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The article discusses insulin resistance (IR) as a potential risk factor for cognitive impairment and its association with neurocognitive disorders. Factors such as visceral adiposity, genetic predisposition, and impaired insulin signaling pathways contribute to IR. Studies suggest a link between IR and Alzheimer's disease, with high IR contributing to neuropathological changes. Research findings indicate that individuals with IR may perform poorly in attention-related tasks, emphasizing the importance of managing IR to prevent cognitive decline through lifestyle interventions. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Recent epidemiological studies have shown that diabetes can have negative effects on cognitive function, and insulin resistance (IR) acts as a key factor in this association. IR can impede glucose uptake in brain, leading to energy deficits and toxic protein accumulation which may cause cognitive decline. Type 3 diabetes mellitus (T3DM), or AD type of diabetes is caused due to impaired insulin signalling restricted to brain regions, resulting in memory decline. This study therefore aims to explore the link between IR and cognitive dysfunction, which will help in understanding the role of IR as a potential risk factor of cognitive impairment. Method: This study utilized 1007 participants aged 45 years and above, recruited by CBR‐Tata Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TLSA), which is a community‐based urban longitudinal study cohort. 569 participants were with IR, and 438 participants were healthy. Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE III) was utilised to assess cognitive performance of the participants and IR was measured using Homeostatic Model Assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). Mann Whitney U test was performed to compare between ACE scores and IR status. Further, Generalized Linear Model (GLM) analysis was performed between cognitive variables and IR status after adjusting for covariates. Result: Mann Whitney U test showed a statistically significant association between IR status and ACE scores in ACE total, ACE attention and ACE visuospatial. GLM analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between IR status and performance in attention (B = ‐0.271, 95% CI (‐0.468, ‐0.073), p<0.05), as well as in visuospatial tasks (B = ‐0.258, 95% CI (‐0.494, ‐0.022), p<0.05). After adjusting for confounders such as age, education, and inflammatory marker like CRP, results showed that ACE attention scores (B = ‐0.396, 95% CI (‐0.396, ‐0.008), p<0.05) were significantly lower in participants with IR. Conclusion: According to the findings of our study, insulin resistance was associated with poor cognitive outcome in the attention domain. This finding could be attributed to the increased sensitivity of prefrontal cortex to altered insulin levels. Thus, considering the association between IR and cognition, it is important to devise strategies that can help in detecting and treating IR at an early stage to prevent cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent research suggests that multilingualism may play an important role in enhancing cognitive health. The process of language acquisition constitutes a form of natural brain training, which in turn is thought to increase the neuroplasticity. The aim of this study is to examine the association between multilingualism and cognitive performance. Method: This study utilized cross‐sectional (baseline) data from the Srinivasapura Aging Neuro Senescence and COGnition study (SANSCOG), which is an ongoing community‐based, longitudinal aging cohort study conducted in a rural setting in Southern India. Study participants were dementia‐free, aging adults (45 years and above) from the villages of Srinivaspura. This study site is located in the state of Karnataka, close to the border of an adjoining state, Andhra Pradesh. The subjects are separated into two groups, namely monolinguals, participants knowing one language and multilinguals, participants knowing more than one language, to assess if language has any role in cognitive performance. The cognitive performance of the participants was assessed using Hindi Mental State Examination (HMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). A total of 3283 subjects for HMSE, and 3634 for CDR, including both normal and cognitively impaired subjects were considered for the study. Dementia free patients with HMSE scores below 24 and CDR scores of 0.5 are considered as the inclusion criteria. The data analysis was performed using chi‐square test. Result: The study showed a statistical significance for the association between number of languages spoken and cognition. Multilinguals achieved better cognitive scores, which shows their greater flexibility in cognition. The p value and chi‐square (p value:< 0.001; chi‐square: 59.448) of monolinguals and HMSE scores shows that the analysed data is significant. The odds ratio is 2.562 and it indicates that monolinguals have higher odds of developing cognitive decline than multilinguals. The analysis indicates that exposure to multiple languages has the upper hand, as it is thought to enhance the brain function. Conclusion: This study highlights that learning multiple languages might have a profound impact on cognitive health, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is the early predementia syndrome. that occurs even before the development of objective cognitive decline. SCD plus refers to an additional set of criteria that increases the likelihood of developing mild cognitive impairment and further progressing to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studying the progression of SCD-plus participants will help in understanding the importance of diagnosing this condition at an early stage and delaying its onset., Objective: The present tries to examine neurocognitive changes in individuals who met the criteria of SCD-plus patients. The study also investigated the imaging correlates of these individuals in both cohorts., Methods: This study included 94 participants from Srinivaspura Aging, Neuro Senescence, and COGnition (SANSCOG) and Tata Longitudinal Study of Aging (TLSA) cohorts who satisfy the criteria of SCD plus. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the SCD plus participants and healthy controls. Regression analysis was performed to find the association between SCD plus and cognition., Results: The SCD-plus group performed poorer than the healthy group in episodic memory delayed recall (p = 0.049), name face recognition (p = 0.023), and letter fluency (p = 0.004) tasks. The generalized linear model revealed that the SCD-plus group had lower left cerebellar cortex (p = 0.010) and right inferior occipital cortex (p = 0.016) volumes than the healthy control group., Conclusions: The participants in the SCD-plus group performed poorly on memory and language-related tasks, and the volumes of the associated brain regions decreased. This study suggested that the SCD-plus group had characteristics similar to AD group and can help in identifying AD at the earliest., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.