Search

International audience; Background Loss of muscle mass worsens many diseases such as cancer and renal failure, contributes to the frailty syndrome , and is associated with an increased risk of death. Studies conducted on animal models have revealed the preponderant role of muscle proteolysis and in particular the activation of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). Studies conducted in humans remain scarce, especially within renal deficiency. Whether a shared atrophying programme exists independently of the nature of the disease remains to be established. The aim of this work was to identify common modifications at the transcriptomic level or the proteomic level in atrophying skeletal muscles from cancer and renal failure patients. Methods Muscle biopsies were performed during scheduled interventions in early-stage (no treatment and no detectable muscle loss) lung cancer (LC), chronic haemodialysis (HD), or healthy (CT) patients (n = 7 per group; 86% male; 69.6 ± 11.4, 67.9 ± 8.6, and 70.2 ± 7.9 years P > 0.9 for the CT, LC, and HD groups, respectively). Gene expression of members of the UPS, autophagy, and apoptotic systems was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. A global analysis of the soluble muscle proteome was conducted by shotgun proteomics for investigating the processes altered. Results We found an increased expression of several UPS and autophagy-related enzymes in both LC and HD patients. The E3 ligases MuRF1 (+56 to 78%, P < 0.01), MAFbx (+68 to 84%, P = 0.02), Hdm2 (+37 to 59%, P = 0.02), and MUSA1/Fbxo30 (+47 to 106%, P = 0.01) and the autophagy-related genes CTPL (+33 to 47%, P = 0.03) and SQSTM1 (+47 to 137%, P < 0.01) were overexpressed. Mass spectrometry identified >1700 proteins, and principal component analysis revealed three differential proteomes that matched to the three groups of patients. Orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis created a model, which distinguished the muscles of diseased patients (LC or HD) from those of CT subjects. Proteins that most contributed to the model were selected. Functional analysis revealed up to 238 proteins belonging to nine metabolic processes (inflammatory response, proteolysis, cytoskeleton organization, glucose metabolism, muscle contraction, oxidant detoxifica-tion, energy metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and extracellular matrix) involved in and/or altered by the atrophying programme in both LC and HD patients. This was confirmed by a co-expression network analysis. Conclusions We were able to identify highly similar modifications of several metabolic pathways in patients exhibiting diseases with different aetiologies (early-stage LC vs. long-term renal failure). This strongly suggests that a common atrophying programme exists independently of the disease in human.

Purpose Dosimetry for melanoma-targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) with [131 I]ICF01012, a melanin ligand, has been previously evaluated in mice bearing melanomas. In this study, activity distribution and dosimetry are performed on healthy rabbits (Fauve de Bourgogne) using SPECT-CT imaging and ex vivo measurements. Material and methods Ex vivo biodistribution (i.v. injection: 370 kBq/kg, n = 2 per point) is performed on blood, eyes, brain, lung, liver, kidneys, heart, stomach, and spleen. Dosimetry calculations follow the MIRD formalism: S values are calculated from CT images using the GATE Monte Carlo platform and activity distributions are obtained from SPECT-CT imaging (i.v. injection: 37 MBq/kg n = 3 per point). A specific study is presented to assess dose to human retina. Results Time-integrated activities based on SPECT-CT are in accordance with ex vivo measurements except for spleen. Doses to liver and eyes are the most significant, with respectively, 6.38 ± 0.50 Gy/GBq (evaluated through SPECT-CT imaging) and 45.8 ± 7.9 Gy/GBq (evaluated through ex vivo measurements). Characterization of ocular [131 I]ICF01012 biodistribution in rabbits and quantification of melanin allowed to assess a dose of 3.07 ± 0.70 Gy/GBq to human retina. Conclusion This study sustains [131 I]ICF01012 as a good candidate for melanoma TRT and open perspectives for personalized dosimetry calculation during phase I clinical transfer.

IntroductionSurgery is the standard curative treatment for lung cancer but is only possible in patients with local tumour and preserved exercise capacity. Improving fitness before surgery can reduce postoperative complications and mortality. However, preoperative rehabilitation remains difficult to implement for several reasons. We aim to investigate the effectiveness of an intensive 3-week home-based preoperative exercise training programme on hospital discharge ability, postoperative complications and physical performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are eligible for lung cancer surgery.Methods and analysisWe designed a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The randomisation sequence will be generated and managed electronically by a research manager independent of assessments or interventions. We will recruit 90 patients with COPD and a diagnosis of lung cancer from four university hospitals. The rehabilitation group (R group) will receive a standardised preoperative home exercise programme for 3 weeks, combining both high-intensity training and usual physical therapy. The R group will perform 15 training sessions over 3 weeks on a cycloergometer. A physical therapist experienced in pulmonary rehabilitation will visit the patient at home and supervise one session a week. The R group will be compared with a control group receiving preoperative usual physical therapy only. The primary outcome will be hospital discharge ability assessed with a 10-item list. Secondary outcomes will be postoperative course (complication rate and mortality) as well as pulmonary function, exercise capacity and quality of life assessed 1 month before and the day before surgery.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the French health authority for research (2016-A00622-49) and the research ethics committee/institutional review board (AU1267). Adverse events that occur during the protocol will be reported to the principal investigator. The results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03020251.

IF 2.562; International audience; Introduction In the last decade, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has had a major effect on thoracic surgery. Retrospective series have reported benefits of VATS when compared with open thoracotomy in terms of postoperative pain, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. However, no large randomised control trial has been conducted to assess the reality of the potential benefits of VATS lobectomy or its medicoeconomic impact.Methods and analysis The French National Institute of Health funded Lungsco01 to determine whether VATS for lobectomy is superior to open thoracotomy for the treatment of NSCLC in terms of economic cost to society. This trial will also include an analysis of postoperative outcomes, the length of hospital stay, the quality of life, long-term survival and locoregional recurrence. The study design is a two-arm parallel randomised controlled trial comparing VATS lobectomy with lobectomy using thoracotomy for the treatment of NSCLC. Patients will be eligible if they have proven or suspected lung cancer which could be treated by lobectomy. Patients will be randomised via an independent service. All patients will be monitored according to standard thoracic surgical practices. All patients will be evaluated at day 1, day 30, month 3, month 6, month 12 and then every year for 2 years thereafter. The recruitment target is 600 patients.Ethics and dissemination The protocol has been approved by the French National Research Ethics Committee (CPP Est I: 09/06/2015) and the French Medicines Agency (09/06/2015). Results will be presented at national and international meetings and conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration number NCT02502318.

We investigated the effects of betaine, C-phycocyanin (C-PC), and their combined use on the growth of A549 lung cancer bothin vitroandin vivo.When cells were coincubated with betaine and C-PC, an up to 60% decrease in viability was observed which is significant compared to betaine (50%) or C-PC treatment alone (no decrease). Combined treatment reduced the stimulation of NF-κB expression by TNF-αand increased the amount of the proapoptotic p38 MAPK. Interestingly, combined treatment induced a cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase for ~60% of cells.In vivostudies were performed in pathogen-free male nude rats injected with A549 cells in their right flank. Their daily food was supplemented with either betaine, C-PC, both, or neither. Compared to the control group, tumour weights and volumes were significantly reduced in either betaine- or C-PC-treated groups and no additional decrease was obtained with the combined treatment. This data indicates that C-PC and betaine alone may efficiently inhibit tumour growth in rats. The synergistic activity of betaine and C-PC on A549 cells growth observedin vitroremains to be further confirmedin vivo.The reason behind the nature of their interaction is yet to be sought.

Indication of pectus excavatum (PE) surgical treatment is a much-debated subject, especially regarding functional impact of the deformation. The pulmonary consequences of PE have been found not to be the limiting factor in exercise for these patients. On the other hand, the hemodynamic consequences

Introduction.-The aim of this study was to evaluate spontaneous physical activity, quality of life, including fatigue and sleep quality, and depression state, among patients with lung cancer waiting for a lung resection and to evaluate their eligibility to a physical training program. Subjects and methods. The level of spontaneous physical activity was evaluated 7 days before lung resection by wearing a Sense Wear Armband (R) during 3 days among 37 patients (mean age = 63.8 +/- 2.1 years) suffering for a non-small cell lung cancer. Quality of life and depression were respectively evaluated with EORTC-C30, EORTC-LC13, and Beck Depression Inventory questionnaires.Conclusions.-The main result shows that patients with early stage of non-small cells lung cancer have a good quality of life and an absence,of depressive symptoms. These patients are eligible for physical training programs suitable for making optimal surgical management of their disease.; Introduction. — Cette étude avait pour objectif d’évaluer l’activité physique spontanée, la qualité de vie (incluant la fatigue et la qualité de sommeil) et l’état de dépression des patients atteints du cancer du poumon non à petites cellules en attente de résection pulmonaire afin d’évaluer leur éligibilité à un programme d’entraînement adapté.Sujets et méthodes. — Trente-sept patients (âge = 63,8 ± 2,1 ans) atteints d’un cancer du poumon non à petites cellules ont été évalués sept jours avant résection pulmonaire, sur leur niveau d’activité physique spontanée durant 3 jours à l’aide d’un Armband (SenseWear®), sur leur qualité de vie (EORTC-C30 et EORTC-LC13) et leur état de dépression (Beck Depression Inventory).Conclusions. — Le résultat majeur de notre étude montre que les patients atteints d’un cancer du poumon non à petites cellules à un stade précoce présentent une qualité de vie satisfaisante et l’absence de symptôme dépressif prégnant. Ces patients sont éligibles à des programmes d’entraînement physiques adaptés pour une prise en harge chirurgicale optimale de leur pathologie.

International audience; BACKGROUND: Extended resection for lung cancer may improve survival of selected patients. Left-atrial resection is infrequently performed and surgical techniques are rarely reported; thus, oncologic results and survival rates remain uncertain. Our study describes surgical techniques, postoperative outcomes, and oncologic results of patients who received a combined multimodality treatment. METHODS: Between October 2004 and March 2012 in our institution, 19 patients underwent extended lung resection involving the left atrium without cardiopulmonary bypass. We reviewed perioperative treatments, surgical procedures, and postoperative morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival rates. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (68.4%) underwent neoadjuvant treatment including chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Eighteen pneumonectomies (94.7%) were performed, of which 12 (63.1%) were right sided. Dissection of the interatrial septum was complete in 4 patients (33.3%). Complete resection was achieved in 17 patients (89.4%) and 2 other patients (10.5%) were considered R1. The T-status was pT4 in all patients. Overall postoperative morbidity was 52.6%. The 30-day mortality rate was 10.5% and the 90-day mortality rate was 15.7%. Fifteen patients (93.7%) underwent adjuvant treatment. The mean follow-up time was 32.5 months. The 5-year probability of survival was 43.7%. Three patients (15.7%) were alive at greater than 6 years postsurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Extended lung surgery with partial resection of the left atrium is a feasible procedure with acceptable morbidity. An interatrial septum dissection, by increasing the length of the atrial cuff, allows complete resection. Long-term survival can be achieved in highly selected patients who have undergone multimodal therapy.

Lung cancer is the main cause of death by cancer worldwide. Despite the variety of available treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immune therapy, the average 5-year survival is 60%. One of the underlying reasons is a very high variability in patients’ susceptibility to treatment, explained by genetic background and since recently – our microbiota. The term microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and protists that inhabit our organism. The studies in animal models show that the gut microbiota (focused on bacteria) has a crucial role in host’s responsiveness to therapy through the stimulation of immune system. In this light, several “communication axes” between the gut and distal tumour sites have started to develop, including the “gut-lung” axis. However, the resident microbiota in the lungs that could directly influence the tumour response and interact with the gut microbiota has been scarcely characterised. To enable further development of the idea of the “gut-lung-lung cancer” axis, we included 18 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients eligible for surgery and analysed the microbiota from four different lung samples (non-malignant, peritumoural and tumour tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BAL), saliva and faeces by high-throughput sequencing. We also analysed several immune markers, as lymphocytic tumour infiltrate, Th and neutrophil profiles and cytokines in BAL and blood, and inflammatory markers in faeces along with short-chain fatty acids. Focusing first on the lungs, we show that BAL microbiota represents a significantly distinct community compared to lung tissue microbiota by providing detailed characterisation of the four different lung samples. Since tumours in lower lobes are reported as the ones with the worse prognosis, we investigated how the lobe location affected the microbiota composition. Peritumoural tissue and BAL microbiota were identified as the most affected in both abundance and diversity, and tumour as the least affected. However, phylum Firmicutes, previously reported as elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to controls, was found more abundant in microbiota from lower lung lobes. Therefore, we propose that both increase in Firmicutes and extensive changes in peritumoural tissue could be associated to increased aggressiveness of the lower lobe tumours. Next, we show that the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (LN), negative prognostic marker in NSCLC, significantly influence the local tissue microbiota in relation to its respiratory profile. We reported that anaerobic bacteria were more abundant within the tumour in the presence of metastatic LN, and aerobic bacteria within the one without it. Moreover, exactly inverse was observed for the same bacteria in extratumoural tissues. Along with migratory hypothesis depending on the bacterial preference for growth conditions shaped by tumour’s features, we propose several biomarkers for detection of metastatic LN that might facilitate their detection without imposing LN biopsy. Finally, we showed that BAL microbiota is the most associated to the local immune response and independent of the presence of metastatic LN. Future research will focus on the exploration of the interaction between the lung microbiota, systemic immunity and the gut microbiota.; Le cancer du poumon est la principale cause de décès par cancer dans le monde. En dépit de la variété de traitements disponibles, tels que la chirurgie, la chimiothérapie, la radiothérapie et l’immunothérapie, la survie moyenne à 5 ans est de 60 %. L’une des raisons sous-jacente est une très grande variabilité de réponse au traitement, expliquée par les antécédents génétiques du patient et depuis peu par son microbiote. Le terme « microbiote » regroupe les bactéries, les archées, les champignons, les virus et les protistes qui colonisent notre organisme. Des études utilisant des modèles animaux montrent que le microbiote intestinal joue un rôle crucial dans la réponse de l’hôte au traitement, via la stimulation du système immunitaire. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs « axes de communication » entre le site intestinal et les sites tumoraux distaux commencent à émerger, y compris l’axe « intestin-poumon ». Cependant, le microbiote pulmonaire, qui pourrait directement influencer la réponse tumorale et interagir avec le microbiote intestinal, est pour l’heure peu caractérisé. Afin de développer cette idée d’un axe « intestin, poumon et cancer du poumon », nous avons inclus dans notre étude 18 patients atteints d’un cancer du poumon non à petites cellules (CBNPC) admissibles à la chirurgie. Nous avons analysé leurs microbiotes par séquençage à haut débit à partir de quatre échantillons différents de poumon (tissu sain, tissus péritumoral et tumoral et fluide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire LBA) mais également à partir d’échantillons de salive et de fèces. Nous avons également analysé plusieurs marqueurs immunitaires (infiltration lymphocytaire des tumeurs, profils Th et neutrophiles, cytokines dans le LBA et le sang), des marqueurs inflammatoires et enfin les acides gras à chaînes courtes dans les fèces. Une caractérisation détaillée de ces quatre types d’échantillons de poumons nous a permis de montrer que le microbiote du LBA présente une communauté nettement distincte de celle du tissu pulmonaire. Les tumeurs des lobes inférieurs prédisant le plus mauvais pronostic, nous avons décidé d’étudier le lien entre l’emplacement des tumeurs et la composition du microbiote. Les microbiotes du tissu péritumoral et du LBA ont été identifiés comme étant les plus impactés en terme d’abondance et de diversité ; la tumeur est quant à elle moins impactée. Cependant nous avons observé que le phylum des Firmicutes, décrit comme étant élevé dans les maladies pulmonaires obstructives chroniques, est plus abondant dans le microbiote des lobes inférieurs du poumon. Par conséquent, nous pouvons émettre l’hypothèse que l’augmentation des Firmicutes et les variations importantes du microbiote dans le tissu péritumoral pourraient être associés à une agressivité accrue des tumeurs du lobe inférieur. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la présence de ganglions lymphatiques (GL) métastatiques, marqueur d’un pronostic négatif dans le NSCLC, influence considérablement le microbiote local de par le profil respiratoire du tissu. Nous avons en effet observé que les bactéries anaérobies étaient plus abondantes dans les tumeurs en présence de LN métastatiques. Les bactéries aérobies sont quant à elles plus représentées dans les tumeurs sans GL métastatiques. Nous avons cependant observé la situation inverse dans les tissus extratumoraux. L’hypothèse avancée est celle d’une migration bactérienne en fonction des préférences de conditions de croissance, directement liées aux caractéristiques de la tumeur. Ceci nous permet de proposer plusieurs biomarqueurs pour la détection de GL métastatique, facilitant ainsi leur détection sans imposer de biopsie. Enfin, nous montrons que le microbiote du LBA est d’avantage associé à la réponse immunitaire locale et est indépendant de la présence de GL métastatique. Les recherches à venir porteront sur l’exploration de l’interaction entre le microbiote pulmonaire, l’immunité systémique et le microbiote intestinal.

Lung cancer is the main cause of death by cancer worldwide. Despite the variety of available treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immune therapy, the average 5-year survival is 60%. One of the underlying reasons is a very high variability in patients’ susceptibility to treatment, explained by genetic background and since recently – our microbiota. The term microbiota includes bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses and protists that inhabit our organism. The studies in animal models show that the gut microbiota (focused on bacteria) has a crucial role in host’s responsiveness to therapy through the stimulation of immune system. In this light, several “communication axes” between the gut and distal tumour sites have started to develop, including the “gut-lung” axis. However, the resident microbiota in the lungs that could directly influence the tumour response and interact with the gut microbiota has been scarcely characterised. To enable further development of the idea of the “gut-lung-lung cancer” axis, we included 18 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients eligible for surgery and analysed the microbiota from four different lung samples (non-malignant, peritumoural and tumour tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; BAL), saliva and faeces by high-throughput sequencing. We also analysed several immune markers, as lymphocytic tumour infiltrate, Th and neutrophil profiles and cytokines in BAL and blood, and inflammatory markers in faeces along with short-chain fatty acids. Focusing first on the lungs, we show that BAL microbiota represents a significantly distinct community compared to lung tissue microbiota by providing detailed characterisation of the four different lung samples. Since tumours in lower lobes are reported as the ones with the worse prognosis, we investigated how the lobe location affected the microbiota composition. Peritumoural tissue and BAL microbiota were identified as the most affected in both abundance and diversity, and tumour as the least affected. However, phylum Firmicutes, previously reported as elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared to controls, was found more abundant in microbiota from lower lung lobes. Therefore, we propose that both increase in Firmicutes and extensive changes in peritumoural tissue could be associated to increased aggressiveness of the lower lobe tumours. Next, we show that the presence of metastatic lymph nodes (LN), negative prognostic marker in NSCLC, significantly influence the local tissue microbiota in relation to its respiratory profile. We reported that anaerobic bacteria were more abundant within the tumour in the presence of metastatic LN, and aerobic bacteria within the one without it. Moreover, exactly inverse was observed for the same bacteria in extratumoural tissues. Along with migratory hypothesis depending on the bacterial preference for growth conditions shaped by tumour’s features, we propose several biomarkers for detection of metastatic LN that might facilitate their detection without imposing LN biopsy. Finally, we showed that BAL microbiota is the most associated to the local immune response and independent of the presence of metastatic LN. Future research will focus on the exploration of the interaction between the lung microbiota, systemic immunity and the gut microbiota.; Le cancer du poumon est la principale cause de décès par cancer dans le monde. En dépit de la variété de traitements disponibles, tels que la chirurgie, la chimiothérapie, la radiothérapie et l’immunothérapie, la survie moyenne à 5 ans est de 60 %. L’une des raisons sous-jacente est une très grande variabilité de réponse au traitement, expliquée par les antécédents génétiques du patient et depuis peu par son microbiote. Le terme « microbiote » regroupe les bactéries, les archées, les champignons, les virus et les protistes qui colonisent notre organisme. Des études utilisant des modèles animaux montrent que le microbiote intestinal joue un rôle crucial dans la réponse de l’hôte au traitement, via la stimulation du système immunitaire. Dans ce contexte, plusieurs « axes de communication » entre le site intestinal et les sites tumoraux distaux commencent à émerger, y compris l’axe « intestin-poumon ». Cependant, le microbiote pulmonaire, qui pourrait directement influencer la réponse tumorale et interagir avec le microbiote intestinal, est pour l’heure peu caractérisé. Afin de développer cette idée d’un axe « intestin, poumon et cancer du poumon », nous avons inclus dans notre étude 18 patients atteints d’un cancer du poumon non à petites cellules (CBNPC) admissibles à la chirurgie. Nous avons analysé leurs microbiotes par séquençage à haut débit à partir de quatre échantillons différents de poumon (tissu sain, tissus péritumoral et tumoral et fluide de lavage broncho-alvéolaire LBA) mais également à partir d’échantillons de salive et de fèces. Nous avons également analysé plusieurs marqueurs immunitaires (infiltration lymphocytaire des tumeurs, profils Th et neutrophiles, cytokines dans le LBA et le sang), des marqueurs inflammatoires et enfin les acides gras à chaînes courtes dans les fèces. Une caractérisation détaillée de ces quatre types d’échantillons de poumons nous a permis de montrer que le microbiote du LBA présente une communauté nettement distincte de celle du tissu pulmonaire. Les tumeurs des lobes inférieurs prédisant le plus mauvais pronostic, nous avons décidé d’étudier le lien entre l’emplacement des tumeurs et la composition du microbiote. Les microbiotes du tissu péritumoral et du LBA ont été identifiés comme étant les plus impactés en terme d’abondance et de diversité ; la tumeur est quant à elle moins impactée. Cependant nous avons observé que le phylum des Firmicutes, décrit comme étant élevé dans les maladies pulmonaires obstructives chroniques, est plus abondant dans le microbiote des lobes inférieurs du poumon. Par conséquent, nous pouvons émettre l’hypothèse que l’augmentation des Firmicutes et les variations importantes du microbiote dans le tissu péritumoral pourraient être associés à une agressivité accrue des tumeurs du lobe inférieur. Nous avons ensuite démontré que la présence de ganglions lymphatiques (GL) métastatiques, marqueur d’un pronostic négatif dans le NSCLC, influence considérablement le microbiote local de par le profil respiratoire du tissu. Nous avons en effet observé que les bactéries anaérobies étaient plus abondantes dans les tumeurs en présence de LN métastatiques. Les bactéries aérobies sont quant à elles plus représentées dans les tumeurs sans GL métastatiques. Nous avons cependant observé la situation inverse dans les tissus extratumoraux. L’hypothèse avancée est celle d’une migration bactérienne en fonction des préférences de conditions de croissance, directement liées aux caractéristiques de la tumeur. Ceci nous permet de proposer plusieurs biomarqueurs pour la détection de GL métastatique, facilitant ainsi leur détection sans imposer de biopsie. Enfin, nous montrons que le microbiote du LBA est d’avantage associé à la réponse immunitaire locale et est indépendant de la présence de GL métastatique. Les recherches à venir porteront sur l’exploration de l’interaction entre le microbiote pulmonaire, l’immunité systémique et le microbiote intestinal.