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Taksirli iflâs suçunun hareket unsurunun, TCK m. 162’nin gerekçesinde belirtildiği gibi, “basiretli iş adamı gibi hareket etme yükümlülüğü” ilkesine aykırılık olarak ifade edilmesi, söz konusu ilkenin genel ve soyut niteliği göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, suçun failinin tespitinden hareketlerin belirlenmesine kadar birçok konunun tekrardan bu ilke çerçevesinde incelenmesini gerektirmektedir.Suçun failine, tacir ve/veya iflâsa tâbi olan kişiler olarak yaklaşmaktan ziyade, basiretli iş adamı gibi davranmayan kişiler olarak daha geniş açıdan bakılmalıdır.TCK m. 162, tacir olmanın gerekli kıldığı dikkat ve özeni göstermeyerek basiretli iş adamı gibi davranma yükümlülüğüne aykırılık kriteri öngörerek, sadece objektif özen ölçütü getirmemiş ayrıca suçun kapsamını da oldukça genişleterek, adi iflâs ile taksirli iflâs suçu arasındaki ayırımı silikleştirmiştir. Düzenleme bu haliyle kanunilik ilkesinin bir sonucu olan belirlilik ilkesine de aykırılık teşkil etmektedir. Bu geniş ve belirsiz düzenleme, suçun oluşumunun tespitini yapmak zorunda kalan ceza mahkemesi hâkiminin de işini güçleştirmiştir ve hükmün yeniden düzenlenmesi uygun olacaktır. TCK m. 162’nin yürürlüğe girmesiyle taksiratlı iflâs sebeplerinin düzenlendiği İİK m. 310 ve 337a’nın ilga olduğu kabul edilmelidir. İİK’da sayılan iflâs sebepleri sadece örnek teşkil edebilir ki, TCK m. 162 karşısında bunlardan bazıları iflâs sebebi olmazken, TCK kapsamında suç olabilecek çoğu hareket de İİK düzenlemelerinde yer almaz.

Over the past thirty years, Kazakhstan has seen significant changes in the political, economic, and socio-cultural spheres, which have affected the lives of its citizens and their everyday reality. However, the values and social attitudes of modern society often do not meet the requirements of objective reality, which gives rise to the need to search for new guidelines. In this context, the formation of patriotism and the revival of moral ideals become important. An appeal to the rich historical heritage allows us to identify the fundamental values that ensured the survival and development of civilization in the past. In this regard, the authors set themselves the goal of examining the traditions of charity, including value orientations, motives for action, forms of self-organization, and aspects of spiritual culture. The traditions of charity operate in the discursive space of history; the authors consider its ideological foundations, socio-cultural dynamics, and practical manifestations. These traditions not only represent an important aspect of the historical process, but also reflect profound changes in society, contributing to the formation of the social and cultural context in which they exist. The study shows that despite the centuries-old history of charity, it remains an understudied socio-cultural phenomenon in the history of Kazakhstan. The authors pay special attention to charitable traditions in the field of education. Charitable activities during this period were actively supported by the state, the entire Kazakh population, private entrepreneurs, philanthropists, and the intellectual elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the eighteenth century, Newport, Rhode Island stood at the centre of the Transatlantic slave trade, producing commodities like rum to be traded for African captives from Senegambia, the Gold Coast, the Bight of Biafra, and the Bight of Benin. These captive men, women and children were then transported to South America, the West Indies, the Chesapeake, Charleston, and Savannah. Those who were not sold in these markets, were labelled as 'refuse,' and endured a second or third voyage to the north to be sold in markets in New York, Newport, or Boston. Through an examination of a court case between prominent Newport merchant, John Banister and wigmaker, David Cummings, this article queries the life of a sick African girl, bought by David Cummings, but rendered useless because of her rapidly declining health due to the 'great pox,' also known as yaws. What conditions allowed for her enslavement? How did she become ill and how was she treated? Lastly, how did the law commodify her bonded existence? By examining the mechanisms that allowed for her enslavement, a young life that was reduced to a monetary value, and the bare labour she was forced to provide, is brought to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the conception and execution of paper currency schemes in Tokugawa Japan (1603–1868). Paper currency was widely used as a form of local money in early modern Japan, but has received close to no attention in Anglophone scholarship even amid a recent upsurge in interest in the global history of money. From the perspective of monetary history, Tokugawa paper currency presents an intriguing puzzle. Even as paper currencies repeatedly collapsed in value, they remained in common use as an essential component of the early modern monetary system. Using the case of Sendai domain, a large fiefdom in northeastern Japan, the article argues that the monetary practices and expectations of ordinary subjects transformed paper money, created through partnerships between the samurai ruling class and powerful merchant financiers, from a tool meant to serve the interests of state finances into a low‐denomination currency convenient for everyday transactions, resulting in the bills' surprising longevity as a form of small change. Drawing on approaches that centre the role of non‐state and marginal actors in the making of money, it sheds new light on the political economy of late Tokugawa Japan and offers new insights into the global history of money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous legislations, including those in the UAE, have instituted laws to safeguard individuals' reputations and privacy rights in cyberspace. These laws aim to prevent the dissemination of potentially harmful content, regardless of its accuracy. This article delves into how UAE laws protect the privacy of individual merchants, particularly examining the efficacy of Article 44, paragraph three. The article questions the extent to which this penal provision effectively protects merchants' privacy and family life. It notes that while the UAE legislature criminalizes the intentional dissemination of harmful content, including news, images, and data, it fails to explicitly differentiate penalties for harming merchants versus ordinary individuals. The article suggests enhancing penalties for crimes against merchants, especially in cases of severe harm. Additionally, it proposes stricter penalties for public officials who abuse their positions to commit such offenses. These recommendations aim to better protect merchants' privacy rights and deter misconduct in cyberspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declined card transactions present a significant problem for the payment industry, causing inconvenience for consumers, lost sales for merchants and lost revenue for card issuers. An analysis of card-based e-commerce across the EEA and UK indicates a decline rate of 10 per cent for domestic transactions and 18 per cent for cross-border transactions, leading to a total declined value of €60bn per annum. Using data obtained from different sources, including merchants' own records, and gateway, acquirer and scheme data, this paper identifies the main reasons why transactions are rejected, grouping them into four categories: valid business declines, avoidable business declines, risk-based declines, and technical declines. The study argues that merchants should focus on reducing decline rates in the latter three categories. Approaches might include use of the schemes' account updater service; localisation of acquiring to the same country as the card issuer, where possible; smart routing to acquirers with higher success rates for the given transaction attributes; use of network tokens; leveraging of strong customer authentication exemption rules; and correction of technical issues in authorisation requests, such as incorrect setting of flags indicating the acceptance environment. According to PSE's analysis, actionable codes account for around 25 per cent of all declines, totalling €15bn of transaction value (and €74m lost interchange for issuers). The paper therefore suggests that those merchants that are prepared to investigate and analyse the underlying causes of their declines have much to gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid-seventeenth century onwards, Kasimbazar emerged as the English East India Company's (EIC) primary market for silk and its textiles. The region surrounding Kasimbazar was prolific in producing silk goods destined for export. Attracted by Bengal silk's substantial profitability, EIC's directors in London envisaged an expansion to regions with existing infrastructure capable of delivering high-quality raw silk and textiles. Subsequently, Mr. Streynsham Master was dispatched to Bengal as a special envoy to strategize this expansion. The establishment of the EIC's sixth factory at Malda directly resulted from this mission. However, the nascent years of the Malda settlement were fraught with challenges, leading company officials to perceive Malda as a subordinate to Hooghly and Kasimbazar with uncertain business potential. But, within two decades, consistent profits began to reshape this perception. Up until the key shifts in 1898 and 1899--EIC acquiring zamindary rights in Calcutta, establishing Fort William as the English headquarters, and the subsequent relocation of the subah capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad in 1706--interactions with local provincial rulers were mired in extortion and bribery. Nonetheless, the handsome profit margins painted a promising outlook for the EIC's future in the region. This paper delves into the initial 25 years after the Malda factory's inception. It evaluates the hurdles faced; the resolutions reached--whether through diplomacy or through petitions to distant Dhaka--the appointment of dadani merchants, the inclusion of pykers, and most notably, the trajectory of business growth and profits during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى البحث عن نقاط التوازن بين مصلحة المدين ومصلحة جماعة الدائنين من خلال نظام الإفلاس الذي يقوم على عدة مبادئ من أهمها مبدأ المساواة بين جميع الدائنين في استيفاء حقوقهم، وكذا مبدأ التنفيذ الجماعي على أموال المدين المفلس ومبدأ إشراف القضاء على إجراءات التفليسة وغيرها من المبادئ التي أراد المشرع الجزائري من خلالها تأكيد فكرة حماية الضمان العام بما يحقق مصلحة الطرفين، وهو ما تم التطرق إليه من خلال استقراء نصوص القانون التجاري الجزائري في هذا المجال.

The article is devoted to the business and social activities of Vasily Vasilievich Krivtsov, a Ekaterinburg merchant of the 2nd guild, who came from the class of serf peasants. It provides information on the early stage of life of Krivtsov, who was a native of Vyazniki uyezd, Vladimir province, and belonged to the community of so-called misfits — merchants engaged in peddling retail trade. The article shows gradual transformation of a small merchant into a big businessman, and describes the development of his commercial activities by expanding the range of traded goods, opening new stores in Ekaterinburg, Perm and other settlements of the Perm province. It also tells about an attempt of Krivtsov to diversify the spheres of his business activities at the expense of participation in the gold industry, which did not bring him any significant dividends. The author explores V. V. Krivtsov’s participation in the city government, including his work as burgomaster and mayor of Ekaterinburg, and his contribution to solving a number of city problems. Examined is the charitable activity of Krivtsov. It was expressed both in the form of personal donations, and cooperation with amateur societies, which were engaged in rendering help to different groups of needy. The author explores the role of Krivtsov in the construction of the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross for a children’s shelter and the bridge on the city pond. The article gives a lot of attention to the study of V. V. Krivtsov’s activity as a churchwarden of the Epiphany Cathedral. He served in this position for over 20 years: during this period, he significantly enlarged the cathedral, helped to purchase new expensive church utensils, to renovate the mural painting, and produce new icons and valuable vestments. Working for the good of church, Krivtsov managed to unite the parishioners and persuade them to donate large sums for the needs of the Epiphany Cathedral. Finally, the author reports on the fates of some V. V. Krivtsov’s descendants which mostly turned out to be tragic.

For over two centuries, Galați was the only port of Moldova. Through which agricultural products from Moldova were exported to the Pontic and Mediterranean regions, also large quantities of food products in the form of army provisions (zaherea) were sent to Istanbul, as well as a lot of objects produced by foreign craftsmen were imported, some of them also reaching neighboring countries. Starting from 1834, Austrian steamships made regular runs to Galați. Also, there was transit trade with the German countries, the importance of the construction of large military ships increased, etc. The locals enjoyed favorable conditions for the production of various material goods, especially the favorable geographical position for carrying out the exchange of goods, which allowed them to earn money from the sale of their products. The approach represents a panoramic presentation of the Galați city in the light of the records and itineraries of several travelers and merchants who had visited it until the beginning of the 19th century. Due to the foreign domination, the number of inhabitants of the town was very small. In the course of time, the town of Galați, as well as other localities in Moldova, suffered numerous material damages due to the military confrontations carried out by the great powers. The city experienced an upswing in its development only after the foreign domination over the Romanian extra-Carpathian territory was liquidated.

One month after the publication of his poem on merchant seafaring, The Shipwreck (1762), William Falconer left merchant sailing to become a junior officer in the Royal Navy. In the midcentury, many commentators believed that the Royal Navy's sailors were superior to merchant sailors. Falconer's response can be traced by contrasting his first edition of The Shipwreck with the revisions he made to the poem after joining the Royal Navy. The revisions address directly the notion that merchant sailors value only financial reward, but then focus on the notion that sailors who fight for king and country are braver than those who move cargo. In the revised narrative of the sailors' battle with the elements, Falconer emphasizes the physical limits to their bravery, and thus suggests that merchant sailors are like Royal Navy sailors because all sailors are equally vulnerable to storms at sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to reconstruct the biography of the 2nd guild merchant of Ekaterinburg — Mikhail Ivanovich Ivanov, a native of the Simbirsk province and a peasant by origin, who was engaged in entrepreneurship in the Urals for more than 40 years. The author considers the main lines of the merchant’s business activity: Ivanov’s trade of wine and vodka, colonial groceries, and bakery production, as well as the search for gold-bearing areas and development of gold mines in the Perm and Orenburg provinces. The article analyzes the evolution of M. I. Ivanov’s views on entrepreneurship, which led to the rejection of a number of areas of his business. Considerable attention is paid to the social and Church activities of M. Ivanov. The author studies the nature and methods of his cooperation with secular and religious organizations and institutions, including the Ekaterinburg City Duma, Society of Trustees of the House of Diligence, and Society for Assistance to insufficient students of the Ekaterinburg Gymnasium, as well as the Ekaterinburg Department of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society, and Society for Mutual Assistance to Students and Teachers in Church schools of the Ekaterinburg diocese, and others. The article reveals M. I. Ivanov’s contribution to the creation of the House of Diligence in Ekaterinburg, his role in constructing a number of churches in the Perm, Simbirsk and Tobolsk provinces as well as in the famous Kozelsk monastery of Vvedenskaya Optina Pustyn. It shows how a successful, though not extremely wealthy, entrepreneur became one of the most generous benefactors in the history of Ekaterinburg. The author tells about Ivanov’s residence in the hermitage at Optina Pustyn for several years and also reveals the important role of M. I. Ivanov in organizing a visit of the outstanding Kronstadt Archpriest Ioann Ilyich Sergiev to Ekaterinburg.

This article will discuss the partnership of Abdolhossein Nikpour and the Chambers of Commerce with the Iranian government in managing the national economy from the 1920s until the 1950s. In particular, it challenges the state-society paradigm, where it shows that Nikpour, as well as other merchants and entrepreneurs of the Chambers nationwide, worked with the Iranian government while striving to maintain their economic and political autonomy. Conversely, the Iranian government depended on the expertise of these economic actors. Hence, this article will offer new perspectives on Iran's twentieth-century political economy. Based on their collaborative research, including Iranian, Soviet, and British primary sources, the authors conclude that Nikpour was a driving force of both the Chambers and Iran's modern economy for most of his lifetime, encompassing the interwar, wartime, and early postwar periods. Ultimately, however, Nikpour and the Chambers' power was curtailed by Mohammad Reza Shah in the late 1950s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mosaic Research is the property of Uludag University, Mosaic Research Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Blockchain technology is a shared database of logs of all consumer transactions which are registered on all machines on a network. Both transactions in the system are carried out by consensus processes and to preserve confidentiality all the files contained cannot be changed. Blockchain technology is the fundamental software behind digital currencies like Bitcoin, which is common in the marketplace. Cloud computing is a method of using a network of external machines to store, monitor, and process information, rather than using the local computer or a local personal computer. The software is currently facing multiple problems including lack of data protection, data instability, and reliability. This paper aims to give the highest security for multiple user environments in cloud for storing and accessing the data in blocks. The users who are legitimate are only allowed for storing and accessing the data as like a secured block chain approach. As like the Blockchain which does not require a centralized system for transactions, the proposed system is also independent on centralized network interface. The decentralized system is developed in such a way to avoid counterfeiting. The system enables the fabricator to spend less or null resources to perform the validations for its direct operated stores. This ensures the product fabricator to avoid the circulation of its duplicate products. The customer as an end-user is also ensured to have only the genuine products from the fabricator. The Fabricator (F), Merchant (M) and consumer (C) forms an interconnected triangular structure without allowing any counterfeiting agents in their secured cloud chain. The proposed approach provides the stability in the security system of the cloud using the chaining mechanism within different blocks at each node. It takes roughly 4.7, 6.2, and 7.5 ms, respectively, to register each node in the proposed system for 5, 10, and 15 nodes. The overall registration time for each scenario is 11.9, 26.2, and 53.1 ms, despite the fact that each node’s registration time was greatest for 10 nodes. By looking at the data, it’s clear that the number of nodes is a function of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a scholarly observation of the history of Burkharan Jews and European Jews who worked in the Russian settlements of the Emirate of Bukhara, their training, numbers, impact on the socio-economic life of the region, use of available benefits, participation in trade and domestic services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thousands of aristocratic emigrants from revolutionary France who found asylum in the independent German city city-state of Hamburg and the neighboring Danish city of Altona were not the only immigrants arriving in the neutral ports. Alongside these flamboyant newcomers, merchants, scholars, artisans, and others continued, as they had for decades, to come in pursuit of the economic opportunities denied them at home. With harbors on the Elbe River just downstream from the North Sea, the two cosmopolitan port cities flourished as wars and revolution roiled the rest of Europe. Diplomatically neutral and open to trade, these two cities opened their doors to newcomers from around the world. Over the decade, the aristocrats, who thought themselves cosmopolitan, tested their welcome in the prosperous ports with no native nobility. While most of the newcomers assimilated readily, contributing to the ports' prosperity, the aristocrats left to reclaim what remained of their estates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoparasitological studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the past epidemiology of parasites, infection in past populations and lifestyle in the past. In some cases, these ancient parasites can also provide evidence for long distance travel or migration of people in the past. Three sediment samples from a 15th–16th c. CE latrine from the Spanish nation house in Bruges, Belgium were analysed for preserved helminth eggs using microscopy. Bruges was a major trading centre in medieval Europe, thus it was home to a large merchant population with extensive trading networks. Paleoparasitological analysis revealed a preserved parasite egg from Schistosoma mansoni , which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke and Taenia tapeworm eggs were also found in the latrine which is consistent with parasites previously found in the local population in the medieval period. These new data provide direct evidence for the movement of S. mansoni outside of its endemic area. Today the vast majority of S. mansoni infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, with additional endemic areas in the Arabian peninsula and South America. The introduction of S. mansoni into South America is proposed to have occurred relatively recently in human history, as the result of forced movement of people from Africa to the Americas with the Atlantic slave trade. Thus, this infection may have occurred in a merchant who acquired the parasite during trade voyages to Africa or in an individual living in Africa who migrated to Bruges.

The variability of renewable energy and transmission congestion provide opportunities for arbitrage by merchants in deregulated electricity markets. Merchants strategically invest to maximize their profits. This paper proposes a joint investment framework for renewable energy, transmission lines, and energy storage using the Stackelberg game model. At the upper level, merchants implement investment and operation strategies for deregulated transmission and energy storage to maximize profits. At the middle level, central planners seek to maximize social welfare through investments in centralized renewable energy and energy storage. At the lower level, independent system operators jointly optimize the energy and reserve markets to minimize the total operating costs. Merchants are remunerated through financial rights, which are a settlement method based on locational marginal price. The trilevel optimization problem is reformulated as a tractable single-level one using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and strong duality theory. The interaction between merchants and central planners is studied with an example based on the IEEE 30-bus test system. The assignment of weight coefficients to the corresponding stochastic scenarios can help merchants avoid investment risk, and their effectiveness is verified with the IEEE 118-bus test system.

The first English carved stone cadaver or transi monuments appear in the early 15th century. A subset were located on double-decker tombs, many still complete with biers displaying on the top level the recumbent effigy of the commemorated au vif and on the bottom level an effigy au mort. Forty-nine complete or partial carved transi effigies survive in England from the period to 1558, twenty-one of them part of double-decker monuments. To this corpus can now be added a lost carved double-decker example from St Peter's church in Bristol, which was gutted by bombing in the Second World War. Old photographs, drawings and church notes establish that the person commemorated by the cadaver tomb was an armigerous member of the Norton family of upwardly mobile merchants who occupied the Great House by St Peter's church. From 1435 they had an established tradition of burial within the church, with four generations buried here during the period when the double-decker tomb was likely to have been commissioned. Stylistic comparisons with other cadaver monuments suggest that the effigy formerly at St Peter's church most likely commemorates Thomas I (d. 1435) or Thomas II (d. 1449), probably the latter. This is early for such a cutting-edge monument, especially to a layman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a vibrant historiography surrounds early modern English seafaring, the vast majority of work has focused on the mercantile and maritime elite. Indeed, low-level seafarers, whose work significantly contributed to the maritime industry on which the English economy was so dependent, have been largely overlooked. In particular, a lack of insight into the lives and careers of English coastal traders has led to a skewed perspective of maritime logistics and of the socio-economic composition of Tudor society. This omission can be partially credited to a lack of qualitative sources pertaining to the lives and careers of low-level seafarers. Although there is a rich seam of quantitative data available through the national customs, few have looked to these sources to understand the social and economic dynamics of the coastal trading community. This paper explores the possibility that a combined approach, utilising prosopography and Social Network Analysis, can reveal the ways in which small- and medium-scale merchants and shipmasters forged connections and established lasting businesses in the face of political and economic instability. Acting as a test case for future study, this paper will propose a methodological approach for the examination of a social and economic group that is often overlooked in the broad historiography, but for whom a large body of valuable quantitative data survives. By combining traditional historical methodologies with Social Network Analysis, this paper offers a new perspective on English maritime history.

The main problem in this study is how the pattern of parenting children in the family of traders and how the pattern of parenting is applied in the family of traders to support the development of children's talents. The purpose of this study is to find out how the behavior patterns of parents in raising children, knowing what values ​​children get from parenting, and how children act in society. The location of this research is in Lewaja Village, Enrekang Regency because this location is found by many traders. The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques used are in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The sampling technique used the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used is the interactive model analysis that uses three main components, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. In summary, the results of this study are that the role of parents has not been fully implemented properly, because there are still many parents who give their roles to other institutions, this is done due to several considerations because many parents cannot fully supervise their children because they are busy making a living. But some parents teach their education to their children because there are parents who want to play a direct role in shaping the role of children's development. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that directly or indirectly, parents have a very large role in shaping the character and personality values ​​of children.

This article examines the hagiographical writings of two religious communities, that is, the Dadu Panth and the Niranjani Sampraday, in what is now known as Rajasthan, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in order to illuminate how their monastic and lay members, particularly merchants and 'scribal' communities, imagined their religious, social and political worlds. The role of merchant and scribal groups in the origin and development of such so-called 'nirguṇ sant' bhakti movements has been largely overlooked, the assumption being that these movements drew their following primarily from members of subaltern communities. Yet a close reading of these hagiographical sources reveals that merchants and scribes played a central role in shaping the theological and literary character of these movements, and in turn these movements reorganised the social and financial relationships within these mercantile communities. By focusing on such 'middle' groups—that is, groups that mediated intellectual, literary and economic exchanges between different spaces and institutions such as the monastery, the court and the bazaar—historians, as well as scholars of literature and religion, can gain insight into how merchant and scribal groups helped to re-form notions of the individual, community and polity in early modern North India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was commissioned to investigate the level of risk and Barriers associated with mobile money transactions in Ghana. It seeked to assess the level of risk perception among mobile money users and merchants. In addition to the above, the paper examined behaviour and attitudes exhibited by customers and merchants during mobile money transactions. This was to help in ascertaining whether or not both parties are being susceptible to high risk or not. The empirical evidence showed that, mobile money transactions have become the most popular and preferred method of sending and receiving payments in Africa since the vast majority of the Continent’s population are rural dwellers with Ghana not being an exception. The population for the study was customers and merchants of the MTN brand of mobile money from which five hundred and fifty (550) respondents were sampled for the study. The methodology used was quantitative where primary data was sort through administration of questionnaire within the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis. The paper discovered a higher-level patronage of mobile money among respondents. It emerged that, there were eminent risks associated with mobile money operations although the growth prospects appeared to be greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review article of PhD thesis submitted in 2021 to the Archaeological Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, under the supervision of László Borhy. The dissertation "The social background of trade and commerce in Pannonia" aims to detect the personal relations and networks that Roman trade in the study area was based on. I attempted to define the function of the related people regarding their role in these networks, social position, and the particular circumstances in the province of Pannonia. By examining commerce-related people one by one, I tried to determine their roles in the everyday life of the province to the largest possible extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business intelligence can be said to be techniques and tools as acquisition, transforming raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes. This study aims to build business intelligence in optimizing large-scale data based on e-metrics. E-metrics are data created from electronic-based customer behavior. As more and more large data sets become available, the challenge of analyzing data sets will get bigger and bigger. Therefore, business intelligence is currently facing new challenges, but also interesting opportunities, where can describe in real time the needs of the market share. Optimization is done using adaptive multivariate regression that can be address high-dimensional data and produce accurate predictions of response variables and produce continuous models in knots based on the smallest GCV value, where large and diverse data are simplified and then modeled based on the level of behavior similarity, basic measurements of distances, attributes, times, places, and transactions between social actors. Customer purchases will represent each preferred behaviour and a formula can be used to calculate the score for each customer using 7 input variables. Adaptive multivariate regression looks for customer behaviour so as to get the results of cutting the deviation which is the determining factor for performance on the data. The results show there are strategies and information needed for a sustainable business. Wheremerchants who sell fast food or food stalls are more in demand by customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government monopolies is an old phenomenon that shows by the control of the state over public utilities and its administration, without looking at the possibility of defining the state as a monopolist, despite its control over the market for many years for the sake of public interest. The research attempts to shed light on the possibility of counting the state The possibility of counting the state, like the Commercial entities monopoly of certain sectors. Therefore, the research examines the reasons for the assumption of this monopoly and the possibility of its existence, by reviewing the role of the state in the management of the service sector, and the convergence of its image with the monopolist in Legislation such as the Sherman act.

The human being in the twenty-first century faced the reality of the infectious disease which taught to remain in history. COVID-19 disrupted mobility and travel plans in every country. By doing this, it created economic imbalances the most and governments had been determining new policies in order to protect certain sectors. The disease has been affecting the entire economic system of the world economies. However, the tourism industry is affected faster and more deeply of political crises, epidemics, economic crises, etc. than the other sectors. Travel restrictions as a means of preventing the epidemic have made the travel industry the most affected sector. Therefore, the article seeks an answer to the question of how the tourism industry was affected in the past during the pandemic and quarantine processes. The subject was tried to be revealed by examining archival documents on how the Ottoman authorities took measures to protect the economy and human power. Therefore, measures are taken in port cities, different measures in checkpoints for people, goods, and especially merchant mobility are analysed. This study shows that quarantine measures were not aimed to limit travel restrictions to tourism but tired to handle diseases and provide secure travel environment.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu klasik döneminde girişimcilik, işletme bilimi bakış açısıyla yeterince incelenmemiştir. Hatta birçok eserde ya yok sayılmış ya da gayrimüslimlerin tekelinde olduğu iddia edilmiştir. Bu çalışma Osmanlı’nın klasik dönemindeki Müslüman tacirlerin girişimcilik konusunda gayet aktif olduğunu ve girişimcilik ortamının birçok Avrupa devletine kıyasla daha esnek olduğunu belirtmektedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda sosyal refah sağlamanın adaletin bir boyutu olarak görülmüş ve tüm iktisadi kararların bu amaçla alınmıştır. Bu yaklaşım hem Osmanlı’nın girişimcilik kültürü ve uygulamaları açısından belirleyici bir role sahiptir hem de Osmanlı'nın klasik dönemindeki üstün iş ahlakı ve gelişmiş sosyal sorumluluk anlayışını açıklamaktadır.

The article considers an important aspect of the economic history of pre-Petrine Russia. The author analyzes government policies which aim to restrict economic activity of foreign merchants in the domestic Russian market. The main attention is focused on the clarifying the causes, the results and the peculiarities of trade protectionism policy pursued in the interests of the Treasury and the upper Russian merchants.

The article reveals an important issues of the economic history of Russia in the 17th - early 18th centuries. The authors analyze the government’s trade policy to limit the economic activity of foreign merchants in the Russian market. They also focus on the causes, circumstances and peculiarities of the overgrowth of trade protectionism into the policy of industrial protectionism, clarify the importance of customs regulation as the main tool for suppressing the activity of foreigners in the Russian domestic market. Believing that such a policy was in the interests of the treasury, the leaders of the Russian merchant class and the Russian Orthodox Church, the authors emphasize its differences from Western European mercantilism, which attached special importance to the development of export industries of manufacturing industry and the export of finished products to other countries. In their view, the customs reform of the mid-17th century did not actually pursue any patronizing goals for the development of domestic production. Defending the thesis about the establishment of large-scale industry in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century, they assign the main role to the customs and tariff policy in updating the country’s production apparatus. The authors assert that in its content the elements of industrial protectionism, which, in the final analysis, determined the content of the tariff of 1724, became more and more confident.

The Ottomans institutionalized and expanded their diplomatic and consular affairs in the first half of the nineteenth century. The bridgehead of the Ottoman consular initiative to the New World was Boston. In 1845, twenty-two years before the opening of the Ottoman legation in Washington, Boston became the first city in the Western Hemisphere to ever host an Ottoman consul. The Ottoman consular presence in this city, which lasted unremittingly until 1914, is unmapped, as is also the case with the rest of the US. The empire's consuls in Boston acted mostly in line with the playbook of nineteenth century diplomacy: While in the first three decades they mainly facilitated Ottoman-American maritime trade, from 1880s onwards, they gradually became more involved in carrying out political duties. This study, which sets to identify the six Ottoman consuls in Boston for the first time, mirrors through their stories such diverse issues as the development of trade, structural reforms, minorities, immigration, nationalist movements, and transcending ethnic and religious identities coloring the late Ottoman world. It also shows that with a belated and limited consular presence, the Ottomans remained rather unassertive in the US compared to rival European powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work is focused on an issue scarcely examined in the literature, concerning the analysis of the relationship existing between time and accounting practice. The aim is to highlight how changes in the interpretation of the concept of time influenced the development of accounting practices and contributed to the rise of periodical accounting reporting from the beginning of the thirteenth century to the end of the fifteenth century. The socio-economic context existing in Italy in the Middle Ages, the development of commercial partnerships among merchants (compagnie) and the international trade created the conditions for the development of periodical reporting. The relevance assigned to time in economic activity is one of the crucial factors of the rise of accounting information related to recurring accounting periods. Furthermore, the article shows how the concept of time is important and its significance widely underestimated, in a variety of further applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada sosyal hayat ve devletin vergi toplama sorunu arasındaki ilişki İngiltere ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu örnekleri mukayese edilerek anlatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. İktisat tarihi çalışmalarında kurumların etkisi son yıllarda öne çıkmaktadır. Ortaçağ Avrupa’sının yaşadığı sosyo-ekonomik dönüşümler ve kırılmalar uzun süreçte Avrupa lehine işleyen bir sistem oluştururken, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun geleneksel bir toplum düzeni içinde biçimlenen iktisadi kurumları daha farklı bir model üzerine kurulu olduğu için kurumların devamlılığı sağlanamamıştır. Hiç şüphesiz kurumlar ve devletin mali politikaları arasındaki bağlar bu sürecin belirlenmesinde etkili olmuştur. Makalede iki sistem arasındaki uygulamalar dikkate alınmak suretiyle kurumlar ve vergi toplamayla ilgili yeni bakış getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. / In this study, relationship between social life and tax collection problem of government is aimed to explain with comparison between examples of England and Ottoman Empire. In recent years influence of institutions in economic history studies became prominent. While socio-economic transitions and breakings in Medieval Europe created a system which works for the Europe’s benefit; Ottoman Empire’s economic institutions’ which took form in a traditional societal order couldn’t maintain because they built on a different model. Undoubtedly bonds between institutions and fiscal policies of government were effective on specification of this process. In this paper, a new perspective built about institutions and tax collection in order to considering these two systems.

This research aims to reveal the dominant factors of Minangkabau (the ethnic group native to the highlands of West Sumatra, Indonesia) migrants mainly engaged in merchandise. The Minangkabau hold firmly their customs and traditions which founded upon Islamic law as described in the saying “adat basandi syara’; syara’ basandi kitabullah” (tradition founded upon Islamic law, Islamic law founded upon the Holy Quran). This research was conducted in Ipuh sub-sub-district, Bengkulu province, Indonesia, those 150 respondents of Minangkabau merchants as the samples. The location was selected due to Ipuh sub-district is located near West Sumatra borders, so that the tradition strongly influence the Minang migrant merchants. To answer the research questions, the variables used were independent and dependent. The independent variable is the entrepreneurial spirit, while, the dependent variable is economic factors, adat (in this case, the term used is tradition), descendant, education, and independence. The research used a quantitative method by using multiple linear regressions. The result found that cultural variables influence the entrepreneurial spirits of Minangkabau merchant migrants because they uphold their traditions wherever they are. The insignificant influence of education, economic factor, heredity, and independence are insignificant. To conclude, matrilineal tradition has influenced the entrepreneurial spirits of Minang merchants and the matrilineal tradition can increase entrepreneurs among women.

In order to improve national energy security and the competitiveness of the refinery industry, PT Pertamina (Persero) implements the Refinery Development Master Plan (RDMP), which is consist of revamping 4 units of existing refineries and building 2 units of new grass root refinery. In this paper we will discuss risk management for the RDMP project based PMBOK and ISO 31000 RDMP. RDMP Project management is divided into two stages, namely project development and project execution, risk management has been implemented since the project initiation until commissioning startup. The process of risk management referring to PMBOK are plan risk management, identify risks, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, plan risk responses, implement risk responses and monitor risks. We determined risk limit for project 5% of investment costs, while the ongoing stage is 5% of the current year's budget, those number represented our risk appetite. Furthermore, the risk identification stage followed by qualitative risk analysis obtained 170 risk events with 21% in the categories of strategy & planning aspect, 4% compliance aspect and the remaining 54% operations / infrastructure aspect. This is in line with the theory that stated at the project development stage having higher risk than at the execution stage, and the top risk category is related to business strategy risk, namely the business scheme (tolling or merchant), getting the right partner, project financing, land acquisition, most of the top risk are risk owned by Project Development Department. The quantitative risk analysis (QRA) stage has two tasks, namely numerical simulation of project economics and numerical simulation of cost & schedule. Once of the overall project risks can be seen from the QRA results, probability of completed project duration P80 for RDMP Balikpapan project is 58 months while P50 is 57 months and P90 is 59 months. To assess the effectiveness of risk management and project management, a maturity assessment has been carried out with results of level 2.65 of scale 5 for project management and 3.3 of scale 5 for project risk management. When implementing project risk management, we use for both PMBOK and also ISO 31000 frame work, this feels very complementary. As an example the need for risk maturity as a review of risk management implementation, mandate & commitment and the existence of a Risk Management Policy, the principles and risk management framework of ISO 31000 are very beneficial. On the other hand, emphasizing positive and negative risks, links with the knowledge areas and other process groups by PMBOK are very helpful in integrating project risk. When conducting risk management Pertamina equipped with web-based Enterprise Risk Management System (ERMS) to facilitate data and communication processes. From the discussion it can be concluded that ISO 31000 and PMBOK complement each other in carrying out project risk management, quantitative risk analysis can describe overall risk of the project, maturity assessment helps measuring the effectiveness of risk management and gap analysis, risk management information system is very necessary in carrying out risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]