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Intracluster light is thought to originate from stars that were ripped away from their parent galaxies by gravitational tides and galaxy interactions during the build up of the cluster. The stars from such interactions will accumulate over time, so semi-analytic models suggest that the abundance of intracluster stars is negligible in young proto-clusters at z ∼ 2 and grows to around a quarter of the stellar mass in the oldest, most mature clusters. In contrast to these theoretical expectations, we report on the detection of intracluster light within two proto-clusters at z = 2 using deep HST images. We use the colour of the intracluster light to estimate its mass-to-light ratio in annuli around the brightest cluster galaxies (BCG), up to a radius of 100 kpc. We find that 54 ± 5 per cent and 71 ± 3 per cent of the stellar mass in these regions is located more than 10 kpc away from the BCGs in the two proto-clusters. This low concentration is similar to BCGs in lower redshift clusters, and distinct from other massive proto-cluster galaxies. This suggests that intracluster stars are already present within the core 100 kpc of proto-clusters. We compare these observations to the Hydrangea hydrodynamical galaxy cluster simulations and find that intracluster stars are predicted to be a generic feature of group-sized haloes at z = 2. These intracluster stars will gradually move further away from the BCG as the proto-cluster assembles into a cluster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minor mergers have been proposed as the driving mechanism for the size growth of quiescent galaxies with decreasing redshift. The process whereby large star-forming galaxies quench and join the quiescent population at the large size end has also been suggested as an explanation for this size growth. Given the clear association of quenching with clusters, we explore this mechanism by studying the structural properties of 23 spectroscopically identified recently quenched (or 'post-starburst' (PSB)) cluster galaxies at z ∼ 1. Despite clear PSB spectral signatures implying rapid and violent quenching, 87 per cent of these galaxies have symmetric, undisturbed morphologies in the stellar continuum. Remarkably, they follow a mass–size relation lying midway between the star-forming and quiescent field relations, with sizes 0.1 dex smaller than z ∼ 1 star-forming galaxies at log(M */M⊙) = 10.5. This implies a rapid change in the light profile without directly effecting the stellar distribution, suggesting changes in the mass-to-light ratio gradients across the galaxy are responsible. We develop fading toy models to explore how star-forming galaxies move across the mass–size plane as their stellar populations fade to match those of the PSBs. 'Outside-in' fading has the potential to reproduce the contraction in size and increase in bulge-dominance observed between star-forming and PSB cluster galaxies. Since cluster PSBs lie on the large size end of the quiescent mass–size relation, and our previous work shows cluster galaxies are smaller than field galaxies, the sizes of quiescent galaxies must grow both from the quenching of star-forming galaxies and dry minor mergers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphangiomas or lymphatic malformations have a diverse presentation within the head and neck. This case report explores the use of cryotherapy as an alternative treatment strategy for such oral lesions with a review of literature. A 12 year‐old female presented with an uncommon lower lip lymphangioma. Due to aesthetic concerns she was treated with one session of cryotherapy as a relatively potential novel treatment. Clinically the patient had some reduction in size of the lesion with no significant post‐operative complications. The use of cryotherapy could be considered as a treatment option in small oral cavity lymphangiomas within the aesthetic zone but may not always provide complete resolution or success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minor mergers are thought to be responsible for the size growth of quiescent field galaxies with decreasing redshift. We test this hypothesis using the cluster environment as a laboratory. Satellite galaxies in clusters move at high velocities, making mergers between them rare. The stellar mass–size relation in 10 clusters and in the field is measured and compared at |$z$| ∼ 1. Our cluster sample contains 344 spectroscopically confirmed cluster members with Gemini/Gemini Multi-Object Spectrographs and 182 confirmed with Hubble Space Telescope /Wide Field Camera 3 G141 grism spectroscopy. On average, quiescent and star-forming cluster galaxies are smaller than their field counterparts by (0.08 ± 0.04) and (0.07 ± 0.01) dex, respectively. These size offsets are consistent with the average sizes of quiescent and star-forming field galaxies between 1.2 ≤ |$z$| ≤ 1.5, implying the cluster environment has inhibited size growth between this period and |$z$| ∼ 1. The negligible differences measured between the |$z$| ∼ 0 field and cluster quiescent mass–size relations in other works imply that the average size of quiescent cluster galaxies must rise with decreasing redshift. Using a toy model, we show that the disappearance of the compact cluster galaxies might be explained if, on average, |${\sim }40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| of them merge with their brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and |${\sim }60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| are tidally destroyed into the intracluster light (ICL) between 0 ≤ |$z$| ≤ 1. This is in agreement with the observed stellar mass growth of BCGs between 0 ≤ |$z$| ≤ 1 and the observed ICL stellar mass fraction at |$z$| ∼ 0. Our results support minor mergers as the cause for the size growth in quiescent field galaxies, with cluster-specific processes responsible for the similarity between the field and cluster quiescent mass–size relations at low redshift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (DSO) is a rare inflammatory disease of bone. The underlying cause is poorly understood and traditional management techniques have struggled to provide patients with adequate relief. A number of reports in the literature have described the use of bisphosphonates to manage DSO; however, these have predominantly been associated with the intravenous formulation. Understandably, there is an element of angst due to its underlying and well‐recognised risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw. In this article, we review the literature for the management of DSO including the novel approach of using bisphosphonates. As an example, we present a case of a 56‐year‐old female with DSO where conventional therapies failed to manage her symptoms; however, treatment with oral alendronic acid led to complete and sustained resolution. This case in conjunction with additional reported cases provides further evidence of the value of bisphosphonates in DSO and highlights that the use of oral bisphosphonates can be successful and could be a viable consideration prior to the use of intravenous versions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benign parotid tumours have historically often been managed surgically by superficial parotidectomy. While this approach usually gives a generous cuff of surrounding normal parotid tissue to increase tumour margins, it requires a much larger incision than the increasingly used extracapsular dissection ( ECD) technique. Furthermore, superficial parotidectomy can result in marked facial hollowing, Frey syndrome and an increased risk of both temporary and permanent facial nerve weakness. ECD has been popularised as a safe alternative to parotidectomy primarily for the removal of mobile, benign parotid tumours with safe outcomes and reduced risk to the facial nerve. In this article, we review the growing body of evidence for ECD and include our own experience confirming the move away from superficial parotidectomy in contemporary practice for the treatment of benign parotid tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a study of the growth and reactivity of ultra-thin films of TiO2 grown on W(100). Three approaches to film growth are investigated, each resulting in films that show order in low-energy diffraction (LEED) and a low level of non-stoichiometry in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). H2O is used as a probe of the reactivity of the films, with changes in the Ti 2p and O 1s core levels being monitored by XPS. Evidence for the dissociation of H2O on the TiO2(110) ultra-thin film surface is adduced. These results are discussed with reference to related studies on native TiO2(110). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thirty-three cases of infective endocarditis presenting during a 6.5 year period to a district general hospital were analysed retrospectively. The annual incidence was 22 cases per million population. Twenty-two cases had pre-existing cardiac disease, mainly valvular disease-usually rheumatic (nine cases) and prosthetic valves (10 cases). Recognizable precipitants such as recent surgery were uncommon. Two cases presented after deliberate drug overdose possibly due to depression exacerbated by systemic disease. Symptoms were usually non-specific. All but two cases had murmurs and most were pyrexial. Splinter haemorrhages and clubbing were seen in about 20% of cases. Viridans-type streptococci were the commonest infecting organisms (14 cases). Staphylococcal infection (six cases) was confined to intravenous drug abusers and patients with prosthetic valves. Five cases were culture negative. Cardiac failure was present in 13 cases at presentation and developed in seven others during treatment. Acute valve replacement was necessary in eight cases, and late replacement in three. Renal impairment (plasma urea > 8 mmol/l and/or plasma creatinine > 120 mumol/l) occurred in 19 cases during the course of their illness. Embolic phenomena occurred in 12 patients and mostly involved the central nervous system. In the 8 fatal cases, the cause of death was cardiac failure in six, cerebrovascular accident in one, and myocardial infarction in one. Four of the six patients who subsequently died of cardiac failure had been referred for surgery. Both those who were not referred had coexisting medical problems. Factors associated with increased mortality were age, male sex, cardiac failure (P < 0.01), renal impairment (P < 0.05), and embolic phenomena (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most distant galaxies detected were seen when the Universe was a scant 5% of its current age. At these times, progenitors of galaxies such as the Milky Way were about 10,000 times less massive. Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) combined with magnification from gravitational lensing, these low-mass galaxies can not only be detected but also be studied in detail. Here we present JWST observations of a strongly lensed galaxy at z spec  = 8.296 ± 0.001, showing massive star clusters (the Firefly Sparkle) cocooned in a diffuse arc in the Canadian Unbiased Cluster Survey (CANUCS) 1 . The Firefly Sparkle exhibits traits of a young, gas-rich galaxy in its early formation stage. The mass of the galaxy is concentrated in 10 star clusters (49-57% of total mass), with individual masses ranging from 10 5 M ⊙ to 10 6 M ⊙ . These unresolved clusters have high surface densities (>10 3 M ⊙  pc - 2 ), exceeding those of Milky Way globular clusters and young star clusters in nearby galaxies. The central cluster shows a nebular-dominated spectrum, low metallicity, high gas density and high electron temperature, hinting at a top-heavy initial mass function. These observations provide our first spectrophotometric view of a typical galaxy in its early stages, in a 600-million-year-old Universe., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Background: Two OxRisk risk assessment tools, the Oxford Mental Illness and Suicide (OxMIS) and the Oxford Mental Illness and Violence (OxMIV), were developed and validated using national linked registries in Sweden, to assess suicide and violence risk in individuals with severe mental illness (schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and bipolar disorders). In this study, we aim to examine the feasibility and acceptability of the tools in three different clinical services., Method: We employed a two-step mixed-methods approach, by combining quantitative analyses of risk scores of 147 individual patients, and thematic analyses of qualitative data. First, 38 clinicians were asked to use OxMIS and OxMIV when conducting their routine risk assessments in patients with severe mental illness. The risk scores for each patient (which provide a probability of the outcome over 12 months) were then compared to the unstructured clinical risk assessment made by the treating clinician. Second, we carried out semi-structured interviews with the clinicians on the acceptability and utility of the tools. Thematic analysis was conducted on the qualitative data to identify common themes, in terms of the utility, accuracy, and acceptability of the tools. The investigations were undertaken in three general adult psychiatric clinics located in the cities of Barcelona and Sevilla (Spain), and Changsha (China)., Results: Median risk probabilities over 12 months for OxMIS were 1.0% in the Spanish patient sample and 1.9% in the Chinese sample. For OxMIV, they were 0.7% (Spanish) and 0.8% (Chinese). In the thematic analysis, clinicians described the tools as easy to use, and thought that the risk score improved risk management. Potential additions to predictors were suggested, including family history and the patient's support network. Concordance rates of risk estimates between the tools and clinicians was high for violence (94.4%; 68/72) and moderate for suicide (50.0%; 36/72)., Conclusion: Both OxMIS and OxMIV are feasible and practical in different general adult psychiatric settings. Clinicians interviewed found that both tools provide a useful structured approach to estimate the risk of suicide and violence. Risk scores from OxMIS and OxMIV can also be used to assist clinical decision-making for future management., Competing Interests: SF was part of the study team that first developed OxMIV and OxMIS. He has not received any compensation in relation to their development, use or translation. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Beaudry, Canal-Rivero, Ou, Matharu, Fazel and Yu.)

Objective: Diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis (DSO) is a poorly understood chronic inflammatory disease, for which many etiologic theories and treatment modalities have been suggested. We retrospectively evaluated bisphosphonate treatment outcomes in patients with DSO and compared them with those of alternative treatment modalities and those reported in the current literature., Study Design: This series was a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with DSO of the mandible. We identified a total of 11 DSO cases at Guys Dental Hospital from 1996 to 2017. Data on all treatment modalities attempted during this time were collected, with a focus on patients who underwent management with oral bisphosphonates., Results: Eight of 11 patients who continued to have symptoms after failure of previous interventions were prescribed alendronic acid (70 mg once weekly) for an average of 16 months. All patients reported improvement or resolution of symptoms within 72 hours. Three patients ceased medication at 4 weeks because of medication side effects. The remaining 5 patients reported improved symptom control in comparison with prior treatment regimes., Conclusions: Oral bisphosphonates appear to provide prolonged symptom relief in patients with DSO compared with previously attempted treatment strategies; however, the exact regimen and length of use is still being debated. The positive impact of bisphosphonates may provide a potential insight into the pathophysiology of DSO., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine whether a relationship exists between the aesthetic scores given to photographic records of the nasolabial region of patients with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and the 5-Year Olds' Index scores of study models for the same participants., Design: Retrospective study., Setting: University of Bristol Dental Hospital, United Kingdom., Participants: Patients with nonsyndromic UCLP previously enrolled in the Cleft Care UK (CCUK) Study., Methods: The CCUK participants, who had both study models and photographs (frontal and worm's eye view), were identified and their records retrieved. These were rated by 2 consultants and 2 senior registrars in orthodontics. The 5-Year Olds' Index was used to score the study models, and at a separate sitting, a 5-point Likert scale was used to score the cropped frontal and worm's eye view photographs of the same children. The results were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients and Cohen κ., Main Outcome Measures: Correlation between the aesthetic scores of the photographic views and the concordant 5-Year Olds' Index scores of the study models., Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient scores showed very poor agreement between the photographic views and their concordant study models. The level of inter- and intra-rater reliability was strongest when scoring the study models., Conclusions: There was no agreement between the scores given to various photographic views and their corresponding study models. Scoring the study models using the 5-Year Olds' Index was the most reliable outcome measure for this age-group.

The association between smoking and postoperative complications is compounded in patients who have oral and maxillofacial operations by an additional local effect, and patients often continue to smoke after operation despite advice to stop. Recent studies have suggested that nicotine may reduce inflammation and improve angiogenesis, so topical application may be beneficial for smokers. The electronic cigarette is increasing in popularity and more patients ask whether they can vape after operation. We investigated the effect of electronic cigarettes (of which half contained nicotine and half did not) on blood flow in the buccal mucosa in 10 volunteers immediately after vaping. Smokers were excluded as this was considered an additional variable in a small pilot study and our Trust has a no-smoking policy. After vaping for 5 minutes, capillary blood flow was measured in the buccal mucosa at 5-minute intervals using a laser Doppler probe, and the results were expressed as arbitrary perfusion units. There was a wide variation in results and a small but significant rise (p=0.008) as a result of nicotine vaping, but these fell to the same levels as before within 30 minutes. Electronic cigarettes may have an effect on blood flow to the oral mucosa, although further studies are needed to show whether they improve healing time after operation. Additional work is also needed to compare them with cigarettes., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

A 40-year-old South Asian woman was admitted in active labor at 38 weeks' gestation. She had an unremarkable medical history with routine prenatal care, negative HIV testing results, and an uneventful pregnancy. She received a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine during childhood and reportedly had a subsequent positive purified protein-derivative test result 1 year prior to conception. She never smoked and had seven normal term pregnancies.

Regiospecific and conformationally restrained analogs of melphalan and DL-2-NAM-7 have been synthesized and their affinities for the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) of the blood-brain barrier have been determined to assess their potential for accessing the CNS via facilitated transport. Several analogs had K(i) values in the range 2.1-8.5 microM with greater affinities than that of either L-phenylalanine (K(i)=11 microM) or melphalan (K(i)=55 microM), but lower than DL-2-NAM-7 (K(i)=0.08 microM). The results indicate that regiospecific positioning of the mustard moiety on the aromatic ring in these analogs is very important for optimal affinity for the large neutral amino acid transporter, and that conformational restriction of the DL-2-NAM-7 molecule in benzonorbornane and indane analogs leads to 25- to 60-fold loss, respectively, in affinity., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ pump is a Ca+-Mg2+-ATPase that expels Ca2+ from cells to help them maintain low concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ . There are no known extracellularly acting PM Ca2+ pump inhibitors, as digoxin and ouabain are for Na+ pump. In analogy with digoxin, we define caloxins as extracellular PM Ca2+ pump inhibitors and describe caloxin 2A1. Caloxin 2A1 is a peptide obtained by screening a random peptide phage display library for binding to the second extracellular domain (residues 401-413) sequence of PM Ca2+ pump isoform 1b. Caloxin 2A1 inhibits Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in human erythrocyte leaky ghosts, but it does not affect basal Mg2+-ATPase or Na+-K+-ATPase in the ghosts or Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Caloxin 2A1 also inhibits Ca2+-dependent formation of the 140-kDa acid-stable acylphosphate, which is a partial reaction of this enzyme. Consistent with inhibition of the PM Ca2+ pump in vascular endothelium, caloxin 2A1 produces an endothelium-dependent relaxation that is reversed by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. Thus caloxin 2A1 is a novel PM Ca2+ pump inhibitor selected for binding to an extracellular domain.