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Objectives We sought to determine the optimal time to pre-activation for trauma team activation that resulted in maximum team efficiency, measured by the time to complete critical actions (TCCAs) during resuscitation. We hypothesized that there exists a time window for trauma team pre-activation that minimizes TCCA.Methods This is an exploratory retrospective analysis of video-reviewed traumas at a level 1 trauma center from January 1, 2018 to 28 February, 2022 that received the highest trauma team activation and had a pre-arrival notification. A total of 11 TCCA categories were calculated using video timestamps. To compare TCCAs from different categories, normalized TCCAs (nTCCAs) were calculated by dividing each TCCA by the median time of its category. Pre-activation times were categorized into three groups: long pre-activation (≥8 min), mid pre-activation (≥4 and ≤7 min), and short pre-activation (≥0 and ≤4).Results There were 466 video-recorded level 1 trauma activations, which resulted in 2334 TCCAs. Of the 466 activations, 152 occured on the patient’s arrival (0 min pre-activation). The majority (425) of patients had a pre-activation time of

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most diffused soft tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents. Herein, the authors identify the m6A machinery and the RNA helicase DDX5 as factors responsible for the increase of a subset of circRNAs in RMS, providing protein and RNA candidates for the study of its tumorigenicity.

Most studies of cohesin function consider the Stromalin Antigen (STAG/SA) proteins as core complex members given their ubiquitous interaction with the cohesin ring. Here, we provide functional data to support the notion that the SA subunit is not a mere passenger in this structure, but instead plays a key role in the localization of cohesin to diverse biological processes and promotes loading of the complex at these sites. We show that in cells acutely depleted for RAD21, SA proteins remain bound to chromatin, cluster in 3D and interact with CTCF, as well as with a wide range of RNA binding proteins involved in multiple RNA processing mechanisms. Accordingly, SA proteins interact with RNA, and R-loops, even in the absence of cohesin. Our results place SA1 on chromatin upstream of the cohesin ring and reveal a role for SA1 in cohesin loading which is independent of NIPBL, the canonical cohesin loader. We propose that SA1 takes advantage of structural R-loop platforms to link cohesin loading and chromatin structure with diverse functions. Since SA proteins are pan-cancer targets, and R-loops play an increasingly prevalent role in cancer biology, our results have important implications for the mechanistic understanding of SA proteins in cancer and disease.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are expressed and are regulated in many biological processes but little is known about their ability to directly control mRNA homeostasis. We show that circRNA zinc finger protein 609 (circZNF609) interacts with several mRNAs increasing the final protein levels, which in the case of the cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5) leads to a stabilized microtubule cytoskeleton and an enhanced tumor cell proliferation.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), covalently closed RNAs that originate from back-splicing events, participate in the control of several processes, including those that occur in the development of pathological conditions such as cancer. Hereby, we describe circAFF1, a circular RNA overexpressed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Using RH4 and RH30 cell lines, a classical cell line models for alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, we demonstrated that circAFF1 is a cytoplasmatic circRNA and its depletion impacts cell homeostasis favouring cell migration through the downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion pathways. The presented data underline the importance of this circular RNA as a new partial suppressor of the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma tumour progression and as a putative future therapeutic target.

This study consists of the experimental and numerical analysis of the phase transformations of 5Cr-0.5Mo.0.1C steel after heat treatment. The microstructure of the as-received steel comprised ferrite and bainite, which is in agreement with the microconstituents predicted by the Calphad-calculated TTT diagram. Calphad-based precipitation calculations show that the cooling stage of normalizing treatment did not cause carbide formation. In contrast, tempering at 700 °C for 15 min promotes the intergranular precipitation of Fe3C, M7C3 and M23C6 carbides, which is consistent with experimental results. Aging at 600 °C for short periods caused the precipitation of both M7C3 and M23C6 carbides; however, M23C6 is the dominant phase after prolonged aging. This is in agreement with experimental results. A rapid decrease in the steel hardness was observed after short aging, which is attributable to bainite transformation. Further reduction in hardness is associated with the diffusion-controlled coarsening of M23C6 carbide.

Crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) is an uncommon condition in which histiocytes accumulate a crystalline matter within their cytoplasm. Generally, those crystals are composed of either monoclonal or polyclonal immunoglobulin chains, which have a strong association with an underlying lymphoproliferative or plasma cell disorder (LP-PCD). Rarely, CSH has been reported as local or generalized manifestation of a variety of benign disorders. These cases are associated with crystals composed of nonimmunoglobulin substances. We are reporting an exceptional case of a local colonic CSH with Charcot–Leyden crystals. This patient underwent a screening colonoscopy that detected some polyps. The biopsy reported tubular adenomas, with a markedly dense, transmural inflammatory infiltrates, which were predominantly composed of eosinophils and crystal-storing histiocytes containing Charcot–Leyden crystals. The patient had a negative workup for LP-PCD and autoimmune conditions, including a normal skeletal survey and bone marrow aspirate/biopsy. The only positive laboratory workup was an elevated absolute eosinophil count and a positive IgG anti-Strongyloides antibody. Giving those findings, this parasitic infection is the most likely etiology of the CSH in our patient. Although there was an initial negative evaluation for LP-PCD, close monitoring of patients with either immunoglobulin or nonimmunoglobulin CSH is recommended.

Cutaneous involvement by precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL/LBL) is rare, and almost all cases are seen in association with bone marrow, blood, and/or lymph node involvement. Presentation with isolated skin involvement is very rare. Literature review revealed only one case report of primary cutaneous T-cell LBL. We discuss here another patient diagnosed with primary cutaneous T-cell LBL at our institute. This patient was initially misdiagnosed as having peripheral T-cell lymphoma NOS. Cytogenetic analysis showed the CDKN2A deletion (−9p21×2) in addition to three intact copies of ABL1 (+9q34). Although she failed multiple lines of intensive chemotherapy, her disease remained confined to the skin. We believe that this presentation of T-LBL is underreported, and many patients are likely misdiagnosed as having high-grade cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. With this case and literature review, we would like to highlight the importance of keeping lymphoblastic lymphoma on the differential diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma-like lesions to avoid delay in diagnosis and inappropriate treatment of this aggressive disease.

The rapid advancement of the digital age has driven significant developments in payment systems, influencing financial decisions and fostering economic activity. This study explores the use of cryptocurrencies as digital currencies in financial transactions, particularly in the context of investments, while assessing their compatibility with Islamic law. Employing a normative legal approach and a descriptive-analytical method, the research examines legal principles and facts concerning cryptocurrency regulation in Indonesia. The findings reveal that, despite the potential benefits of cryptocurrencies, their usage remains contentious from both regulatory and Islamic law perspectives. In Islamic law, cryptocurrency transactions are classified as haram lighairihi due to elements of uncertainty (gharar) and speculative risks, making them non-compliant with Sharia principles. As a solution, this study proposes a framework for integrating cryptocurrency exchanges with Rupiah transactions in accordance with Sharia economic principles. This integration aims to mitigate risks while maintaining the flexibility of digital transactions, ensuring they align with both regulatory standards and Islamic legal frameworks.

Introduction: Access to dental services is a challenge for lower to middle-income individuals. Tukang gigi, an alternative to dentists, offers more affordable oral health care. Governed by Ministry of Health Regulation No. 39 of 2014, tukang gigi's authority is limited to acrylic dentures. However, evidence shows unauthorized practices, posing health risks like misdiagnosis and complications. This not only jeopardizes patient health but also undermines the credibility of the dental health profession, eroding public trust. Purposes of the Research: The aim of the research is to find out the legality of dental practices that exceed their authority with a policy approach to the community's need for cheap access to health Methods of the Research: The research employs a literature study method, specifically normative legal research, focusing on legal norms in laws and regulations. Following a systematic process of collecting, reading, recording, and analyzing library data, the study adopts a doctrinal legal research approach. The emphasis is on elaborating and explaining collected data related to the main research topics. Results of the Research: The current law limits tukang gigi to making and installing detachable dentures that meet health standards. However, tukang gigi often put braces, remove tartar, and color braces outside their allowed scope. Therefore, tukang gigi are not accountable for their activities, leaving consumers or service users vulnerable to malpractice. Despite benefiting from dental artisan work, consumers are ignorant of legal protections when these practitioners breach government rules. Tukang gigi often break the law owing to a lack of information or compliance, so they are at risk without legal protection. In contrast to Spain, where denturists cannot practice dentistry. Only dentists and dental technicians are legally recognized in Spain. This is because dentistry skill requires strict requirements. Dental professionals monitor actions closely to reduce misconduct. Dental care is affordable.

The Karnataka state government banned the hijab in schools on February 5, 2022, and several women petitioned the Karnataka High Court to overturn it. A panel of three judges concluded on March 15, 2022, that the hijab is not an important Islamic practice. By punishing females for their wardrobe choices, the court stressed conformity above girls' access to education. The hijab prohibition is part of a pattern of discrimination against Muslim women that violates their human rights. With the rise of authoritarianism, a new form of feminism is emerging in which Muslim girls in India are challenging the authorities and resisting asserting their identity and preferences. Previous research has described human rights violations experienced by Indian female students regarding court decisions. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to investigate the human rights violations that have been disclosed as a result of India's hijab ban which employs normative juridical research methodologies. The method refers to a legal research approach that involves the examination of written law from multiple perspectives. The High Court's verdict worsens Muslim girls and women's education-related harassment, trauma, and prejudice. Muslim students removing their hijabs and burqas before entering schools is a difficult topic that requires neutrality. The verdict would affect the Indian Constitution and the Muslim population, especially hijab-wearing women. United Nations (UN) Women has backed all initiatives of India's Ministry of Women and Child Development that seek to advocate for those affected by the hijab ban to promote gender equality and prevent discrimination against women.

Even though conflicts between supporters caused the majority of the riots, other factors were no less important. Specifically, those related to the organization of football matches that were not yet professional could not guarantee security or order. The incident at Kanjuruhan Stadium serves as a significant reminder that hosting football matches without prioritizing proper safety measures and collaborative procedures will undoubtedly fail to promote fair competition in line with the principles of organizing sporting events that uphold sportsmanship, fair play, and respect. This paper is compiled through normative research by prioritizing secondary data that focuses on statutory and case approach, which are collected and analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results shows that the legal construction used in carrying out security by the Police in the Kanjuruhan Tragedy refers to the Regulation of the Chief of Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2009 on the Use of Force in Police Action while after the Kanjuruhan Tragedy, the Police compiled a new legal construction, the Republic of Indonesia National Police Regulation Indonesia Number 10 of 2022 on Security for the Implementation of Sports Competitions which can be used specifically in securing the implementation of football in Indonesia

Background: Open reduction and internal fixation with plate is one of the most widely used treatments for distal third humeral shaft fractures. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of the treatment of distal third humeral shaft fractures with posterior minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with segmental isolation of the radial nerve. Methods: We performed an observational, retrospective, consecutive, monocentric, continuous multioperator study. We reviewed 22 distal third humeral shaft fractures treated with posterior MIPO in our institution with an extra-articular distal humerus plate from 2018 to 2021. Inclusion was limited to functionally independent patients with displaced fractures involving the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the humerus and minimum 12-month follow-up for implant removal. We assessed clinical outcomes including range of motion; QuickDASH score; Mayo Elbow Performance Score; and Constant-Murley score. Results: The average follow-up period of the sample was 31.7 ± 11.6 months (range, 15.7-51.3 months). The average elbow flexion and extension were 146.4° ± 7.3° (range, 120°-150°) and −0.7° ± 3.3° (range, −15° to 0°), respectively. The average shoulder anterior flexion, elevation, and abduction were 178.6° ± 3.6° (range, 170°-180°), 179.1° ± 2.9° (range, 170°-180°), and 140.9° ± 14.8° (range, 110°-160°), respectively. The average external rotation was 88.6° ± 6.4 (range, 65°-90°). The mean visual analog scale score for pain was 1.0 ± 1.6 (range, 0-5) and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 90.5 ± 9.9 (range, 70-100). The mean QuickDASH and Constant–Murley scores were 4.7 ± 6.8 (range, 0-20.5) and 95.5 ± 5.1 (range, 81-100), respectively. Two patients presented with relevant compromise of radial nerve motor function postoperatively (M3 and M2; the more compromised was preoperative injury). All patients recovered radial nerve neuropraxia within six weeks postoperatively. All fractures achieved union. The average anteroposterior and lateral axis were 175.0 ± 3.6 (168.0°-180.0°) and 177.5 ± 2.0 (173.0°-180.0°), respectively. No superficial or deep infection was reported. No cases of re-displacement of fracture, implant failure, or any other implant-related complication in follow-up were reported. No patient required plate withdrawal. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the posterior MIPO technique is a reliable option for treating distal third shaft humeral fractures. The radial nerve must be identified and protected in all cases to prevent palsy.

A better understanding of multiple myeloma (MM) biology has led to the development of novel therapies. However, MM is still an incurable disease and new pharmacological strategies are needed. Dinaciclib, a multiple cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, which inhibits CDK1, 2, 5 and 9, displays significant antimyeloma activity as found in phase II clinical trials. In this study, we have explored the mechanism of dinaciclib‐induced death and evaluated its enhancement by different BH3 mimetics in MM cell lines as well as in plasma cells from MM patients. Our results indicate a synergistic effect of dinaciclib‐based combinations with B‐cell lymphoma 2 or B‐cell lymphoma extra‐large inhibitors, especially in MM cell lines with partial dependence on myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (MCL‐1). Simultaneous treatment with dinaciclib and BH3 mimetics ABT‐199 or A‐1155463 additionally showed a synergistic effect in plasma cells from MM patients, ex vivo. Altered MM cytogenetics did not affect dinaciclib response ex vivo, alone or in combined treatment, suggesting that these combinations could be a suitable therapeutic option for patients bearing cytogenetic alterations and poor prognosis. This work also opens the possibility to explore cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 inhibition as a targeted therapy in MM patients overexpressing or with high dependence on MCL‐1.

Introducción: La fractura diafisaria de húmero es frecuente y, en la actualidad, se privilegia el tratamiento quirúrgico. La consolidación en mala rotación puede causar un deterioro de la función y artrosis a largo plazo. Con las técnicas mínimamente invasivas, es difícil manejar la rotación intraoperatoria al no tener una visión directa de la reducción fracturaria. Objetivo: Describir criterios radiográficos para la reducción rotatoria en las fracturas diafisarias de húmero. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de radiografías de húmero comparando criterios radiográficos del húmero distal entre radiografías con rotación interna (sin retroversión proximal) y rotación externa (con retroversión fisiológica). Criterios estudiados: sobreproyección del epicóndilo lateral por sobre el capitellum >50%, esclerosis del borde inferior de la fosa olecraneana, esclerosis del borde lateral de la fosa olecraneana y asimetría de la fosa olecraneana. Resultados: El 97% de las 200 radiografías estudiadas cumplió con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Sobreproyección del epicóndilo por sobre el capitellum: 83,3% de los casos; esclerosis del borde inferior de la fosa olecraneana: 30%, esclerosis del borde lateral de la fosa olecraneana: 86,6% y asimetría: 80% de ellas. Todos los criterios con significancia estadística (p

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) has been proposed to be a crucial process for antitumor immunosurveillance. ICD is characterized by the exposure and emission of Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP), including calreticulin (CRT). A positive correlation between CRT exposure or total expression and improved anticancer immunosurveillance has been found in certain cancers, usually accompanied by favorable patient prognosis. In the present study, we sought to evaluate CRT levels in the plasma membrane of CD38+ bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) isolated from 71 patients with varying degrees of multiple myeloma (MM) disease and examine the possible relationship between basal CRT exposure and the bone marrow immune microenvironment, as well as its connection with different clinical markers. Data show that increased levels of cell surface-CRT were associated with more aggressive clinical features and with worse clinical prognosis in MM. High CRT expression in MM cells was associated with increased infiltration of NK cells, CD8+ T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC), indicative of an active anti-tumoral immune response, but also with a significantly higher presence of immunosuppressive Treg cells and increased expression of PD-L1 in myeloma cells.

Background: Tension band wiring and plates are the most widely used treatments for transverse displaced fractures of olecranon despite high rates of hardware complications, subsequent implant removal, and associated costs. The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of displaced transverse olecranon fractures treated with intramedullary screw and suture tension band. Methods: We performed an observational, retrospective, consecutive, monocentric, continuous multioperator study. We reviewed 31 Mayo type IIA displaced olecranon fractures treated in our institution with intramedullary 6.5 mm AO cancellous screw and high-strength suture tension band (No. 2 FiberWire®) from 2016 to 2018. Inclusion was limited to functionally independent patients with Mayo type IIA fractures and minimum 24-month follow-up for implant removal. We assessed clinical outcomes including range of motion; QuickDASH score; and Mayo Elbow Performance Score. Categorical data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Continuous data were analyzed with the Student t-test or Mann-Whitney U test after assessment for normality. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA 16 software. Results: Twenty-seven patients with a mean follow-up period of 38.4 ± 6.2 months (range, 24.1-50 months) were included in the study. The average flexion was 134.5° ± 14.8° (range, 70°-140°) and the mean extension was −5.9° ± 7.0° (range, −20°-0°). Mean pronation and supination were 85.8° ± 11.9° (range, 45°-90°) and 86.9° ± 14.3° (range, 20°-90°), respectively. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 90.8 ± 9.6 (range, 70-100) with 92.3% good and excellent results. The mean QuickDASH score was 17.1 ± 16 (range, 0-54.5). There were 3 hardware-related removals (11.1%). The overall removal rate was 18.5%. Univariate analysis of the factors associated with implant removal were pain in relation to the implant (60% vs. 11%, P = 0.0482), proximal screw migration (3.7 mm vs. 1.7 mm, P = 0.05), articular angle (22.5° vs. 27.7°, P = 0.0353), and olecranon width (22.2 mm vs. 24.4 mm, P = 0.0166). In total, 26.1% of the cases presented some degree of proximal migration of the implant (2.7 ± 1.8 mm of migration; range, 1.5-6.2 mm). Univariate analysis of the factors associated with implant proximal migration were proximal ulnar dorsal angulation (1.7° vs. 6.4°, P = 0.0179), anteroposterior endomedullary canal (7.3 mm vs. 6.0 mm, P = 0.0369), and lateral endomedullary canal (7.2 mm vs. 5.0 mm, P = 0.0219). Conclusion: The functional outcomes of simple transverse olecranon fractures treated with an intramedullary cancellous screw and a suture tension band are excellent, associated with a low rate of complications and material removal.

This research study aims to analyze life histories connected to post-traumatic growth of victims of forced displacement in El Carmen de Atrato, department of Chocó (Colombia). The study was based on the qualitative methodology using a descriptive approach. The in-depth interview was used as a technique and the interpretative life history analysis was used as a method. In a sample of life histories, post-traumatic growth after forced displacement was analyzed. The changes with the greatest impact found in this research study include personal strength, new possibilities and a new assessment of life that attest to a change in self-perception. A change was also observed in interpersonal relationships with improvement in social interactions. Finally, an increase or strengthening in the beliefs of the participants was found, which indicates moderate levels of spiritual growth.

Imaginaries, a psychosocial conceptual review Resumen El texto se configura como un proceso de verificación conceptual hacia investigaciones sociales de imaginarios en torno al perdón y la reconciliación; sin embargo, el interés hace un recorrido de verificación y sistematización conceptual de los imaginarios como procesos de construcción social que facilita la incorporación al sujeto de la realidad, su participación y la dinámica del entorno. La metodología consistió en un proceso de rastreo sistemático deductivo en la búsqueda conceptual desde la visión general de los imaginarios hasta lo particular, el imaginario Psicosocial. El objetivo se centra en analizar las diferentes perspectivas de los imaginarios psicosociales, la relación con la cultura y el sentido de los mismos. Es un recorrido conceptual que se aborda desde una perspectiva general de los imaginarios, los tipos de imaginarios y los imaginarios sociales como fuente de verificación para las investigaciones en este sentido. Las conclusiones conllevan a pensar los imaginarios basados desde la subjetividad que converge con la cultura en tiempo y espacio para la formulación de los mismos, y como facilitadores de aceptación del entorno. Palabras claves: Imaginarios, cultura, imaginarios psicosociales. Abstract The text is formed as a process of conceptual validation towards social researches on imaginaries concerning the pardon and the reconciliation; however, the interest takes a tour of validation and conceptual systematization of the imaginaries as processes of social construction that facilitate the incorporation to the subject of the reality, his participation and the dynamics of the environment. The methodology included a process of systematic deductive tracking in the concept search from the overall vision of the imaginaries to the particular one, the psychosocial imaginary. The objective of this study is to analyze the different perspectives of the psychosocial imaginaries, the relation with the culture and their significance. It is a conceptual tour approached from a general perspective of the imaginaries, the types of imaginary and the social imaginaries as source of validation for the researches in this sense. The conclusions lead to thinking on the imaginaries from the subjectivity that converge with the culture in time and space for its formulation, and as facilitators of the acceptance of the environment. Key words: Imaginaries, culture, psychosocial imaginaries,

Searching for generic behaviors has been one of the driving forces leading to a deep understanding and classification of diverse phenomena. Usually a starting point is the development of a phenomenology based on observations. Such is the case for power law distributions encountered in a wealth of situations coming from physics, geophysics, biology, lexicography as well as social and financial networks. This finding is however restricted to a range of values outside of which finite size corrections are often invoked. Here we uncover a universal behavior of the way in which elements of a system are distributed according to their rank with respect to a given property, valid for the full range of values, regardless of whether or not a power law has previously been suggested. We propose a two parameter functional form for these rank-ordered distributions that gives excellent fits to an impressive amount of very diverse phenomena, coming from the arts, social and natural sciences. It is a discrete version of a generalized beta distribution, given by f(r) = A(N+1-r)(b)/r(a), where r is the rank, N its maximum value, A the normalization constant and (a, b) two fitting exponents. Prompted by our genetic sequence observations we present a growth probabilistic model incorporating mutation-duplication features that generates data complying with this distribution. The competition between permanence and change appears to be a relevant, though not necessary feature. Additionally, our observations mainly of social phenomena suggest that a multifactorial quality resulting from the convergence of several heterogeneous underlying processes is an important feature. We also explore the significance of the distribution parameters and their classifying potential. The ubiquity of our findings suggests that there must be a fundamental underlying explanation, most probably of a statistical nature, such as an appropriate central limit theorem formulation.

Summary In this study, we show the proof of concept for the production of defined oligo‐isoprenoids with terminal functional groups that can be used as starting materials for various purposes including the synthesis of isoprenoid‐based plastics. To this end, we used three types of rubber oxygenases for the enzymatic cleavage of rubber [poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene)]. Two enzymes, rubber oxygenase RoxAXsp and rubber oxygenase RoxBXsp, originate from Xanthomonas sp. 35Y; the third rubber oxygenase, latex‐clearing protein (LcpK30), is derived from Gram‐positive rubber degraders such as Streptomyces sp. K30. Emulsions of polyisoprene (latex) were treated with RoxAXsp, RoxBXsp, LcpK30 or with combinations of the three proteins. The cleavage products were purified by solvent extraction and FPLC separation. All products had the same general structure with terminal functions (CHO‐CH2‐ and ‐CH2‐COCH3) but differed in the number of intact isoprene units in between. The composition and m/z values of oligo‐isoprenoid products were determined by HPLC‐MS analysis. Our results provide a method for the preparation of reactive oligo‐isoprenoids that can likely be used to convert polyisoprene latex or rubber waste materials into value‐added molecules, biofuels, polyurethanes or other polymers.

Neither the CTP sex effect of female CTP derived from cryopreserved human placental membranes, nor male CTP bioengineered from living human keratinocytes and foreskin fibroblasts has been described. Healing in wounds was examined to establish the CTP sex' s role in both males and females. Cisgender CTP wounds had better closure. Overall, male PC, PC-End, and CC rates over time were better than female rates. Outcomes were affected by access, etiology, and follow-up.