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The outcomes of applying the zero‐waste extraction "LimoFish" process based on defatting fish processing waste with limonene to leftovers of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), compared to conventional extraction with oil‐derived solvents such as n‐hexane and with petroleum ether, show that the process has general applicability. Meeting the principles of green extraction and those of the marine biorefinery requiring high process efficiency, the process establishes an "innovation through integration" circular economy production route enabling the marine bioeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis via GC‐MS of the amino acids present in AnchoisFert, a new organic fertilizer co‐product of fish oil extraction from anchovy fillet leftovers using limonene, unveils the presence of 16 amino acids, essential, quasi‐essential and non‐essential. Leucine, glycine, glutamic acid and alanine are the most abundant AAs. Proline, aspartic acid, arginine, serine, lysine and phenylalanine are also relatively plentiful. Alongside the results of the techno‐economic and life cycle assessment analyses, these outcomes suggest that the "LimoFish" circular economy process is highly effective in recovering valued AAs that otherwise would be lost in the environment. This greatly improves the sustainability of anchovy fishing, processing and consumption, further supporting the scale‐up and industrialization of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "AnchoisFert", the solid residue comprised of milled anchovy leftovers after fish oil extraction with biobased limonene, is a powerful organic fertilizer. Employed to promote the growth of Tropea's red onion (Allium cepa), the fertilizer turns out to largely be superior to commonly used organic (manure) and chemical (nitrogen phosphorous potassium) fertilizers. Rich in proteins, organic carbon, flavonoids, magnesium, potassium, phosphate and sulfate, and devoid of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, the new organic fertilizer can replace both conventional organic and inorganic fertilizers. This discovery closes the fishing material cycle for the most fished species across the seas opening the route to a new class of organic fertilizers of exceptional performance derived from abundant biowaste via a low‐cost and environmentally‐friendly circular economy process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Hydrothermal carbonization process can be efficiently used for the simultaneous production of value-added chemicals, including furans and levulinates, and carbon-based materials. In this study, a simple and green protocol to obtain hydrochar and high-added value products, mainly 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural (FU), levulinic acid (LA) and alkyl levulinates, by using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of orange peel waste (OPW) is presented. Process variables, such as reaction temperature (180–300 °C), reaction time (60–300 min), biomass:water ratio and initial pH were investigated in order to find the optimum conditions that maximize both the yields of solid hydrochar and 5-HMF and levulinates in the bio-oil. Data obtained evidence that the highest yield of hydrochar is obtained at a 210 °C reaction temperature, 180 min residence time, 6/1 w/w orange peel waste to water ratio and a 3.6 initial pH. The bio-products distribution strongly depends on the applied reaction conditions. Overall, 180 °C was found to be the best reaction temperature that maximizes the production of furfural and 5-HMF in the presence of pure water as a reaction medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The biorefinery scheme proposed in this paper is almost ready for scaling up and can potentially be applied to every industrial chain involved in the preservation of fish fillets (e.g., anchovies, tuna, and salmon). This is an alternative to the current policy of making fish flour from fish remainders. Several anchovies species are captured all over the world; they are consumed fresh but also preserved by the industry, either by brine-fermentation or canning in oil. The industrial process generates large amounts of residue (about 50% of the original fish biomass) that is generally used to produce fish flour. In this paper, the advancement of a recently proposed process for the full valorisation of anchovies aimed at the extraction of fish oil (to be used as an omega-3 source) and at the production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion is presented. Particularly, in the experiments presented, a co-digestion of anchovy sludge—used as a nitrogen supplement—and market waste (5% and 95% on a Total Solids basis) was performed. Since the proposed extraction process uses, as a green-solvent, d-limonene, the well-known problems of toxicity for the anaerobic biomass must be overcome during the digestion process. As discussed below, the granular activated carbon (GAC) is used to reclaim and improve anaerobic digestion processes in a reactor displaying clear signs of inhibition. In fact, GAC demonstrates multiple benefits for anaerobic digestion, such as adsorption of toxic substances, biomass selection, and triggering of direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this tutorial review is to provide a general overview of processes, technologies and challenges in the production of pharmaceutical and bioactive compounds from food waste and lignocellulosic residues. Particular attention is given to benign-by-design processes instinctively devoted to environmental sustainability for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food waste as well as for the production of alcohols, acids, polyols, furans and aromatic compounds from lignocellulosic residues. At the same time, novel green synthetic routes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients and the development of novel bioactive compounds are discussed. Recent success industrial stories on the use of food waste and lignocellulosic residues for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported Pd/Ir bimetallic catalysts were synthesized by the "water-in-oil" microemulsion method at different precursor concentrations and characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and cyclic voltammetry. Depending on the preparation conditions, formation of bimetallic catalysts with different metal segregation and surface composition can be easily obtained, thus tuning the bimetallic structure of catalysts as well as their relative catalytic properties. Bimetallic Pd/Ir systems were efficiently tested in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde showing a better performance than analogous monometallic catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomasses have a tremendous potential to cover the future demand of bio-based chemicals and materials, breaking down our historical dependence on petroleum resources. The development of green chemical technologies, together with the appropriate eco-politics, can make a decisive contribution to a cheap and effective conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into sustainable and renewable chemical building blocks. In this regard, the use of an indirect H-source for reducing the oxygen content in lignocellulosic biomasses and in their derived platform molecules is receiving increasing attention. In this contribution we highlight recent advances in the transfer hydrogenolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and of their derived model molecules promoted by heterogeneous catalysts for the sustainable production of biofuels and biochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides an overview of heterogeneous bimetallic Pd-Fe catalysts in the C-C and C-O cleavage of platform molecules such as C2-C6 polyols, furfural, phenol derivatives and aromatic ethers that are all easily obtainable from renewable cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin (the major components of lignocellulosic biomasses). The interaction between palladium and iron affords bimetallic Pd-Fe sites (ensemble or alloy) that were found to be very active in several sustainable reactions including hydrogenolysis, catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis (CTH) and aqueous phase reforming (APR) that will be highlighted. This contribution concentrates also on the different synthetic strategies (incipient wetness impregnation, deposition-precipitaion, co-precipitaion) adopted for the preparation of heterogeneous Pd-Fe systems as well as on the main characterization techniques used (XRD, TEM, H2-TPR, XPS and EXAFS) in order to elucidate the key factors that influence the unique catalytic performances observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ready availability of esters from natural sources makes them promising substrates for the sustainable production of key intermediates of the chemical industry. In this context, methods to selectively cleave the alkoxy or ester C−O bond to obtain either alkane+acid or alcohol+aldehyde were investigated. Using Pd/Fe3O4(r) [(r)=reduced] as the catalyst of choice and either 2-propanol-as indirect H source-or molecular hydrogen-as ample H source-the hydrogen coverage on the surface of the catalyst was controlled. This enabled selective cleavage of either the alkoxy C−O bond or the ester C−O bond in aromatic esters as shown for the hydrogenolysis of 2-phenylethylacetate as model substrate. Noteworthy, hydrogenation of the aromatic ring was not observed. Thus, an exceptionally high chemoselectivity of Pd/Fe3O4(r) to hydrogenolysis of the ester group is combined with the option to readily direct the regioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]