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The largest mountainous lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lake Blidinje, is located 1,185 meters above sea level. Polymictic lakes are those in which the entire water column is frequently mixed. Shallow lakes function very differently than deep lakes in many ways because of the strong sediment– water interaction and the possibility for significant water impact on vegetation. In the multiple regression analysis, two models were developed with coefficients of multiple determination (R2 = 0.720 and R2 = 0.497) for the independent variable chlorophyll a. The resulting models are compared with water quality monitoring data from 2017 to 2019.

Simple Summary: Integrated veterinary herd health management improves animal health and welfare, public health, farm management, and economics. This study explores current veterinary herd health management education and training opportunities for veterinary students and professionals in Europe, identifying gaps, needs, and areas for improvement. An analysis of 41 European veterinary education establishments found that 83% (n = 34/41) taught veterinary herd health management in their curriculum, either as a standalone course and/or integrated into other subjects. However, while undergraduate education was generally adequate, coverage of more species (e.g., aquaculture) and enhancing soft skills instruction were identified as beneficial. A survey of primarily veterinarians working with cattle, poultry, pigs, and small ruminants assessed training gaps and needs in veterinary herd health management, mainly for soft skills and training certification. They reported challenges in effectively communicating its benefits to farmers and a lack of soft skills needed to promote the concept effectively. The majority of participating veterinarians were not aware of existing training programs (69.4%) and ongoing projects (59.6%) on this topic. To conclude, while undergraduate education on veterinary herd health management is generally adequate, enhancing post-graduate certified multi-species training opportunities, incl. soft skills training, was perceived as essential. In recent years, integrated veterinary herd health management (VHHM), improving animal health, welfare, food safety, public health, farm management, and economics, has become ever-more important in the European Union due to structural and regulatory advancements. A mixed-methods study analyzed the current state and gaps in VHHM education and training across Europe. Data from 41 European veterinary institutions showed that 83% (n = 34/41) offered VHHM education, either as standalone courses and/or integrated into other subjects. An online survey for veterinarians, primarily working with cattle, poultry, pigs, and small ruminants (75%; n = 86/114), assessed perceived training knowledge gaps and needs. The majority of respondents were unaware of VHHM training programs (69.4%, n = 43/62) or projects (59.6%, n = 59/99) and reported the biggest gaps in VHHM training certification (14%, n = 7/49), followed by soft skills (12%, n = 6/52) and demonstrating VHHM benefits to their clients (9%, n = 5/53). To conclude, while undergraduate VHHM education was generally adequate, enhancing post-graduate certified multi-species training opportunities, incl. soft skills VHHM training were perceived as essential. Our findings also underscored the urgent need for robust economic evaluations of preventive strategies across various animal species to allow veterinarians to better demonstrate VHHM's direct and indirect benefits to farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the research is to determine the type of diet and geographical origin of the individuals of the Illyrian population from the Late Iron Age, exhumed from the Kopila necropolis on the island of Korčula, by analyzing stable isotopes of carbon (13C), nitrogen (15N), and strontium (86Sr). Materials and Methods: Skeletal remains of teeth and jaw bones from tombs 3 and 4 of the western nucleus and tomb 1 of the eastern nucleus of the necropolis were used in the analysis. From a total of 49 adult individuals with 495 permanent teeth, 32 teeth and 4 jaw bone samples were taken for the analysis of stable isotopes 13C, 15N and 86Sr, which were sent to the Isotoptech laboratory, Debrecen, Hungary, where the isotope level in enamel and dentin and bone collagen was determined by mass spectrometry. Results: The value of δ13C is -19.5? (±0.1?), while δ15N is 8.6? (±0.1?). The 13C/15N ratio is 3.4. The value of 87Sr/86Sr in tooth enamel is 0.708400-0.708433, and in bones 0.708149-0.708471 (±1σ 0.000016-0.000034). Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the collagen of dentin and bones are used for the identification and quantification of food items with different isotropic profiles that a person ate. They primarily indicate the protein component of the diet, and are suitable for distinguishing food of sea and land origin. The δ13C isotope is also used to distinguish between C3 (Calvin cycle of photosynthesis) and C4 (Hatch-Stack cycle of photosynthesis) plants. The level of strontium isotopes in tooth enamel leaves a trace of the place of birth and early childhood, which, when compared to the place of burial, can indicate whether a person is of local origin or a migrant from another area. The values of δ13C and δ15N in the sample from the Kopila necropolis indicate a diet rich in plants of the C3 photosynthetic pathway (cereals-wheat, oats, rye; green vegetables; fruits, etc.), and proteins of terrestrial origin. Conclusion: Marine resources were hardly used. The levels of strontium isotopes from tooth enamel and bones indicate the local origin and autochthonousness of the inhabitants of the area around Kopila hillfort in the Late Iron Age. This research was funded by the Croatian Science Foundation, project number IP-2020-02-9423, Tooth Analysis in Forensic and Archaeological Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents the changes caused by macroabrasion of teeth on skeletal remains found in tomb No 4 in the west necropolis of the archeological site Kopila near Blato on the island of Korčula. The site archeologically dates back to the Late Iron Age, when the island was inhabited by the Illyrians. The aim of this study was to assess the dental age of the buried individuals at death and determine the type of their diet, which could give us a preliminary insight into the socio-economic standard of the inhabitants of the settlement. The analyzed sample is part of the collection of excavated skeletal remains kept in the Vela Luka Cultural Center on the island of Korčula. 284 permanent teeth, 19 fragments of the maxilla and 20 fragments of the mandible were found in the tomb, which were classified into 32 individuals and by sex. Teeth were analyzed by metric and non-metric methods of determining dental status in order to assess the dental age at the time of death and the diet of the inhabitants. The dental age of individuals was determined by the Lovejoy method and the degree of tooth wear by the Smith-Knight method. The analysis of the stable isotope 14 C determined the exact time of death of the analyzed individuals. The tooth wear changes were very pronounced and present on 92.9% of teeth, equally on incisors and molars ( p = 0.236). There is no significant gender difference ( p > 0.05 for all teeth and jaw parts). There was no difference in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the mandible and maxilla (t = -0.266, p = 0.791), nor in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the maxilla right and left (t = -0.392, p = 0.702) or in the degree of tooth wear of the teeth of the mandible right and left (t = -0.889, p = 0.390). The average age of the analyzed population sample was 35.6 (±3.1) years. They were buried between 360-40 BC. Tooth wear changes observed on the analyzed teeth indicate a diet rich in hard, weakly cariogenic food with particles that were probably of inorganic origin, which caused an increased wear of tooth structures. The population was sedentary, agricultural type and the life expectancy was normal for the Late Iron Age. Besides, their socio-economic status was good. The age at the time of their death was between 30 and 40 years. Further studies should include more accurate and standardized methods for assessing the condition.