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Background: In clinical orthodontic practice, to evaluate aesthetics in dentistry, lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry are used to measure and assess craniofacial morphology. In contrast to cephalometry, photometry has no radiation hazard and is less expensive. There has been a paradigm shift in contemporary orthodontics that now emphasizes soft tissue aesthetics, rather than depending entirely on hard tissue evaluation from lateral cephalometry. Therefore, the key question is whether lateral photometry can be a substitute for conventional cephalometry for diagnostics, prognostic analysis, and treatment planning. Objective: To differentiate between lateral cephalometry and lateral photometry measurement in children with stage 2 and 3 vertebrae maturation in the Deutero Malay population. Materials and Methods: A standardized protocol was followed for all lateral cephalograms and photographs from 38 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. Three parameters focusing on the lower third craniofacial measurement were investigated: two linear parameters (mandibular ramus length and mandibular length) and one angular parameter (gonial angle). These parameters were measured using Webceph software. All parameters were digitized on both cephalograms and photographs and were compared using an independent sample t-test. Results: When comparing the angular cephalometric and photometric variables, we found that the mandible length (Go-Me) and gonial angle (∠Go) in the cephalometry measurements had an insignificant difference compared to the photometric measurements, while the ramus length (Co-Go) in the cephalometry measurement had a significant difference compared to the photometric measurements. Conclusion: Although we cannot rule out cephalometry as the primary record in orthodontics, lateral photometry assessment can be used as an alternative candidate for measuring mandibular body measurements and gonial angle in stage 2 and 3 cervical maturation in the Deutero Malay race.

Background: Providing dental treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a challenge for dentists. In the dental care of such children, the treatment plans implemented are usually determined by several factors, including: the type of autism spectrum disorder, the degree of patient cooperation, dentist/patient communication, the required treatment, self-care skills and parental/dentist support. Purpose: The purpose of this case report was to report the dental care delivered in the cases of two pediatric patients with ASD. Case 1: A 10.7 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD who was experiencing recurrent pain in his lower left posterior tooth and also presented a blackened tooth. Case 2: A 9.6 year-old boy with a nonverbal form of ASD suffering from numerous painful cavities. Case management 1: On the day of the first visit, the boy was the subject of several behavioral observations. During the day of the second visit, he underwent a brief intraoral examination at a dental unit in order to arrive at a temporary diagnosis before appropriate was decided upon treatment in consultation with his parents. The implemented treatment plans comprised dental extraction and preventive restoration under general anesthesia. Case management 2: On the first visit, the boy underwent behavioral observations followed by early intraoral examination involving physical restraint approach. During the second visit, several treatment plans such as: general anesthesia, tooth extraction, restoration, and pulp-capping treatment were formulated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that general anesthesia was considered an appropriate dental treatment plan since the two patients in question were extremely co-operative during the necessary procedures. In other words, pediatric dental care treatment plans in cases of ASD should be determined by clearly-defined criteria, specifically the benefits and risks of the treatment plans for the safety of both patient and dental care team.

The bond strength between glass ionomer and tooth structure can be improved with application of conditioner on enamel or dentin surface to remove the smear layer. The bond strength can be measured with shear bond strength testing. This study aimed to determine the difference of shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement to primary teeth dentine after conditioner application for 10", 20" and 30". Twenty seven primary mandibular incisors were randomly divided into 3 groups that were subjected to application of 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner (Dentin conditioner, GC) for 10", 20" and 30", and restoration with glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX, GP, GC). The specimens were kept in an incubator at 37ºC for 24 hours. Shear bond strength test was done by using Universal Testing Machine Shimazu AG-5000 with 50 kgf load and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Anova was used statistical evaluation. Although the results showed no statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength of the glass ionomer cement between the test groups (p>0.05), the mean bond strength decreased with increasing duration of conditioner application, so that highest mean bond strength was obtained at 10" application.

The purpose of this study is to determine the shape of the craniofacial margin of Down syndrome cephalograms compared with the normal children by using Fourier Analysis method. The subjects of the study are 18 Down syndrome patients matched to 18 non Down syndrome (normal) children aged 14-18 years. The craniofacial margin is divided into four section, those are the margin Bolton-Lambda (Bo-La), Lambda-Bregma (La-Br), Bregma-Nasion (Br-Na), and Menton-Articulare (Me-Ar). The discriminant function calculated on the harmonic amplitude values obtained from Fourier Analysis showed that the two groups can be correctly classified by the margin shape of Bo-La 83.33%, La-Br 63.89%, Br-Na can not be classified, and Me-Ar 80.56%. It is concluded that the difference between Down syndrome and the non Down syndrome (normal) craniofacial margin can be determined by the shape of Bo-La and Me-Ar.

Agenesis described as a certain developemntal disorder that is a lacking in the number of teeth present intraorally. Hypodontia is an agenesis with the absence of one or several teeth. In most of the population, the prevalence is 3,5 - 6,5% with 0,3-0,4% for a severe hypodontia (an absence of 6 teeth or more clinically). Agenesis affects permanent dentition more often than primary dentition, and the incidence of agenesis is greater in female than male patients. Agenesis might be a result of environmental and genetic factors. It is necessary to have a comprehensive treatment for a case of hypodontia, which involves restorative, orthodontic, a prosthetic treatment based on the children's growth and development. In the present case, a patient of 6 years and 5 months old girl was diagnosed with severe hypodontia. The treatment of choice included a removable orthodontic appliance for the upper jaw and a removable space maintainer for the lower jaw. The removable orthodontic appliance served as an interceptive orthodontic treatment to correct anterior crossbites, and the child will be referred to the orthodontist to treat a Class III skeletal malocclusion. The space maintainer was to be used until the patient's condition become favorable for a permanent fixed bridge or steel removable partial denture.

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structure and their accessory appendeges. The main feature is hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. Ectodermal dysplasia appear to be ingeritaed as an x-linked recessive trait. Common manifestations include frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression, protuberant lips and defective hair follicles and eyebrows. Intraorally, common findings are hypodontia or anodontia and conical teeth. The treatment is to improve the appearance and oral function included a removable prosthesis. A 5-year-old and 9-year-old male in the same family, described in the case report of ectodermal dysplasia with removable partial dentures

Mesiodens is supernumerary teeth which is commonly found and located in midline premaxilla. The supernumerary teeth may cause clinical disorders, such as delayed eruption and malposition of permanent teeth, therefore early diagnosis and intervention is very important. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart disease which frequently occurred in children. Dental treatment in children with heart diseases should be done carefully since there is higher risk of developing on bacterial endocarditis. Dentist should know the contraindication of dental treatment that needs prophylactic antibiotics as suggested by American Heart Association. A 6 years 8 months boy who suffered from VSD came to Pediatric Dental Clinic at Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. In the examination we found impacted mesiodens with inverted position which has conical shape at regio 51. The possible etiology of mesiodens in this patient is x-linked dominant with incomplete penetration. After consultation with Pediatric Cardiologist and Oral Surgeon, the odontectomy was conduted with prophylactic cephadroxyl. There was no signs of bacterial endocarditis after the odontectomy.

Periodontal disease, dentla caries and malocclusion are frequently found in mentally retarded children. The frequency of these diseases are higher than normal children. The condition of mental retardation makes these children difficult to care for their oral hygiene. Basically there is no difference of treatment for mentally retarded children compared to normal children. Dentists should have certain sills to treat the these special children, especially in behavior management. Preventive care and behavior management are the most important considerations in achieving a successful treatment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of application time of Non Rinse Conditioner (NRC) on Compomer (Dyract, Dentsply) penetration in dentin of primary teeth. The simple was 30 mandibular primary incisors divided into 3 groups by application time (10,20, and 30 seconds). The penetration of Compomer was measured from 30 teeth using SEM (2000x mag). One way ANOVA test showed significant differences between the three application times (F=10,7074,738, p=0,001), and Tukey test also indicated significant differences between the groups (p=0,001). Longer periods of NRC application increases the application of Compomer.

The clinical signs of Down's syndrome patients are mental retardation and muscular hypotonia. It is commonly found oral dysfunction in mental retardation children. The purpose of this study was to know whether in Down's sundrome patients the degree of mental retardation may affect the oral dysfunction caused by their muscular hypotonia. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) were measured to describe cognitive capability in mental retardation children, while oral muscular tone was described by the electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, oral function was achieved by its exmination scores. The data were subsequently analyzed using the factor analyss and the regression analysis to prove the effect of the cognitive capability to the oral muscular tone. The result showed that the cognitive capability affected the oral muscular tone significantly with p=0.001; b=2.399 and R=0.699. It could be concluded that the cognitive capability greatly affected the oral muscular tone in Down's syndrome patients.

Since the last five years, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia has implemented an integrated curriculum as a process of change from teacher centered to student centered learning, as well as problem based learning, community based and praciticing in a small group discussion. The dental curriculum is divided separately into seven semesters for academic and followed by three semesters for clinical years. The aim of this study is to evaluare the implementation of the integrated curriculum. Evaluation of this five year program showed less than 10% of the 5th year students were able to finish their study on time. Most of the students needed more than three semesters to complete the clinical requirements; therefore, the recent curriculum should be revised.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v16i2.93

Phosphoric acid etching has been widely used to achieve a strong and long lasting mechanical bonding between composite resin restoration and tooth structure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between the enamel of permanent teeth and the composite resin restoration by measuring the shear bond strength after different durations of etching. In total 27 premolar teeth were divided into 3 groups where the enamel of the buccal surface was etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 5″, 15″, and 25″ before placing the composite resin restoration. After keeping the teeth inside an incubator for 24 hours, the shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine Shimazu AG-5000 at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the results, with p0.05). Conclusion: Shear bond strength of the composite resin on the permanent teeth enamel increased with increasing etching time. Significant difference was showed between 5″ and 25″ of etching time.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i2.65

Intrusion is a displacement of the tooth deeper into the alveolar socket accompanied by comminution or fracture of the alveolar socket following axis of the tooth. This case describe treatment of intrusion with open apex which obsercation until spontan eruption of the tooth. After 4 months, clinically, the intrusion tooth reeruption near incisal edge of adjacent tooth and radiographic showed lengthening the root of the tooth.

The neurological disorder commonly found in Down Syndrome (DS) patients are muscular hypotonia and mental retardation. Speech therapy program is designed to improve communication capability, while oral muscular exercises included in this program may improve their oral muscular tone. The aim of the study was to evaluate how the oral muscular exercises may affect the children with Down Syndrome. The data of the oral muscular exercises were obtained from the scores of the speech therapy questionnaires, while the variable of mastication muscular tone was described by the electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, and the oral function achieved from its examination scores. The regression analysis proved that the oral muscular exercises affected the mastication muscular tone not significantly with p=0,096; b=0,073 and R2=0,016. It could be concluded that the oral muscular exercises given in speech therapy program might not improve oral muscular tone in Down Syndrome patients.

Bottle-feeding period more than one year may influence the occlusion and will disturb the formation of strong muscle jaw. This effect will give an adverse result to permanent teeth. The type of malocclusion resulted from bad oral habit, may vary, depends on the type of oral habit, intensity, duration and frequency. The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between duration of bottle-feeding and occlusion of primary teeth. The following occlusion relationships examined were overbite, overjet, canine relationship, and terminal plane. The design of this was cross-sectional analytic, which was carried out in pre-school children aged between 3-5 years old. The duration of bottle-feeding was categorized in 24 months, 25-36 months, 37-48 months, and >48 months. Overbite and overjet were measured from the cast using a digital caliper. Canine relationship and terminal plane were also measured from the cast. The result of Pearson Correlation test revealed a weak relationship between the period of bottle-feeding and overbite (0,329) and overjet (r=0,372), whereas the result of Chi-Square test, used to investigate the correlation between canine (r=0,111) and terminal plane was not statistically significant (r=0,170). Anova test was carried out to observe the difference of overbite and overjet affected by duration of bottle-feeding. The result demonstrated an increase of overbite and overjet if duration of bottle-feeding was prolonged. Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration and overbite shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, 25-36 months, and group of 37-48 months. Meanwhile Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration on overjet shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, group of 37-48 months, and >48 months duration.

Muscular hypotonia is one of the clinical signs in patients with Down syndrome. As a characteristic of patients with Down syndrome, hypotonia is clearly evident in face expression and oral dysfunction. Dentocraniofacial growth abnormalities in patients with Down syndrome may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Stomatognathic system musculature as an environmental factor (factor outside the bone) can affect dentocraniofacial growth by orofacial muscles activities when chewing, swallowing, breathing, and speaking. Oral dysfunctions commonly seen in patients with Down syndrome are open mouth, protruding tongue posture, difficulties when chewing, swallowing, and speaking, drooling, and mouth breathing. The purpose of this study was to observe how the mastication muscular tone affecting the facial size of Down syndrome patient. Twenty five of 14–18 years old children with Down syndrome were diagnosed by clinical characteristic and cytogenetic examination. Mastication muscular tone was described by masseter and temporalis muscle synergy and oral function, whereas the facial size consisted of facial size of lateral, anteroposterior and vertical growth. The result of regression test revealed that the degree of mastication muscular tone has a significant effect on facial size of the anteroposterior growth and facial size of vertical growth, but did not significantly influence the facial size of lateral growth.

The premature loss of primary teeth will make the adjacent tooth drift due to the mesial force of the erupting posterior teeth in the growing child. To overcome this problem a space maintainer is needed. But, space maintainer needs to undergo a laboratorial process, which means needing more time and money. This paper reported a case with premature loss of maxillary first primary molar using space maintainer which can be used immediately, easy to do, and need low cost, a simple fixed space maintainer bonded with flowable resin composite.

Down’s syndrome is caused by chromosomal aberration, namely 21 trisomy. Skeletal and neurological disorders are found in Down’s syndrome patients. Skeletal disorder may cause craniofacial growth abnormalities whereas neurological disorder may cause brain growth defects, which result in mental retardation, as well as neuromuscular disorder, which results in muscular hypotonia. The aim of this study was to prove that facial shape in Down’s syndrome patient was not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by environmental factors such as cognitive capability, oral muscular exercises and oral muscular tone. The population consisted of Down’s syndrome children aged 14 to 18 years from Sekolah Luar Biasa (Special School) in Jakarta. Samples used in the study consisted of 25 Down’s syndrome patients. Clinical and cytogenic test were conducted to ensure a diagnosis. Lateral cephalograms were made to analyze facial shape by Fourier analysis on gonion angle. Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Social Quotient (SQ) tests, electromyography examination of the masseter and temporal muscles, oral function examination and speech therapy questionnaires to the respondents were performed. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Based on the results of the study, it could be concluded that the genetic factor is the main factor causing Down’s syndrome facial shape abnormalities. The environmental factors such as oral muscular tone, cognitive capability, and oral muscular exercises may also play a role in Down’s syndrome facial shape.

Children with Down syndrome (CDS) potentially have a high risk of oral health problems due to their poor oral hygiene issues. Intellectual disability in CDS complicates the delivery of education leading to the inadequacy of knowledge and the inefficient ability to maintain oral hygiene. The teaching of CDS requires a special approach and an edutainment method that utilizes digital development through Mobile Apps. To analyze the knowledge of CDS before and after using Gigiku Sehat Mobile Apps. This experimental study included 34 CDS aged 7-12 with dental health education using the Mobile app Gigiku Sehat. The Mobile apps and questionnaires were tested for validity and reliability before being used on respondents. Dental health education was conducted in a subject for seven days, 15 minutes per day accompanied by their parents. The scores assessment was done before, immediately, and after seven days of education using a Mobile app Gigiku Sehat. The Friedman test showed the difference between baseline, immediately after, and seven days of dental health knowledge after education using Mobile Apps statistically significant (p=.001). Mobile Apps Gigiku Sehat appears to be an effective learning method for dental health education in CDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]