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Abstract Background Malocclusion is a highly prevalent public health problem, and several studies have shown its negative correlation with quality of life, self-esteem, and social perceptions. However, its association with bullying is still controversial. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between malocclusion and bullying in children and adolescents. Search methods The databases used for the electronic researches were PubMed, Scopus, Lilacs/BBO, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Grey literature was reviewed through Open Grey literature with no language or date restrictions. Selection criteria, based on the PECO strategy, were considered eligible observational studies that included schoolchildren or adolescents (P) with malocclusion (E), compared to those with normal occlusion (C), in which the relationship between malocclusion and bullying was determined (O). Data collection and analysis Risk of bias evaluation was made for the qualitative synthesis by the Fowkes and Fulton criteria. Data regarding the age of participants and types of malocclusion and of bullying were extracted among other reported data. The quality of the evidence analyzed was evaluated through the GRADE approach. Results From 2744 articles identified in databases, nine met the eligibility criteria and were included in present systematic review, of which two studies were judged with methodological soundness. The quality of the evidence was classified as very low due to very serious problems for “risk of bias” and “other considerations” and serious problems of “indirectness”. The age of participants ranged from 9 to 34 years considering a cohort study, with a bullying recalling perspective. Malocclusion was both evaluated by researchers and self-reported by participants addressing dentofacial characteristics mostly related to the incisors relationship. All studies evaluated the verbal type of bullying, while 3 also considered physical type. Both types were reported as related to malocclusion, although the results showed that extreme maxillary overjet (> 4 mm, > 6 mm, > 9 mm), extreme deep overbite, and having space between anterior teeth or missing teeth were the types of malocclusion with the strongest relations to bullying. Conclusions With very low certainty of evidence, the results of this systematic review suggest that conspicuous extreme malocclusion may be related to the occurrence of bullying among children and adolescents.

Background: Toothpaste manufacturers encourage through aggressive marketing strategies the overconsumption of fluoridated dentifrices. There are conflicting results regarding fluoride intake from toothpastes in children. Aim: The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to determine whether dentifrice flavour increases fluoride ingestion by children. Design: We included clinical trials on children that evaluated the use of flavoured dentifrice – FD vs regular dentifrice – RD to identify the fluoride intake. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, LILACS/BBO, and grey literature followed by manual search. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration common scheme for bias and ROBINS‐I tool. Data were analysed in subgroups such as low (G1) and ordinary (G2) fluoride concentrations of dentifrices. We carried out heterogeneity and sensitive analyses. Results: For G1, the fluoride intake from RD was significantly higher than from FD [standardised mean difference = −2.57 (−3.26, −1.89), P < 0.00001]. For G2, the fluoride ingestion from RD was significantly higher than from FD [mean difference = −0.00 (−0.00, −0.00), P = 0.02]. Conclusions: There is evidence to support the null hypothesis that flavouring from dentifrice does not increase fluoride intake in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review sought scientific evidence (in the literature) that trauma in the primary incisors cause sequelae in permanent successors. Also this work verified whether there was a relation between the presence and type of sequelae in permanent teeth with the child's age at the time of injury and type of trauma. Electronic databases, including the Pub Med, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, LILACS, and Web of Science were used to search for original articles up to June 2013. Prospective and retrospective studies that assessed the association of trauma in deciduous incisors and developmental disturbances in permanent successors were selected. Two authors independently reviewed and extracted the data from the included studies. A methodological quality assessment evaluation of the selected studies was performed. The search retrieved 258 citations. Initially, 19 studies fulfilled the selection criteria; however, one (1) was excluded, leaving 18 for the final selection. Despite some limitations in the study designs were observed, especially the lack of a control group in most studies, the evidence found suggests that individuals with trauma in their primary incisors have more developmental disorders in the permanent successors than individuals without a previous trauma. Furthermore, the younger the child is at the time of injury, the more frequent and more severe are the sequelae to the permanent successor incisors. More severe traumas such as intrusion and avulsion are associated to more serious developmental disorders. These results should be analyzed carefully because very few studies evaluated had a control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radical prostatectomy is a common treatment option for prostate cancer before it has spread beyond the prostate. Examination for surgical margins is performed post-operatively with positive margins reported to occur in 6.5–32% of cases. Rapid identification of cancerous tissue during surgery could improve surgical resection. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient ionization method which produces mass spectra dominated by lipid signals directly from prostate tissue. With the use of multivariate statistics, these mass spectra can be used to differentiate cancerous and normal tissue. The method was applied to 100 samples from 12 human patients to create a training set of MS data. The quality of the discrimination achieved was evaluated using principal component analysis – linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) and confirmed by histopathology. Cross validation (PCA-LDA) showed ＞95% accuracy. An even faster and more convenient method, touch spray (TS) mass spectrometry, not previously tested to differentiate diseased tissue, was also evaluated by building a similar MS data base characteristic of tumor and normal tissue. An independent set of 70 non-targeted biopsies from six patients was then used to record lipid profile data resulting in 110 data points for an evaluation dataset for TS-MS. This method gave prediction success rates measured against histopathology of 93%. These results suggest that DESI and TS could be useful in differentiating tumor and normal prostate tissue at surgical margins and that these methods should be evaluated intra-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To protect the citizens of the United States from the use of dangerous biological agents, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been actively preparing to deal with the consequences of such an attack. Their plans include the deployment of mass immunization clinics to handle postevent vaccinations. As part of the planning efforts by the Western New York Public Health Alliance, a Webbased electronic patient registration and tracking system was developed and tested at a recent trial smallpox vaccination clinic. Initial goals were to determine what the pitfalls and benefits of using such a system might be in comparison to other methods of data collection. This exercise proved that use of an electronic system capable of scanning two-dimensional bar codes was superior to both paper-based and optical character recognition (OCR) methods of data collection and management. Major improvements in speed and/or accuracy were evident in all areas of the clinic, especially in patient registration, vaccine tracking and postclinic data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Portion size influences intake (i.e. the portion size effect [PSE]), yet determinants of susceptibility to the PSE are unclear. Objective: We tested whether children who reported an episode of loss of control (LOC) eating over the last 3 months would be more susceptible to the PSE and would show differential brain responses to food cues compared with children with no‐LOC. Methods: Across five sessions, children (n = 47; 7–10 years) consumed four test meals at 100%, 133%, 167% and 200% conditions for portion size and completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan while viewing pictures of foods varied by portion size and energy density (ED). Incidence of LOC over the past 3 months was self‐reported. Random coefficient models were tested for differences in the shape of the PSE curve by LOC status. A whole‐brain analysis was conducted to determine response to food cues during the functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Reported LOC (n = 13) compared with no‐LOC (n = 34) was associated with increased susceptibility to the PSE, as evidenced by a positive association with the linear slope (P < 0.005), and negative association with the quadratic slope (P < 0.05) of the intake curve. Children who reported LOC compared with no‐LOC showed increased activation in the left cerebellum to small relative to large portions (P < 0.01) and right cerebellum to High‐ED relative to Low‐ED food cues (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Children who reported LOC were more susceptible to the PSE and showed alterations in food‐cue processing in the cerebellum, a hindbrain region implicated in satiety signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]