is briefly discussed.

A 22-year-old woman with active seronegative rheumatoid arthritis responded to intramuscular gold but developed proteinuria which settled when this therapy was stopped. Proteinuria recurred after 2 weeks of penicillamine therapy but settled when this regimen was stopped. Six months later she developed a nephrotic syndrome and rectal and renal biopsies showed evidence of amyloidosis. She was treated with chlorambucil for 1 year and the disease activity was well controlled. There was regression of the nephrotic syndrome and her serum albumin and renal function are normal 6 years later.

To assess the impact of their illness on their whole life experience 345 patients with chronic arthritis were interviewed and completed a questionnaire. Four major sub-groups were identified--rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis and osteo-arthritis. Taking into account definite inter-group differences, the commonest problems were pain (65%), stiffness (61%), inability to do everyday tasks (43%) and sexual difficulties (31%). The implications these problems raise in clinical practice are discussed and some suggestions for a rehabilitation programme made.

The nutritional status was assessed in a group of 220 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from three communities (coloured 89 patients, white 88 and black 43). The triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness, upper arm muscle circumference (UAMC), body mass index (BMI) and percentage of ideal body weight (% IBW) were measured and the serum albumin value determined. The mean age of the coloured patients was 49.8 years, white 57.7 years and black 44.8 years. Forty-five patients (20.5%) had a reduction of one or more anthropometric measurements (TSF, UAMC and/or %IBW) and a further 6 patients (2.7%) had a reduction of the serum albumin value alone. These 51 patients were considered to be malnourished and had a higher mean erythrocyte sedimentation rate and more severe functional disability than the remainder of the patients. The prevalence of malnutrition was lower if diagnosed only on abnormality of the TSF, UAMC and %IBW, since 25 patients (11.4%) had a reduction of only one measurement, 12 (5.5%) had a reduction of 2 and 8 (3.6%) had a reduction of all three measurements. Obesity (BMI greater than 30) was noted in 10.5% and there were no differences in the functional disability, disease activity and use of steroid therapy in the obese patients compared with the rest of the patients.

The records of 52 patients with amyloidosis admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, between January 1969 and August 1982 were analysed. The male: female ratio was 1,3:1 and the mean age was 49,3 years. Forty-eight per cent of the patients had secondary amyloidosis, 21% had primary amyloidosis, 11,5% had localized amyloidosis and 11,5% had amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma. Tuberculosis, chronic pulmonary sepsis and other chronic infections were present in 88% and rheumatoid arthritis in 16% of the patients with secondary amyloidosis. The commonest features at diagnosis were proteinuria (70%), oedema (52%) and hepatomegaly (39%). The diagnosis of amyloidosis was established by renal, liver and rectal biopsy (either singly or in combination) in 82% of cases. The prevalence of amyloidosis at autopsy was 0,28%.

Of 36 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 3 were demonstrated to have an abnormality in their haemostatic mechanism. In 2 this was believed to be on the basis of an auto-antibody to the phospholipid of platelets in the prothrombin activator complex. In the third an inhibitor was directed against factor VIII.

Ninety-two females with gout are reported. The preliminary ARA criteria for acute gout classified 60% of the patients. Forty patients were diagnosed by finding tophi or urate crystals in the synovial fluid, 16 patients had the ARA clinical criteria for gout, and a further 36 patients were considered to have good clinical grounds for gouty arthritis. Classification of the patients was difficult. A subacute pauci-/polyarthritis was the presenting feature in 64 (70%) patients and in 49 (77%) there was no history of a preceding recurrent monoarthritis. Seventy-two patients (78%) were on diuretics. Tophi were usually indolent and showed little surrounding inflammation. 87% of the patients had an associated disease.