Search

Neck pain can induce specific motor responses and alterations in muscle strength. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the progression of cervical muscle strength within and between students with and without neck pain over the course of their first semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation, and neck strength in flexion, extension, and lateral flexion on both sides was measured using the KForce Bubble Pro hand-held dynamometer. Forty-four students were divided into neck pain (n = 21) and asymptomatic (n = 23) groups. Both groups increased neck strength by the end of the semester in flexion, extension, and left and right lateral flexion (p < 0.001). Students experiencing neck pain showed a significantly lesser degree of improvement (p = 0.036) in right lateral flexion. The agonist/antagonist ratios revealed an enhanced role of neck extensors across both groups. Dental students showed overall increased cervical strength in their first semester of clinical training. Those with neck pain exhibited a diminished rate of strength gain in right lateral flexion when compared with students without pain by the semester’s end, suggesting different neuromuscular adjustments to clinical practice in students experiencing pain, which may lead to functional impairments in later training stages.

Cervical pain has been linked to increased motor unit activity, potentially associated with the initiation and progression of chronic neck pain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the time-course changes in cervical superficial muscle activation patterns among dental students with and without neck pain throughout their initial semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation between neck pain (NP) (n = 21) and control group (CG) (n = 23). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the sternocleidomastoid and upper bilateral trapezius was recorded before starting their clinical practice and after their first semester while performing a cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) in five increasing levels between 22 mmHg and 30 mmHg. After the first semester, both the CG (p < 0.001) and NP (p = 0.038) groups showed decreased sternocleidomastoid activation. The NP group exhibited a concomitant increase in upper trapezius coactivation (p < 0.001), whereas the muscle activation pattern in asymptomatic students remained unchanged (p = 0.980). During the first semester of clinical training, dental students exhibited decreased superficial flexor activity, but those with neck pain had increased co-contraction of the upper trapezius, likely to stabilize the painful segment. This altered activation pattern could be associated with further dysfunction and symptoms, potentially contributing to chronicity.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in dental students and analyze the potential associated risk factors. Methods: This review was registered in PROSPERO with the number CRD42022349864. We performed a meta-analysis calculating event rates with relative 95% confidence intervals for each body region. Two investigators systematically searched Cochrane, Pubmed, Scopus, and EBSCO databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Sixteen studies, with 3761 dental students, were included. The highest 7-day prevalence was in the lower back (27.2%; 95% CI 20–35), neck (27%; 95% CI 19.1–35.8), and upper back (24.2%; 95% CI 17.2–32). Yearly occurrence was mainly in the neck (51%; 95% CI 41–61), followed by shoulders (45.3%; 95% CI 37.6–53.1) and lower back (42%; 95% CI 34.1–50.2) and a fraction of these reported that symptoms in lower-back (15.2%; 95% CI 12.1–18.5), neck (13.9%; 95% CI 10.6–17.5) and shoulders (12.2%; 95% CI 8.7–16.3) affected work or normal activities. Associated contributing factors include female sex, poor posture habits, inadequate ergonomics knowledge, sedentary lifestyle, high physical activity levels, poor quality of life, and smoking. In contrast, engaging in physical exercise has positively impacted mitigating the risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusions: WMSDs have a high prevalence among dental students, particularly in the cervicothoracic, lumbar, and shoulder regions, having a significant impact since training years. Further research with a multidimensional approach with psychosocial and physical assessments is recommended to understand this issue thoroughly.

In this paper we present the first formally verified implementations of Kyber and, to the best of our knowledge, the first such implementations of any post-quantum cryptosystem. We give a (readable) formal specification of Kyber in the EasyCrypt proof assistant, which is syntactically very close to the pseudocode description of the scheme as given in the most recent version of the NIST submission. We present high-assurance open-source implementations of Kyber written in the Jasmin language, along with machine-checked proofs that they are functionally correct with respect to the EasyCrypt specification. We describe a number of improvements to the EasyCrypt and Jasmin frameworks that were needed for this implementation and verification effort, and we present detailed benchmarks of our implementations, showing that our code achieves performance close to existing hand-optimized implementations in C and assembly.

Handball is a demanding sport with risk of overuse injuries. We aimed to compare scapular motion, the external/internal rotator strength ratio, and shoulder rotator range of motion of handball athletes with and without a history of overuse injury. Cross-sectional data were collected from male handball athletes. The results showed no differences between groups, except for dyskinesia in final assessment position and external rotation range of motion. Scapular dyskinesis prevalence was high in both groups. These findings emphasize the importance of identifying and addressing these risk factors in injury prevention and rehabilitation programs for handball athletes.

Health professionals like physiotherapists require additional choices in portable dynamometers to conduct evaluations pre- and post-intervention in order to accurately measure the efficacy of treatments and patient progression and to adjust rehabilitation goals. New dynamometers have arrived on the market, but there is no evidence for performance of the Kinvent. This study aimed to investigate intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC one-or-two-way-random-model/Bland–Altman) of the Kinvent hand-held dynamometer in the muscle groups of the lower and upper limbs (COSMIN guidelines). The Kinvent showed a good to excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability for almost all the upper and lower limbs movements assessed. Ankle dorsiflexion was moderate in all assessments.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are concerning among dental students. The study aims to compare the prevalence of MSDs between male and female dental students. A total of 63 dental students completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The results showed that female students had a higher prevalence of symptoms in the neck and lower back compared to those of the male students. In the weekly assessment, male students had a higher occurrence of symptoms in the hands and wrists. These findings emphasize the need to address musculoskeletal issues among dental students, targeting their different etiologies to prevent disabilities and early retirements associated with MSDs.

N/a.

Background and aimsThis is the first time that obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) as protein conformational diseases (PCD) are reported in children and they are typically diagnosed too late, when β-cell damage is evident. Here we wanted to investigate the level of naturally-ocurring or real (not synthetic) oligomeric aggregates of the human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) that we called RIAO in sera of pediatric patients with obesity and diabetes. We aimed to reduce the gap between basic biomedical research, clinical practice-health decision making and to explore whether RIAO work as a potential biomarker of early β-cell damage.Materials and methodsWe performed a multicentric collaborative, cross-sectional, analytical, ambispective and blinded study; the RIAO from pretreated samples (PTS) of sera of 146 pediatric patients with obesity or DM and 16 healthy children, were isolated, measured by sound indirect ELISA with novel anti-hIAPP cytotoxic oligomers polyclonal antibody (MEX1). We carried out morphological and functional studied and cluster-clinical data driven analysis.ResultsWe demonstrated by western blot, Transmission Electron Microscopy and cell viability experiments that RIAO circulate in the blood and can be measured by ELISA; are elevated in serum of childhood obesity and diabetes; are neurotoxics and works as biomarkers of early β-cell failure. We explored the range of evidence-based medicine clusters that included the RIAO level, which allowed us to classify and stratify the obesity patients with high cardiometabolic risk.ConclusionsRIAO level increases as the number of complications rises; RIAOs > 3.35 μg/ml is a predictor of changes in the current indicators of β-cell damage. We proposed a novel physio-pathological pathway and shows that PCD affect not only elderly patients but also children. Here we reduced the gap between basic biomedical research, clinical practice and health decision making.

Cutaneous metastasis has a frequency of 1 to 10% among all metastatic cancer forms and breast cancer accounts for 30% of all cases. We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with 4 skin lesions distributed across the upper trunk and abdomen; these had developed over a period of 12 months. Over the previous 6 months she had also developed anorexia, asthenia and weight loss. Upon investigation, a nodular mass was found in the left breast. Skin and breast mass biopsy were performed. Histology confirmed the diagnosis: infiltrating lobular breast cancer with cutaneous metastasis. The patient underwent hormonal treatment, mastectomy and radiotherapy. In rare cases, cutaneous metastasis appears as the first clinical manifestation of breast cancer. It is therefore crucial for patients and health professionals alike to be aware of new skin lesions. Cutaneous metastasis is a diagnostic sign of cancer that, it must be emphasised, is not restricted exclusively to later forms of the disease.

Objetivo: A laqueação e secção do cordão umbilical são procedimentos universais ao nascimento, marcando o início do processo de cicatrização do coto remanescente. Os cuidados ao coto umbilical, com vista à redução do risco infeccioso e morbimortalidade associada, variam com a tradição do país e a prática das diferentes unidades de saúde, persistindo controvérsia acerca dos melhores cuidados a instituir. O objetivo desta revisão é determinar, à luz da evidência atual, se a desinfeção do cordão umbilical contribui para uma redução da morbilidade perinatal dos recém-nascidos com parto em contexto hospitalar nos países desenvolvidos. Fontes de dados: MEDLINE, National Guideline Clearinghouse, NICE Guidelines Finder, Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines Infobase, The Cochrane Library, DARE, Bandolier, sítios de medicina baseada na evidência e referências bibliográficas dos artigos selecionados. Métodos de revisão: Foi feita uma pesquisa de normas de orientação clínica, meta-análises, revisões sistemáticas e ensaios clínicos aleatorizados. Foram utilizados os termos MeSH ‘Chlorhexidine’, ‘Disinfectants’ e ‘Umbilical cord’ e pesquisados artigos publicados desde agosto 2005 até agosto 2015, em inglês, castelhano e português. Para avaliação dos níveis de evidência e atribuição das forças de recomendação foi usada a escala Strength of recommendation taxonomy, da American Family Physicians. Resultados: Da pesquisa efetuada foram encontrados 315 artigos, dos quais três cumpriam os critérios de inclusão: uma meta-análise, que revelou não haver diferenças significativas na incidência de onfalite com a aplicação de antisséptico comparando com placebo; e duas normas de orientação clínica, que referiam que a aplicação de antimicrobianos não é superior à lavagem e secagem do cordão umbilical para a prevenção de infeções e colonização bacteriana do cordão. Conclusões: A evidência disponível não é suficiente para a recomendação de uso de antissépticos no cordão umbilical em contexto hospitalar nos países desenvolvidos (força de recomendação A). Neste contexto aconselha-se, portanto, apenas a lavagem e secagem do cordão. Contudo, existe ainda a necessidade de mais estudos de elevada qualidade (nomeadamente ensaios controlados e aleatorizados), de metodologia homogénea e amostras relevantes que suportem esta evidência.

O sulco perineal é uma malformação congénita ano-retal rara, com incidência não determinada. É quase exclusiva do sexo feminino e ainda é incerta qual a sua origem embriológica. Descrevemos o caso de um recém-nascido do sexo feminino que teve alta do Berçário sem intercorrências ou alterações identificadas. Na primeira consulta na unidade de saúde familiar identificámos um sulco de base mucosa estendendo-se da comissura vaginal posterior ao ânus. Com este caso clínico pretendemos salientar a raridade do sulco perineal e a importância de uma anamnese e exame físicos cuidados aos recém-nascidos.

The object of this text, supported in the demonstration of power or influence of media and its responsibility, sometimes contradicted by the construction of information of negative and derogatory nature of the new "others" who live among us, that is to say, international migrants seeking new opportunities in western countries, consists in defending that the media can play an important role in the construction of a culturally inclusive citizenship, as an ethical project of equalitarian respect for all human beings, and that this leading role goes essentially through the "justice of the media" when news coverage of immigrant alterity, by promoting a culture of tolerance and mutual understanding, beyond deconstruction of negative myths about immigrants and recognition that can be, even now, agents of a "citizenship” communicational.

The educational activity of civil society, due to excessive focus on instruction, has not been valued as it should, but today, given the urgent need to build viable social future in the multicultural arenas of the big cities, we need to rediscover and to rescue it for this task. The purpose of this article, after reviewing the diversification and complexity of multicultural social arenas as a result of mass immigration to urban cosmopolitan areas and to discuss the alternatives facing, with realism and sustainability, the future in these areas, consists on revaluating the educational potential of the institutions of civil society and of placing it, in concrete and strategic terms, to the service of a new paradigm of social relationships in multicultural urban spaces.

A progressiva complexificação cultural das sociedades contemporâneas, que se seguiu à extraordinária aceleração da mobilidade e da movimentação das pessoas através das fronteiras dos Estados, vem criando enormes desafios à coesão e à convivência no interior desses cenários e exige, em respeito aos princípios fundamentais da democracia e aos direitos humanos, respostas urgentes e adequadas. As entidades governamentais, por meio de políticas sociais e culturais de antidiscriminação e de redistribuição de bens e serviços, são necessárias ao desenho dessas respostas, porém, não são suficientes para induzir a estima social pelos estranhos culturais, em particular os recém-chegados aos países economicamente mais estáveis e avançados. O apreço pelos outros culturalmente diferentes depende essencialmente de uma mudança de atitudes e comportamentos e estes só podem evoluir para formas mais amigas das diferenças culturais com a contribuição da sociedade civil mediante uma pedagogia do exemplo, centrada em novos valores, novas atitudes, novos olhares e novos comportamentos. Este texto, a partir da análise e da reflexão sobre essa problemática, argumenta em favor do papel educativo da sociedade civil na organização da vida em comum entre estranhos culturais e propõe as linhas mestras da pedagogia que redefine a agenda educativa dessa sociedade em contextos multiculturais.The progressive cultural complexity of contemporary societies in the wake of the extraordinary acceleration of mobility and of people's movement across state frontiers is creating enormous challenges for cohesion and living within those scenarios, and requires, in a framework of respect for fundamental principles of democracy and human rights, urgent and appropriate responses. The governmental agencies, through policies of social and cultural anti-discrimination and redistribution of goods and services, are necessary to the design of these responses. However, they are not sufficient to induce social esteem by cultural strangers, especially the newcomers to economically more stable and advanced countries. The esteem for culturally different persons is essentially dependent on a change of attitudes and behavior and these can only evolve into more friendly forms of cultural differences with the contribution of civil society through pedagogy of example focused in new values, new attitudes, new visions and new behaviors. The purpose of this text, analyzing and reflecting on this issue, argues in favor of the educational role of civil society in the organization of life in common between cultural strangers and it proposes, with some detail, the broad lines of pedagogy that redefines the educational agenda of civil society in multicultural contexts.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo proyecta una nueva mirada sobre la conocida relación entre la educación, la ciudadanía y la sociedad civil, repensando, con espíritu crítico, los sentidos y las articulaciones que esa relación puede asumir en la cotidianidad de sociedades profundamente marcadas por las dinámicas de la cosmopolitización y por las exigencias de un reconocimiento sin márgenes para discriminaciones. La intención es aclarar, en primer lugar, la necesidad de reconfigurar las relaciones de la educación con la ciudadanía, sabiendo que los nuevos conceptos de ciudadanía son influyentes a ese respecto. En segundo lugar se promueve la «desocultación» de las agendas que se construyen sobre esa relación, partiendo de un análisis hermenéutico de las principales corrientes políticas de nuestra contemporaneidad, tanto en términos de concepciones de sociedad civil como de ciudadanía y de educación para la ciudadanía. Por último, se pregunta sobre lo que podemos esperar de la simbiosis entre educación, ciudadanía y sociedad civil no sin cuestionar y lanzar algunas sospechas a los discursos que sobrevaloran las aportaciones educativas de la sociedad civil en materia de ciudadanía. La cuestión es simplemente ésta: ¿A quién interesa hoy por hoy sobrestimar las virtudes educativas de la sociedad civil? El tramo final del artículo elige a los destinatarios y lanza luz sobre lo que pretenden.ABSTRACT: This paper provides a fresh examination of the familiar relationship between education, citizenship and civil society, by critically rethinking the meanings and the articulations that this relationship may take on in societies that are deeply marked by the dynamics of cosmopolitanism and by the demands for recognition without discrimination. It seeks, first of all, to clarify the need to reconfigure the relationships between education and citizenship, bearing in mind that the new concepts of citizenship play a decisive role. Secondly, it promotes the unveiling of the hidden agendas behind this relationship, through a hermeneutical analysis of the main contemporary political currents as regards conceptions of civil society, citizenship and citizenship education. Finally, it raises the issue of what can be expected from the symbiosis between education, citizenship and civil society, not without questioning, and regarding with suspicion, the discourses that overrate the contributions of civil society as far as citizenship education is concerned. The question raised is the following: who is nowadays likely to be interested in over esteeming the educational virtues of civil society? The final section of the paper identifies the addressees and sheds some light on what their intentions are.SOMMAIRE: Dans cette article, on propose une nouvelle approche de la relation entre l’éducation, la citoyenneté et la société civile en réfléchissant, avec un esprit critique, sur les sens et les articulations que cette relation peut prendre dans des sociétés profondément saisies par les dynamiques de la cosmopolitisation et les exigences de reconnaissance sans discriminations. Le propos est d’élucider, en première analyse, le besoin de donner une nouvelle configuration aux rapports entre l’éducation et la citoyenneté en présupposant toute l’importance des nouveaux concepts de citoyenneté. En second lieu, on met à nu les agendas qui se tissent sur ladite relation à la lumière d’une analyse herméneutique des principaux courants politiques de nôtre contemporanéité, en envisageant les conceptions de société civile, de citoyenneté et d’éducation à la citoyenneté. En dernière analyse, on veut savoir ce qu’on peut attendre du rapport symbiotique entre l’éducation, la citoyenneté et la société civile en questionnant et en doutant des discours qui surestiment les apports de la société civile à propos de l’éducation à la citoyenneté. Une question est finalement posée, à savoir: Actuellement, qui a de l’intérêt à surestimer les vertus éducatives de la société civile? À la fin de l’article, les destinataires sont choisis et leurs prétentions sont mises à jour.

Neck pain can induce specific motor responses and alterations in muscle strength. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the progression of cervical muscle strength within and between students with and without neck pain over the course of their first semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation, and neck strength in flexion, extension, and lateral flexion on both sides was measured using the KForce Bubble Pro hand-held dynamometer. Forty-four students were divided into neck pain (n = 21) and asymptomatic (n = 23) groups. Both groups increased neck strength by the end of the semester in flexion, extension, and left and right lateral flexion (p < 0.001). Students experiencing neck pain showed a significantly lesser degree of improvement (p = 0.036) in right lateral flexion. The agonist/antagonist ratios revealed an enhanced role of neck extensors across both groups. Dental students showed overall increased cervical strength in their first semester of clinical training. Those with neck pain exhibited a diminished rate of strength gain in right lateral flexion when compared with students without pain by the semester's end, suggesting different neuromuscular adjustments to clinical practice in students experiencing pain, which may lead to functional impairments in later training stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical pain has been linked to increased motor unit activity, potentially associated with the initiation and progression of chronic neck pain. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the time-course changes in cervical superficial muscle activation patterns among dental students with and without neck pain throughout their initial semester of clinical training. We used an online Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for group allocation between neck pain (NP) (n = 21) and control group (CG) (n = 23). Surface electromyography (sEMG) of the sternocleidomastoid and upper bilateral trapezius was recorded before starting their clinical practice and after their first semester while performing a cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT) in five increasing levels between 22 mmHg and 30 mmHg. After the first semester, both the CG (p < 0.001) and NP (p = 0.038) groups showed decreased sternocleidomastoid activation. The NP group exhibited a concomitant increase in upper trapezius coactivation (p < 0.001), whereas the muscle activation pattern in asymptomatic students remained unchanged (p = 0.980). During the first semester of clinical training, dental students exhibited decreased superficial flexor activity, but those with neck pain had increased co-contraction of the upper trapezius, likely to stabilize the painful segment. This altered activation pattern could be associated with further dysfunction and symptoms, potentially contributing to chronicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human locomotion on water depends on the force produced by the swimmer to propel the body forward. Performance of highly complex motor tasks like swimming can yield minor variations that only nonlinear analysis can be sensitive enough to detect. The purpose of the present study was to examine the nonlinear properties of the hand/feet forces and describe their variations across the four competitive swimming strokes performing segmental and full-body swimming. Swimmers performed all-out bouts of 25 m in the four swimming strokes, swimming the full-body stroke, with the arm-pull only and with the leg kicking only. Hand/foot force and swimming velocity were measured. The Higuchi's fractal dimension (HFD) and sample entropy (SampEn) were used for the nonlinear analysis of force and velocity. Both the arm-pull and leg kicking alone were found to produce similar peak and mean hand/foot forces as swimming the full-body stroke. Hand force was more complex in breaststroke and butterfly stroke; conversely, kicking conditions were more complex in front crawl and backstroke. Moreover, the arm-pull and kicking alone tended to be more complex (higher HFD) but more predictable (lower SampEn) than while swimming the full-body stroke. There was no loss of force production from segmental swimming to the full-body counterpart. In conclusion, the number of segments in action influences the nonlinear behavior of the force produced and, when combining the four limbs, the complexity of the hand/foot force tends to decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research is to identify the current panorama of scientific production associated with governance in university institutions. A bibliometric analysis was developed in Scopus using R Core Team 2022- Bibliometrix and Vosviewer software. The results highlight the countries with the highest productivity in the topic of study, with the most representative authors favoring the understanding of governance. The main thematic clusters stand out. It recognizes the role of university governance and its migration to direct spaces and the transition from a face-to-face model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study was born in the construction of problem concepts in the deployment of a governance strategy in institutions under digital environments, a technical position of understanding from South America is raised, the initial hypothesis of knowing aspects and determining requirements, an efficient model of governance can be achieved from the use and application of ICT, which allow to argue the as of the process, The use ICT, TAC, TEP as change managers in virtuality, to interact in a disruptive way, the most important achievements of research to recognize the legal, digital and technological resource environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competitiveness of companies is a factor that is related to management, rationality and access opportunities to leverage resources in such a way that it allows the organization to face its competitors with better quality production costs in support of optimal financing. A recognition is then made of the different elements that allow generating a context on competitiveness and the relationship it has with financing. This is a chapter developed from the review and critical reading of specialized documentation, an exercise that provided a business perspective, especially microenterprises in a globalized competitive context. It is a product that serves as a reference for microentrepreneurs, teachers and students who want to explore the concept of enterprise, as well as elements that are part of competitiveness. It provides a generalized product on the context to which companies belong, regardless of their size and the economic sector to which they belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As presented in the document, credit has been one of the sources of financing that has allowed society in general to promote leverage in terms of investment and working capital of companies, as well as support for the consumption of resources that allow the generation of quality of life for consumers. Thus, this is a chapter that presents a review of the literature with the purpose of recognizing aspects, actors, context, among others that contribute to the characterization of credit, thus showing the dynamics and the various variables that revolve around it. The literature reviewed addresses different expositions, such as the origin and diversity of elements associated with credit, such as money, the different socioeconomic actors, as well as the public policies for its supply and consumption. It was identified that credit is based on trust, and at the end of the 20th century, microcredit began to be shown as a type of credit, besides the traditional ones as consumer, commercial and mortgage, with the aim of achieving small loans to the low-income population that has restricted access to loans from ordinary banks, so it is considered as a strategy of coverage and financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcredits have been the tool par excellence to give opportunity to people excluded from the ordinary banking system in different countries in general and particularly in the capital of the Republic of Colombia. This paper presents the results of a literature review that sought an approximation of the microcredit context in Bogota, with the objective of understanding the ecosystem in which the microcredit financial leverage tool is immersed. An exposition of references and analysis of multiple thoughts and approaches of diverse authors allowed to approach, with different knowledge, to some origins, characteristics and scopes of the microcredit. Methodologically, it is based in the qualitative and documentary approach, taking into account that it presents an interpretative and comprehensive action of what the observed texts say, same that in different moments gave explanation to a particular moment, but that for the objective of the carried out study are taken for an approximation of construction of the searched context, which allows conclusions that microcredits in Bogotá are the result of good international practices, proposals for commitments of political will, needs of inclusion among others that are illustrated in the document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]